耶鲁大学公开课-聆听音乐笔记

Class1 Preposterous absurd Contend argue or maintain assert contend that he was right Paradigm example pattern Sacrificial lamb Instill to impart gradually Purvey purveyor provide and supply food drink or other goods Syllabus 教学大纲 Verse poem poetry stanza 独唱部 chorus 副歌 合唱 Intuition intuitive quick and ready insight immediate apprehension or cognition Articulate 清楚讲出 Pump up to fill with enthusiam or excitement inflate increase Elevate raise lift up to make higher raise in rank or status improve morally intellectually raise the spirit of elate Mandatory obligatory Pedagogical of relating to or befitting a teacher or education Drone to make a sustained deep murmuring humming or buzzing sound Intimidate frighten Coraggio brave Why do we listen to classical music It helps people relax and relieve stress It helps people center the mind Classical music provide a vision of a better world A refuge of beauty or majesty of love Aim of the class Change your personality impart you the love of classical music Week 1 4 element of music rhythm melody and harmony Musical form Verse and chorus musical style melody rhythm beats Music process by the lobe temporal if memorize music by lobe frontal Music and language is processed in the same way as a gradual assimilation Beethoven Symphony No 5 and No 9 major and minor The major and minor chord the home pitch tonal key the conjunct and disjunct music the direction influence the our response to music The 2 dimensions of music the axle of music pitch and duration 音高和时值 Orchestra 管弦乐 brass 铜管乐器 percussion intrument 打击乐器 timpani kettledrum 定 音鼓 Octave 八度音节 interval 间隔间距 Dominant note 属音 Beat unit dupe meter triple meter John Kander 约翰肯德尔 作品 芝加哥 bass in the music will help us find the meter Ritard 减慢 accelerando 渐速 modulation 转调 Class2 Prophet predictor Interior movement 室内乐 Serenade 小夜曲 Parlance speech idiom Chef d oeuvre 名曲 Upbeat an increase in activity Versitile varible revisible 多才多艺的 多功能的 Realm kingdom sphere domain Homage respect tribute Cut to the chase 开门见山 3 piece of classical music Beethoven s Fifth Symphony Tchaikovsky s Piano Concerto No 1 Ritchar Strauss s Zarathustra Music genre symphony 4 movements which are independent and complementary A fast and opening movement a slower more lyrical second movement a third movement derived from dance forth movement fast and emphatic conclusion Concerto A soloist will confront the orchestra 3 movements Tone poem 1 movement to tell a story or history event Opera Sonata Ballet Cantata Melody motive and theme 弦乐演奏技法 pizzacato 拨奏 ornamenting 装饰音 Instrument French horn make sound through a vibrating column of air patrials or the Harmonic series 泛音列 without hand but a twelve and a half foot length of vibrating air Trumpet Oboe Low tuba 低音号 Sousaphone 苏萨大号 different overtones Woodwind intrument bassoon lowest tone use to show something funny Peter and the wolf Orchestra string family viola 中提琴 16 inches long 41cm violin 12 inches long 31cm a bow pull across the intrument which is made by horse hair from the tails of horses Strings are made out of cat or sheep gut in 16 17 and 18 century but now are medal Vibrato 揉弦 wig a little bit Pizzicato 拨奏 tremolo 碎弓 Tremolo 颤音 Drum Bass drum snare drum 小军鼓 Modest Musorgsky 莫戴斯特 莫索尔斯基 picture at the exhibition 展览会上的画作 Polish Oxcart 波兰牛车 crescendo 渐强 Doppler priciple 多普勒原理 The lowest sound creates the longest sound wave and last longest lower sounds or lower frequency travel farer Ritchard Strauss Death and transfiguration a pendant to the Zarathustra Dissonance resolving to consonance Dissonance are irrational numbers and Consonance are rational Class3 Nitty gritty 事实真相 本质 Cadenza 华彩乐章 Superimpose 添加 双重 Musical notation of western culture used in the art music has two advantages allows the composer to specify rather precisely what he or she wants allows us to preserve our work of art Musical notation is the first graph in Western culture Chuck Mangione Whole note 全音符 representations of duration Two half notes 4 quarter notes 8 8th notes Rests 休止符 A dot means 50 of the origin note Bars or measures 小节 Clarinet 单簧管 Cole Porter 斗牛犬之歌 耶鲁 Syncopation 切分音 Pick up 唱头 4 ways to tell which is downbeat duration downbeat always long patterns of accoplishment range 音域 chord changes come on the downbeat Mozart No 40 Symphony g minor Symphony Maurice Ravel 莫里斯拉威尔 Bolero 波莱罗舞曲 Class4 Tempo accelerando 渐速 ritardando 渐慢 Rhythmic devices 节奏类型 syncopation 切分音 来自希腊语 Synkope means to cut short Scott Joplin 斯考特乔普林 Tripet 三连音 Musical Texture monophonic texture homophonic texture and polyphonic texture Polyphonic texture imitative polyphonic texture Imitative counterpoint 模仿式对位法 free counterpoint 自由对位 Louis Armstrong Syntax 句法 picture at an exhibition 展览会上的画作 Great gate of Kiev 基辅的城门 Mozart 1791 in 维也纳 Requiem Mass 安魂弥撒曲 is a special kind of mass used for death and burial Dies irae The day of Wrath 天谴日 Apocalypse 启示录 Revelation Confutatis 羞愧无地 Lacrimosa dies illa 落泪之日 Class5 Ethnomusicologist 民族音乐学家 Melody shows in the top part of the texture Pitch notation goes back to the 9 century 10 century with 2 lines then up to 4 up to 5 and even 6 finally to 5 In 1000 AD The string is vibrating higher when it is exactly twice what the lower one is Octave duplication 重复八度 ABCDEFG Ravi Shankar 拉维香卡 sitar player 锡塔尔琴 印度曲式 raga 拉格 Nora Jones 诺拉琼斯 布鲁斯音节 Erhu two string instrument Why 7 notes scale Date back to the Ancient Greek music theory Leimma 林马半音 the scale is not equal Mixolydian 混合第利亚调式等等 16 17century Major and minor Sharp 升调 flat 降调 Tonic note 主音 leading note 导音 总是第七个音 Luciano Pavarotti slide leading note into tonic note Major happy bright optimistic Minor somber Klezmer music 犹太音乐被称为克莱梅兹尔音乐 Chromatic mode add tension to music Conjunct melody 级进旋律 1803 Beethoven Symphony No 9 1823 1824 finished Antecedent phrase 先行乐句 Disjunct melody 跳进旋律 Class6 Pornography 色情 Drop dead 让人窒息的 Enumerate 列举 Palpitation 躁动不安 Antecedent and consequent 前置和后置 Macarena 玛卡丽娜 Giacomo Puccini 吉雅卡摩 普契尼 Aria from Gianni Schicchi Cadence Deceptive cadence 假中止 authentic cadence 正格中止 Amen cadence 变格中止 Richard Wagner 理查德 瓦格纳 Tristan and Isolde 特里斯坦和伊索尔德 1865 Tristan is a English Knight Isolde is an Irish princess It is Tristan s job to bring Isolde to marry King Mark Liebestod Death of love Melodic sequence 旋律模进 is the repetition of a musical motive at a successively higher or lower degree of the scale Dynamic tempo consequence dissonance Tessitura 音域 1786 The Marriage of Figaro aria Voi che sapete 你可知道什么是爱情 Cherubino 凯卢比诺 Trouser role 女扮男装 Class7 Ipso facto 事实上 Harmony has two things Chord the fundamental is triad 三和弦 Sub dominant Dominant tonic Arpeggio 琶音 竖琴 Alberti bass 阿贝低音 1535 Boogie woogie bass 布基伍基低音 take octave and roll it Major and minor thirds J S Bach Well tempered clavier book Franz Liszt 弗朗兹 李斯特 The moonlight sonata of Beethoven U2 Love is blindness Ostinato Ostinare 固定音型 Occam s razor 奥卡姆剃须刀原则 The concept of key and modulation 调性和变调 Class8 Obfuscate darken confuse CEG C is the root of the triad Chord Progression CEG EGC chord inversion 转位和弦 Wagner Composer use the rate of harmonic change to give us a sense of what this music is all about G minor Symphony from Mozart The rate of harmonic changes faster and highly irregular Beethoven Pastrol Symphony doing just the opposite Root position chord 原位和弦 What s the difference between Classical music and pop music The pop music tends to have simpler harmonies and those harmonies tend to be more repetitious and they tend to have chords in root position and often the chords are triads The classical music tends to have more complex chords Pop music tends to have the vocal part Pop music is short In classical music you can have rather wide mood swings Whereas in pop music one song only has a single ethos or a single feeling Accoustical instruments verus electrified sound sent to mixer or perhaps a synthesizer I chord IV chord V chord and to a I chord I VI IV V I Mozart Symphony No 5 in B flat has the same base line with Duke of Earl 厄尔公爵 Gioachino Rossini 阿基诺 罗西尼 Absolute pitch 绝对音高 Pachelbel bass pattern 帕赫贝尔低音模式 Class9 Metaphor 比喻 Be inclined to do 倾向于 Presuppose 预示 Paramours 情妇情夫 Succinct 简要的 Assert posit postulate Woodpecker 啄木鸟 Pernicious deadly Lurk to lie in wait in a place of concealment especially for an evil purpose b to move furtively or inconspicuously c to persist in staying Sine qua non something absolutely indispensable or essential 必要因素 Interpretation explanation Musical form 音乐曲式 Verse and chorus 主歌和副歌 strophe and refrain 主句和叠句 Baroque ostinato 巴洛克固定低音 Lament bass 哀叹低音 Distinction of genre in music and form in music Genre Symphony String Quartet Concerto Ballet opera Symphony has four movements Fast slow minuet or scherzo 谐谑曲 final fast String Quartet Fast slow minuet or scherzo 谐谑曲 final fast Sonata fast slow fast Concerto fast slow fast Six Models ternary form sonata allegro form theme and variations 主题变奏曲 rando 回 旋曲 fugue 赋格 and ostinato 固定低音 Minuet or scherzo is always ternary form Ternary Form Presentation diversion re presentation statement disgression restatement The major key is always three half steps higher its paired minor Sonata allegro form exposition 呈示部 development 展开部 recapitulation 再现部 Exposition I theme Tonic key transition change key bridge moving to the dominant key II theme closing theme conclusion between dominant and tonic and end in tonic If it starts in minor it will modulate not to the dominant but to the relative major Development characterized by tonal instability in the most polyphonic texture there is a lot of counterpoint 对位 Recapitulation I theme and tonic key sit on one dominant chord the bridge stays in the tonic sometimes the end is here coda static harmonically V and I coda comes from the latin word cauda Italian word coda means tail The other optional component is introduction Mozart s Eine kleine Nachtmusik a little night music 弦乐小夜曲 Unison identity in musical pitch Beethoveen s Fifth Symphony Leonard Bernstein Bernard Haitink Diminish triad 减三和弦 2 minor third more dissonant 4 note 2 note 1 note 1 octave Classs10 Adventitious 非同源 Rhetorical 修辞的 Monotonous 单调 Cascade down 层层向下 Sledgehammer 大锤 Virginity 贞操 Deviate from 偏离 Hardcore science 基础科学 Concert master 首席 Staccato 断奏 Verse and chorus Verse has different lyric but the chorus just repeat the lyric Sonata allegro form is first used by Joseph Haydn Thematic transitional developmental and cadential 终止性的 music Theme and variation form dates back to the Middle Ages often has a patrotic 爱国的 themes God save the King Charles Ives Variations on America 查尔斯 艾夫斯 美国变奏曲 Walking bass 行进低音 Corelli s tune and bass La Folia 坎修 耶鲁交响乐团小提琴首席 Class11 Prototypical 模范 典型 Be obsessed with 受困扰 Permutation 序列 排列 Primordial 原始的 初发的 原始的 primeval Palindromic 回文 Marriage of Figaro s overture Johannes Brahms One of the three Bs Bach and Beethoveen 4 Symphonies two piano concertos a violin concerto many overtures many songs much great chamber music 室内乐 Antecedent 前置句 Consequent 后置句 Extension 扩展句 Consequent 后置句 What s the meter Is it major or minor What s the mode What s the bass doing Pedal point 踏板音 持续音 Oboe 双簧管 12 34 56Hemiola 希米奥拉节奏 Ostinato 固定音型 Rondo English call it rondo form French call it Rondeau Italian call it Ritornello Vivaldi 维瓦尔第 Spring Concerto Horn concerto by Mozart Class12 Encapsulated 囊括 总结 Romp 无忧无虑 快活 Hymn 赞美诗 颂歌 Subvert 颠覆 countermand Pinnacle 顶峰 Lynchpin 关键 Repertoire 全部节目 Zillion 庞大无法计算的数字 Providence 天道 天意 Hubris 傲慢 Rehearsal 排练 Mantra 颂歌 咒语 roughshod 铁蹄上装有防滑钉的 gruffly 粗声的 Critic How well did the performance go Leisurely embrace of the countryside What is it take to be a good conductor Conservatiive safe tempo Sectional 声部合演 Fret 回文装饰 Class13 Paradigm 样式 范例 Indicative 指示的 象征的 Foreground 前景 突出的地方 显著的位置 Heyday 最繁荣的时期 Simultaneously 同时地 Intricacy 复杂 Dwell on 详述 Gambit 开局让棋法 诡计 策略 Gamut 全音阶 Dandy 1 a man who gives exaggerated attention to personal appearance 2 something excellent in its class Sonorous 感人的 堂皇的 圆润低沉的 Resurrect 复兴 复活 Freestanding 独立的 Choerography 编舞 Consummate 使结束 使完美 完婚 完美的 Nifty 俏皮的 Fugue 赋格 Come from the old Latin word fuga which means flight or to fly One voice 声部 leading ahead and another voice following it J S Bach The well tempered clavier 平均律钢琴曲集 键盘乐上的圣经 Fugue has its heyday in the Baroque period 1600 1750 the heyday of Bach and Handel Round 轮唱 Canon 卡农 one voice imitating the other exactly from the beginning to end After the subject 主题 Exposition 呈示部 all voices present the subjuct Episode 插句 tends to be contrapuntal 对位的 like the development in sonata allegero form Ends with a strong affirmation of the tonic key Polyphony non imitative texture imitative texture Canon Fugue Alto 中音 Soprano 高音 bass 低音 tenor 次中音 Invertible counterpoint 复对位 Picardy third 皮卡迪三度 from old French picart J S Bach is the greatist organ virtuoso 艺术大师 Clavierchord 古钢琴 harpsichord 羽管键琴 大键琴 Pedal point 持续音 Double bass 低音提琴 pizzicato 拨弦 pluck Segue 继续 演奏 Fugato 赋风曲 Musical often try out in New Haven Bernstein Prelude fugue and Jazz Riff 即兴重复 Saxophones 萨克斯管 baritone 上低音 男中音 Double Fugue 双重赋格 Stretto 叠奏 Music Offering 音乐的奉献 Bach Class14 Bludgeon 1 a short stick that usually has one thick or loaded end and is used as a weapon 2 something used to attack or bully Lento at a slow tempo Hoorey 万岁 Orchestration 编曲 Curtain raiser 拉开序幕 Embedded in 存在于 Churn away to stir or agitate violently Vernacular 当地话 Ditch to get rid of DISCARD ditch an old car b to end association with LEAVE ditched school his girlfriend ditched him Moniker 名字 绰号 Lamentation 悲叹 哀悼 Xerox 复印 影印 Jumble 混沌 Indistinctive 难以区分的 Grind away underneath Eroica Symphony 英雄交响曲 finale 终曲 Treble the highest voice part in harmonic music SOPRANO Call and response idea 渔樵问答方式 Retardanto slow down Augmentation 主题延长 double the note value Hector Berlioz 柏辽兹 Diminution 主题缩减 chop all in half Ostinato 固定音型 最后一种 music form Obsessive compulsive disorder applied to music 音乐上的强迫症 形容固定音型 Maurice Ravel 拉威尔 Bolero 波莱罗舞曲 1928 The heyday of ostinato form is in two periods in the history of music one in the Baroque and two is right now Tetrachord 四度音节 Ostinato is often used in bass Passacaglia 帕萨卡里亚舞曲 Basso Ostinato 固定低音 Henry Purcell 亨利 普赛尔 English composer at the end of 17th century Dido and Aeneas 狄多和埃涅阿斯 Dido s Lament 狄多的悲歌 At the end of opera the soprano s got to die Traviata 茶花女 Violetta 维奥莱塔 Tosca 托斯卡 Vibrato 颤音 Baroque tuning has lower pitch and non vibrato singing The more people the slower the tempo Monteverdi s Lamento della Ninfa 宁芙女神的悲歌 Bach s Cantata 巴赫的康塔塔 BWV12 为悲哀流泪 Weinen Klagen Sorgen Zagen Bach s Crucifixus in B Minor Mass Crucifixion 在十字架上钉死 耶稣受难像 Sorry is the saddest thing to say Lament bass Pachelbel bass 帕赫贝尔低音 Pachelbel Canon 巴哈贝尔卡农 You will never hear canon in Pachelbel Canon Taco Bell Canon 塔克贝尔卡农 Vitamine C Class15 Chant 吟诵 咏唱 Nudity 裸体 赤裸 Theologian 宗教研究家 神学家 Stucco 粉饰灰泥 Impel 推动 推进或敦促某人做某事 Sermon 布道 说教 Contemplation 深思 Sequester 隔绝的 sequestered 僻静的 Monastery 修道院 男 Convent or nunnery 女修道院 Enjoin 命令 Salvation 拯救 灵魂 救赎 Denominational 受教派控制的 Clergy 牧师 Perplex 一头雾水 Transpire 发生 泄露 Pristine 本来的 原本的 未受破坏的 Botany 植物学 Peek in 偷窥 Phantasmagoria 一连串梦幻的景象 Slay 杀死 杀戮 Trample 踩 踏 Honeysuckle 忍冬 金银花 Lilac 丁香花 淡紫色的 Rebirth resurgence Platinum 白金 铂 The Angel Records 天使唱片公司 Knockoff 仿制品 Etymological 语源学的 Esoteric 神秘的 copes 斗篷式长袍 法衣 Medieval Renaissance Baroque Classical Romantic Impressionist Modernism Post Modernist Begin with Gregorian chant 格里高丽亚圣歌 talking about traditional music of Roman Catholic Church Gregorian chant is monophonic one line music Exist from the time of the earliest church fathers up until the time of the Council of Trent 特伦托会议 Conclave 秘密会议 红衣 主教团 Held in the northern Intalian town of Trento Italy from 1545 to 1563 Gregorian chant named after Gregory the Great has nothing to do with Gregoy Two functions of Gregorian chant communicate the message of the church it allowed for the transmission of the word of God it also transmitted the theology the message of the church The second function allowed for a period of reflection upon the subject of the preceding reading Melismatic 花唱 指歌词一个音节配以一组音 Simple chanting for reading syllabic chant 音节式圣歌 More complex chant for moment of personal feeling and reflection Melismatic chant 花腔式圣歌 Liber Usualis 常用歌集 Alleluia 哈利路亚 The highest order is the Benedictine Order by Benedict of Nursia near Rome about 5th Common Era Pray Sing chant read scripture Canonical Hours 祷告时刻Canon in Latin literally means rule 4 o clock in the morning called Matins 晨祷 Celebrate Lauds 晨经 赞美经 赞美课 at daybreak End with Vespers 晚祷 晚课 and Compline 晚祷 9 o clock in the morning at the high altar 圣坛 of the church Solesmes 索雷姆 the most authentic Benedict Abbot 男修道院院长 神父 acolyte 侍僧 The washing of the hands is the traditional gesture by the Benedictines of hospitality Cloche clock in medieval French Ora Hour in Latin means to pray Orazio prayer Refectory 修道院 学校的食堂 餐厅 The daily timetable of worship was kept but the idea of eating and sleeping together was abandoned Cathedral 主教区 总教堂 Chartres 沙特尔大教堂 Stained Glass 玫瑰窗 Crypt 教堂地下室 1020 Fulbertus 福伯图丝 marginalized 边缘化的 Hildegard of Bingen 宾根的希尔德加德 12th century a polymath 博学者 O Greenest Branch Chant is similar to the so called New Age music It is non confrontational non assertive non authoritarian allowed you to comtemplate Early Polyphony Multi voice Music Organum 平行复音 first created in the great urban Gothic Cathedrals of France particularly at Notre Dame of Paris 巴黎圣母院 All organum is built above the pre existing Gregorian chant Tenor teneo I hold or tenir in mordern French means to hold Renaissance and Rome specifically to the Sistine Chapel 西斯廷教堂 the most famous church in the late 15th and early 16th centuries the core of the Renaissance It is the privaty chapel of the pope 罗马教皇 Michelangelo 米开朗基罗 was involved in the design of St Peter s Sistine Chapel was constructed in 1477 during the region of Pop Sixtus IV hence the name Sistine Chapel Sixtus Sistine is 132 feet long 45 feet wide The famous ceiling of Michelangelo is sevety feet off the floor 1530s Michelangel