系统功能语言学 人际纯理功能ppt课件

Interacting theinterpersonalmetafunction Thespeakerusesspecificlanguagestructuresasthemeansofsocialcommunicationtoinvolvethespeechevent theexpressionsofhiscomments hisattitudes hisevaluations andalsotherelationshiphesetsupbetweenhimselfandthelistener whicharedecidedbydifferentcommunicationrolesheadopts likeinforming questioning persuading Halliday 2000 69 Introduction themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageistheinterpersonalfunction bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety Intheframeworkofthefunctiongrammar thisfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddressee sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout Rolesofaddressersandaudience Themostfundamentalpurposesinanyexchangearegiving andtaking ordemanding andbeinggiven modity informationgoods and services fourbasicspeechroles givinginformationdemandinginformationgivinggoods and servicesdemandinggoods and services Theusuallabelsforthesefunctionsare statement question offer andcommandthreeofthesebasicfunctionsarecloselyassociatedwithparticulargrammaticalstructures statements declarativeclausesquestions interrogativeclausescommands imperativeclauses Mood TheMoodcarries1 theinterpersonalfunctionsoftheclause2 consistsofSubject Finite TheSubjectisrealisedbyanominalgroupthatthespeakergivesresponsibilitytoforthevalidityoftheclause TheFiniteisrealisedbythefirstoftheverbalgrouptoexpresstenseandmodality TherestoftheverbalgroupisthePredicator whichformspartoftheResidue AclausethusconsistsofMood Residue IdentifyingSubjectandFinite itisusuallyrelativelyeasytoidentifytheSubject butincasesofdoubtwecanestablishexactlywhattheSubjectandFiniteofanyclausearebyaddingatagquestion MeaningsofSubjectandFinite TheSubjectistheentitythatthespeakerwantstomakeresponsibleforthevalidityofthepropositionbeingadvancedintheclause Thatis theclaimthatthespeakerismakingisvalidfortheentity TheFinitemakesitpossibletoargueaboutthevalidityoftheproposition ThroughFinite thespeakersignalsthreebasickindsofclaims tense polarityandmodality aboutthevalidityoftheproposition Moodinnon declarativeclauses Inyes nointerrogativesInWH interrogatives withknownSubject WH interrogativewithWH elementasSubjectInexclamativeclauses Moodinimperativeclauses unmarked TheResidue ThegeneraltermforpartoftheclausethatisnottheMoodistheResidue IninteroersonaltermtheResidueismerelywhatis leftover oncetheMoodhasbeenestablished TherearethreekindsoffunctionalelementsintheResidue thePredicator Complements andAdjuncts PredicatorexpressedbytherestoftheverbalgroupapartfromtheFinite theFiniteisnotapartofthePredicator thePredicatoritselfinnon finite expresstheprocess theaction happening state etc threeotherfunctions tospecify secondarytense tospecifyvariousotheraspectsoftheprocess tospeciftthevoice ComplementsthetermincludesbothObjectsandComplementsinthemoretraditionalsense AComplementisanelementintheResidue typicallyrealizedbyanominalgroup whichcouldhavebeenchosenasSubject butwasnot AdjunctscircumstantialAdjunctConjunctiveAdjunctModalAdjunct CommentAdjuncts MoodAdjuncts Modality ModalityandpolarityTheFiniteexpressesnotonlytensebutalsopolarityandmodality Intermsoftheinteractioncarriedoutbytheclause polarityisabasicpartofthemeaning AnyFiniteisinherentlypositiveornegativeinpolarity a Thenegativeformshaveanidentifiableaddedelement n t or not inrelationtothepositiveb PolaritymayalsobeexpressedthroughMoodAdjuncts modalityAsimpledefinition modalityisthespacebetween yes and no Typesofmodality 1 commodaity informationthemodalityrelatestohowvalidtheinformationisbeingpresentedasinthermsofprobabilityorusuality 2 commodaity goods and servicesthemodalityrelatestohowconfidentthespeakercanappertobeintheeventualsuccessoftheexchange Incommands thisconcernsthedegreeofobligationontheotherpersontocarryoutthecommand Inofferitconcernsthedegreeofwillingnessofthespeakertofulfiltheoffer typeofmodality modalization information modulation goods and services probalility usuality inclination obligation Appraisal introductionTheAppraisalframeworkappearedalittlemorethan15yearsagoanditisaresultoftheworkwhichiscarriedoutbyagroupofresearchersledbyJamesR Martin ProfessoroftheUniversityofSydney Itsprimaryimpetusforthedevelopmentcamefromtheresearchconductedinthe1980sand1990sforthe WriteItRight projectoftheDisadvantagedSchoolsProgramoftheNewSouthWalesDepartmentofSchoolsEducation Underthisproject researchersinvestigatedtheliteracyrequirementsofthediscoursesofscience technology themedia history Englishliteraturestudies geographyandthevisualarts andsoon Thecentralissuesoftheprojectareconcernedwiththesemanticsoftheinterpersonalaspects Appraisalisanevaluativeuseoflanguage whichisaspecialmethodtoexploring describingandexplainingthewaylanguageisappliedtoevaluate toadoptstances toconstructtextualpersonasandtomanageinterpersonalpositioningandrelationships Thusitexamineshowspeakersandwritersconveyjudgmentstootherspeakersorwriters theirutterances materialobjects happeningsandstatesofaffairs andthereforeconstructagoodrelationshipwiththosewhosharethesameviewsandkeepdistancefromthosewhodonot Itinvestigateshowattitudes judgmentsandemotiveresponsesareclearlyshowedintextsandhowtheyaremoreindirectlyindicated presupposedorassumed Apartfromthis itexamineshowtheexpressionofsuchattitudesandjudgmentsiscarefullycarriedoutinmanyinstancestoconsidertheever presentpossibilityofchallengeorcontradictionfromthosewhohasdifferingviews Martin 2000 TosumupAppraisalframework isasystemofinterpersonalmeanings SpeakersorwritersusetheresourcesofAppraisaltoconstructtheirsocialrelationshipsbytellingtheirlistenersorreaderswhattheirattitudesare inotherwords howtheyfeelaboutthingsandpeople AttitudeAffectJudgementAppreciationEngagementmonoglossheteroglossGraduation Attitude Attitudeisrelatedtoourfeelings includingemotionalreactions judgmentsofbehaviorandevaluationofthings Martin White 2008 Inotherwords Attitudedealswithhowwefeelaboutpeopleandthingsaroundus Attitudeisthecentralpartofappraisalsystemandfocusesongradableresourcesforconstruingevaluation Itisdividedintothreesubsystems Affect Judgment andAppreciation Affect thecharacterisationofphenomenabyreferencetoemotion Judgement theevaluationofhumanbehaviourwithrespecttosocialnormsAppreciation theevluationofobjectsandproducts ratherthanhumanbehaviour byreferencetoaestheticprincipleandothersystemsofsocialvalue Engement Engagementisconcernedwiththewaysinwhichresourcessuchasprojection moda