“定语从句”知识点的归纳

“定语从句”知识点的归纳定语从句在整个句子中起着定语的作用，用来修饰名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句通常放在它所修饰的名词和代词之后。 定语从句通常由关系代词和关系副词引导.一.关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等: (注意：whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。)1. who引导的定语从句，修饰人，代替先行词在从句中作主语:The man who came here just now is a painter.He is the student who won the first prize. A cleaner is a person who cleans streets every day .You cant wake up a person who pretends to be asleep.2. whom 引导的定语从句，修饰人，代替先行词在从句中作宾语:The man ( whom) my father is talking to is my English teacher. Jim is the boy (whom) I borrowed the book from.He is the person (whom) the police are looking for.注: who在非正式英语中也可作宾语, 但可省略,例如:The man (who) you saw is Mr. Green.= The man (whom) you saw is Mr. Green.但是, 如果引导词前面有介词时, 只能用whom, 不能用who:正: The man to whom my father is talking is my teacher.误: The man to who my father is talking is my teacher.3. whose引导的定语从句,可以修饰人也可以修饰物, 代替形容词性的物主代词在从句中作定语，因此，whose的后面通常要跟名词:A child whose parents are both dead is called an orphan.We all hate the boy whose father is very rich and has a car. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. The desk whose leg is broken is very old.4. that 引导的定语从句,可以修饰人也可以修饰物，代替先行词在从句中主语或宾语: Children may do something that makes their parents angry.The letter (that) I got from him was written in English.Do you know the woman that sells eggs?Is he the man (that) you are waiting for? 注: that修饰人时,分别可以who和whom替换使用.5. which 引导的定语从句, 修饰物，代替先行词在从句中主语或宾语: The Tea House which was written by Cao YU is my favorite.Another acronym is F2F which means face to face.The story (which) he told made us laugh.Beijing is the place which I was born in.(=Beijing is the place where I was born .)注: which有时可以和替换that使用.二.关系副词有when, where, why等:1. When 引导的定语从句，修饰时间，代替 “介词+先行词”在从句中作时间状语。I will never fgorget the day when I joined the party. She arrived at 12 oclock when it was raining hard. 2. where引导的定语从句，修饰地点，代替 “介词+先行词”在从句中作地点状语.This is the house where I was born. He was born in Shanghai where he stayed for 12 years.3.why引导的定语从句，一般只修饰the reason，在从句中表示原因。This is the reason why he refused to come to the party.三.定语从句要注意的几个问题:1. 介词+ which结构:关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构替换使用，例如：I will never fgorget the day when I joined the party?I will never fgorget the day on which I joined the party? She arrived at 12 oclock when it was raining hard.She arrived at 12 oclock at which it was raining hard.This is the house where I was born.This is the house in which I was born. He was born in Shanghai where he stayed for 12 years. He was born in Shanghai in which he stayed for 12 years.This is the reason why he refused to join the club.This is the reason for which he refused to join the club .whose引导的定语从句修饰物时也可以和介词 + which结构替换使用，例如：Please pass me the book whose cover is green. Please pass me the book of which cover is green.The desk whose leg is broken is very old.The desk of which leg is broken is very old.2. 当which和whom代替先行词在从句作介词的宾语时，介词的位置:a). 介词可以放在原来的位置上,但有时也可以放在which和whom的前面，此时介词后面的关系代词which和whom不能省略。例如: The man ( whom) my father is talking to is my English teacher. The man to whom my father is talking is my teacher.Jim is the student (whom) I borrowed the book from.Jim is the student from whom I borrowed the book.Beijing is the place (which) I was born in. Beijing is the place in which I was born.b).但固定词组中的介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在which和whom的前面: He is the person (whom) the police are looking for.3. which和that在多数情况下可以相互替换使用,但在下列情形下只能用that作为引导词:a).如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing,everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that:All that we need is money. He told us something that we should do during the vocation. b).序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时,关系代词常用that：The first English movie that I saw was Rush Hour. This is the best book that I have ever read.c).如果先等词被some,any, only, few, much, no, very ,last等词修饰，关系代词常用that: That is the only way that leads to your success .d).先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that:The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.4. that有时可以代替关系副词 when , where , why和介词+ which引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year that he was born.= His father died the year when he was born. 或His father died the year in which he was born. He cant find the place that he lived forty years ago. = He cant find the place where he lived forty years ago. 或He cant find the place in which he lived forty years ago. 5. 当先行词是时间，地点或原因时，如何选择引导词： 此时,引导词的选择主要依据先行词在从句中所起的作用，如果先行词在从句中作主语或者先行词和从句中的动词构成动宾关系时，应选择关系代词 that或which作为引导词；若先行词在从句中做地点状语，时间状语或表示原因时，则应选择关系副词 where或when作为引导词. 例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. This is the mountain village (which / that) I visited last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.Ill never forget the days (which / that) I spent in the countryside. Is this the reason why may explain her absence？ Is this the reason thatwhich may explain her absence？ 典型错误:This is the mountain village where I visited last year.I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. Is this the reason why may explain her absence？ 6.由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种： a).在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如： 误：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come 正：Some of the boys I invited didnt come 译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。 析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom，who或that。 误：The book that you need it is in the library 正：The book that you need is in the library 译：你需要的书在图书馆里。 析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。 b).把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如： 误：Anyone who break the law will be punished 正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished 译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。 析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。 误：Those who has finished may go home 正：Those who have finished may go home 译：做完了的人现在可以回家。 析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。 误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French 正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French 译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。 析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词， 定 语从句在意义上修饰的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。 误：This is one of the rooms that is free now 正：This is one of the rooms that are free now 译：这是目前空着的房间之一。 析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定 语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。 c).误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。如： 误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 正：Children who （that）eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 译：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。 析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 误：The key opens the bike is missing 正：The key thatwhich opens the bike is missing 译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。 析：应加上关系代词that或which，作主语不能省略。 d).定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如： 误：The house where he lives in needs repairing 正：The house where he lives needs repairing 或：The house he lives in needs repairing 译：他住的房子需要修理。 析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从 句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。 误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing 正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing 或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing 译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。 析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词 on就重复了，或把when改为which。 e).在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。 误：I still remember the day when we spent together 正：I still remember the day thatwhich we spent together 译：我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。 析：应改when为that或which，因为先行词the day和从句中谓语动词spent是动宾语关系, 而不是作时间状语。 误：This is the house where we lived in last year 正：This is the house whichthat we lived in last year 译：这是我们去年住过的那个房子。 析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。 f).在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如： 误：Is this the reason why may explain her absence？ 正：Is this the reason thatwhich may explain her absence？ 译：这就是可以解释他缺席的原因吗？ 析：应改why为that或which，因为先行词the reason在作主语，而不是作原因状语。 误：I dont believe the reason why he has given for his being late 正：I dont believe the reason thatwhich he has given for his being late译: 我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。析：应改why为that或which，因为先行词the reason在作主语，而不是作原因状语。 g).误将强调句型当定语从句。如： 误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out 正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out 译：大火发生在厨房。 析：应将where改that，因为此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。 误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didnt come？ 正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didnt come？ 译：你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？ 析：应将when改为that，因为此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。四.补充内容: 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1. 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确. This is the house which we bought last month.（限制性）非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开.The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.（非限制性）2. 当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的:Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 3. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to be listening to me, which makes me very angry. 注:在非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that;另外,在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。定语从句专项练习题一把下列各组句子合并成一句 1.The letter is from my uncle. I received it yesterday. _. _.2.The teacher saw what happened. He was standing nearby. _._.3.The girl is not here now. She told me the news._._.4.This is the tree. He climbed the tree yesterday._. _. 5. Do not drink water. The water has not been boiled. _. _. 6. The student is in the room. His name is Tom. _. 7. John is a very kind-hearted man. You can turn to him for help. _. _. 8. The book is written by that famous writer. I am very interested in it. _. _.9. Tom is the boy. I went to the cinema with him together. _. _. _. 10. Have you remembered the factory? We worked in it last year. _. _. _. 11. It is the car. I spent all my money on it. _. _. _. 12. The house is 7 kilometers away. I was born in it. _. _. _. 13.This is the very farm. My father used to work on it. _. _. _. 二.单项选择 定语从句的用法1. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday. A. that B. whoC. whom D. this2. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher. A. whomB. which C. whoD. /3. The girl handed everything _ she had picked up to the police. A. whichB. in whichC. that D. all4. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday. A. whichB. whomC. whoseD. this5. The man _ was here just now is a doctor. A. whomB. whoC. /D. he6. The boy _ has two lovely dogs. A. who live next door B. which lives next door C. whom lives next doorD. that lives next door7. This is the school _ Mr. Smith once taught. A. in thatB. whenC. whereD. there8. Have you visited the house _ the famous scientist was born? A. whereB. in thatC. thatD. which9. The factory _ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week. A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which10. Do you still remember the day _ we first met? A. thatB. whenC. whatD. on that11. October 1,1949 is the day _ well never forget. A. when B. that C. whereD. in which12. October 1,1949 was the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded. A. whichB. when C. where D. in which13. Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing? A. whichB. whereC. in whichD. what14. Is this museum _ they visited last month? A. that B. which C. whereD. the one15. I still remember the sitting-room _ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. A. what B. which C. thatD.