英语语法基础知识.ppt

Grammar 语法层次 语法结构的五个层次 词素 Morpheme 词 Word 词组 Phrase 分句 Clause 句子 Sentence morphemes 词素 morpheme free bound lexical child Functional and derivational re Inflectional s 词 word 分句类型 Typesofclauses Independent main minS V complete 独立分句 主干 主谓齐全 完整 Ilovelinguistics Youbelieveme Dependent subordinate SUBCONJ incomplete 从属子句 从属 需加连词 不完整 whensheenteredtheroomwhodeliveredthelecture 句子类型 Typesofsentences 简单句Simple oneindependentclause Shereadthebook 并列句Compound 2 independentclausesconnectedwithco ordinatingconjunctions 并列连词 Shereadthebookbutshedidn tlikeit 复合句Complex acombinationofdependent subordinate andindependentclauses 从属连词 连接代词 连接副词 Shereadthebookwhileshewasincollege 并列复合句Compound Complex 2 independentclauses 1 dependentclauses Hejumpedforjoyandscreamedveryloudlywhenhisteamwonthegame 简单句 句子只包含一个主谓结构 且句子的各个成分都是由单词或者短语表示 Aschoolisanimportantplacetostudents Manypeoplehaveacloserelationshipwiththeirpets ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks 并列句 两个或两个以上互相独立的主谓结构 由并列连词连接 Olivercametotheparty butRosedidnot Everyroominthehousehasitsownfunctionanditisdifficulttoimaginethelifewithoutoneofthem Tip 根据两个简单句之间的关系 结合 选择 转折 因果 选择不同的并列连词结合 and both and aswellas notonly butalso选择 or either or neither nor orelse Otherwise转折 but yet however nevertheless while whereas因果 for so therefore 复合句 两个或两个以上的主谓结构 其中一个 或多个 主谓结构充当句子的某一 些 成分 如 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 同位语 从属连词 连接代词 连接副词 Thisisaninterestingbook Thisisthebookwhichtheytalkedabout Everythingdependsontheweather Whetherwe llgoonapicnictomorrowdependsontheweather Hecamehereatseven Hecameherewhenwewereabouttoleave 主语从句 从属连词 whether that Thatthedriverwasdrunkisobvious Whetheryoucomeornotdoesn tconcernme 连接代词 which who whoever whose what whateverWhichteamwillwinthechampionshipisstillnotclear Whowillbethemonitormakesnodifference 连接副词 how when where why Howhediditpuzzledusall Whyhewasabsentfromclassisamystery Tip 主语从句后置 表语从句 从属连词 whether that asifHelooksasifhedidn tcare Thequestioniswhethertheywouldliketohelpus 连接代词 which who what Theproblemiswhichroadweshouldtake WhatIwanttoknowiswhocanfinishitinoneweek 连接副词 how when where why Thequestioniswhentheywillarrive Thatiswhytheystayedtherefortwoweeks 宾语从句 从属连词 whether that ifIthinkthatyouwanttobeateacherispractical Idon tknowwhether ifhissonisstilllivingwiththem 连接代词 which who what Ireallywanttoknowwhathedidyesterday Tellmewhichyoulikemost 连接副词 how when where why Hetolduswherehefoundthatmissingboy Iaskedhimwhyhedidn tshowupatthepartylastnight Tip 宾语从句后置 定语从句引导定语从句的关系词 除引导定语从句外 还在定语从句中承担一个句子成分 关系代词 who whom whose which thatThegirlwhogotthefirstplaceintheEnglishCompetitionismyroommate Thepolicemanistalkingtoagirlwhoseiphonehasbeenrobbed ThesearethebooksthatIboughtthroughon linepurchasing关系副词 when where whyDoyoustillrememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether ShelivedinBeijingforfiveyears whereshestudiedChinese Thesearethereasonswhytheydon tliketheirboss 状语从句 时间状语连词或词组 when while as whenever beforeafter since till until assoonas themoment theminute hardly when scarcely when nosooner than instantly directly once every eachtimeIthinkthatyouwanttobeateacherispractical Idon tknowwhether ifhissonisstilllivingwiththem We llleavetheminuteeverythingisready Ihadhardlysatdownwhenthetelephonerang Nosoonerhadhearrivedhomethanitbegantorain 地点状语连词 where wherever anywhereThepoliceorderedthesuspecttostaywherehewas Helikestomakefriendswhereverhegoes Comeinandsitanywhereyoulike 17 可编辑 状语从句 条件状语连词或词组 if unless aslongas solongas sofaras incase suppose supposing providedthat providing onconditionthatIfyoucanpracticeenough youaresuretopassthedrivingtestthistime I dliketogoswimmingunlessthewateristoocold Supposingthathedoesn thelp whatshallwedo 原因状语连词 because since as nowthat consideringthat seeingSinceyou renotinterestedinthisTVplay let schangethechannel Nowthatyouaregrownup youshouldnotrelyonyourparents 状语从句 结果状语连词或词组 so that such that sothat Thisissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit Hiscarbrokedownhalfwaytothecompanysothathehadtotakeataxi 目的状语连词 that sothat inorderthat lest forfearthat incaseThetwoboyswerewhisperingsothattheyshouldnointerruptotherstudents Wemustcheckthecarregularlysothatitcanrunwell I llshowyoutheplaceonthemaplestyoushouldgetlost You dbettertakeanumbrellawithyouincaseinrains 状语从句 方式状语连词或词组 as asif asthough Thelittlegirllikestodosomethingashermothertellsher HespeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain 比较状语连词 than asHestudiesmuchharderthanhisbrother ThisParkisfarmorebeautifulthanIexpected 让步状语连词 though although as while evenif eventhough however nomatterhowAlthoughheisyoung hehasbeeninmaycountries Hewon tgotoseethatkindoffilmeventhoughhehastime Tryashemight hecouldn tmovethisstone 同位语从句 从属连词 thatThereistruthintheoldsayingthatnecessityisthemotherofinvention ThereisarumorthatMr Zhanghasbeendismissed 连接副词 how when where why IhavenoideahowIcangetthecargoinginsuchcoldweather Ihavenoideawhyshedroppedoutofschool Summary 句子类型 简单句 SimpleSentence 并列句 CompoundSentence 复合句 ComplexSentence 三种句子类型 结构 三种句子类型 用途 陈述句疑问句 一般 特殊 选择 翻译疑问 祈使句感叹句 句子结构 主谓结构 S 主语 Vi 谓语不及物动词 主谓宾结构 S 主语 Vi 谓语及物动词 O 宾语 主系表结构 S 主语 LV 系动词 P 表语 双宾语结构 S 主语 Vt 谓语及物动词 InO 间接宾语 DO 直接宾语 复合宾语结构 S 主语 Vt 谓语及物动词 O 宾语 C 宾语补足语 五种基本结构 一 主谓结构 S 主语 Vi 谓语不及物动词 Everyonelaughed ThepricepeakedinAugust Viewsontheissueinquestionvaryfrompersontoperson Notionsabouteuthanasiadifferwidely Thenumberoffemaleprofessorsdroppedsignificantlyin1970 Thenumberoffemaleprofessorsdroppedsignificantlyin1970 二 主谓宾结构 S 主语 Vi 谓语及物动词 O 宾语 Liverpoolwonthegame Travellingbroadensone svision Weoftenhearaboutan overnightsuccess Instead theyliveinhigh riseapartmentscomplexes Weareallexposedtosuchadvertisementseveryday Thetrainisbuildingupspeed Thetrainisbuildingupspeed 三 主系表结构 S 主语 LV 系动词 P 表语 Thatcarismine Sheisingoodhealth Shelooksbeautiful Theprimarypurposeofazooistoeducate Firstofall pigfarmingisstillanimportantindustryinChina Inmostcountries themostimportantanimalisanationalsymbol Inmostcountries themostimportantanimalisanationalsymbol Tip 常用系动词be feel look sound taste smell seem appear become grow get turn fall go come run remain continue stay keep rest prove turnout Back 四 双宾语结构 S 主语 Vt 谓语及物动词 InO 间接宾语 DO 直接宾语 Beckhamlentmehiscar Someoneleftyouthisnote Travellingtoforeigncountriesgivesusanopportunitytoexperienceanothercultureandbroadenourhorizon Hismother in lawboughthimaluxuriouscarasthemarriagepresent Hismother in lawboughthimaluxurious