2015职称英语卫生类新增文字全文翻译(全).doc

*第七篇 Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleepabout eight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise. It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memory, focus, and behavior.Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found that the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven-and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without enough sleep. Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problems. According to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the persons I.Q. could go down 15 points or more. Thats why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks.Most sleep experts say that humans need at least eight hours of sleep every day, but it should be in two stages: a long sleep at night and a shorter nap in the afternoon. Some companies help their employees follow this advice. They allow them to “power nap” in the afternoon, if only for 20 minutes. They say this makes the workers much more efficient.To study sleep deprivation (not getting enough sleep), scientists use a test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). During the test, a person stays in a darkened, quiet room during the daytime. Scientists believe that a sleep-deprived person will fall asleep quickly. If it takes ten minutes or longer to fall asleep, the person is probably getting enough sleep.Scientists have also found that the time of year seems to affect how much sleep we need. People usually sleep longer in the winter, sometimes as much as 14 hours a night. However, in the summer, people sometimes sleep as little as six hours, without having any problems.Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.今天，我们听到越来越多的有关充足睡眠重要性的讨论，即每日保证8小时的睡：睡眠能有助于我们修复损伤并为我们的身体和大脑提供能量。医学专家认为，睡眠比起饮食和锻炼来说，对于我们的健康更重要！ 几乎可以肯定,第三个我们的生活,我们花睡着了有很大的影响我们清醒的三分之二。睡眠影响着我们的情绪、记忆、注意力集中度以及行为。研究显示，发达国家的国民在睡眠上花费的时间少于其花在工作中或上下班路上的时间。芝加哥大学博士克林施皮格尔发现，每晚的平均睡眠时间从1910年的9小时降至今天的7.5小时。但是，我们的身体在缺少充足睡眠的情况下是无法正常工作的。每晚少睡一两小时，这样长此以往的话，会对健康产生严重影响。根据加拿大科学家斯坦利科伦博士的说法，每晚少睡1小时会导致第二天智商下降一个百分点。举例而言，如果某人一周每晚仅睡5至6小时的话，那么其智商就有可能下降15个百分点甚至更多。这就是为什么一个原本聪慧的人，在睡眠不足的情况下会发觉做一些日常事务都有困难。大多数研究睡眠的专家认为，人们一天至少要睡够8小时，但是这样分两个阶段来完成，即每晚的长时睡眠外加每天中午的短暂午休。一些公司遵循该建议并在此方面对其员工进行协助。他们允许员工中午进行午休以恢复精力，哪怕仅有20分钟。他们声称，这样能使员工的工作效率更高。为了研究“剥夺睡眠”（睡眠不足）所产生的影响，科学家采取了一种称为“多重睡眠潜伏测试”的试验方法。在测试中，实验对象白天身处一个黑暗安静的房间中。科学家相信，一个睡眠不足的人会很快进入睡眠状态。如果入睡时间大于等于10分钟，那么测试对象很有可能是睡眠充足的。科学家还发现，一年中的季节变化对于我们所需睡眠时间的长短也有影响。人们通常在冬季睡的时间更长，有时可达每晚14小时。但是在夏天，人们有时每天仅睡6小时，并且不会产生任何问题。+第十二篇 The Enemy WithinAllergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it. As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately.Allergies run in families. Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma.Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens. We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite.There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future.The Enemy Within过敏在过去30年中，已经变得越来越普及。目前，在我们生活的不同时期内，有1/3的人发生过过敏，其中半数为儿童。在英国，有300万人受哮喘病的折磨，并有5%的儿童对食物过敏。过敏指的是免疫系统对于通常无害的物质（如花粉、花生）所做出的奇怪且不必要的反应。免疫系统能够保护我们的身体免受外界的侵袭，这些物质包括病毒、细菌以及寄生虫。为了保护人体免受外界的侵袭，免疫系统会记忆这些危险的微生物，并在再次遭遇它们时对其进行攻击。这一功能由抗体完成。过敏患者的免疫系统会对无害物质产生抗体，错误地认定这些物质是危险的。过敏反应在患者首次接触过敏源（造成过敏反应的物质，如花粉、牛奶、草莓）时可能不会发生。有时，人们会在多年正常食用坚果后，突然变得对其过敏，其免疫系统在这一过程中认定该类物质为危险物质并针对其产生了免疫抗体。这种抗体将其自身与人体中含有组织胺的细胞相连接。当再次遭遇这类过敏源时，这一抗体就会试图摧毁它。当抗体发挥功效时，与其连接的细胞的外表会破裂并释放出组胺。组胺及其他化学物质使人体组织发炎。过敏症状就会发生，如浮肿、疱疹、打喷嚏、眼痛及呼吸急促。全身性过敏反应是最严重的过敏性反应，其通常由黄蜂或蜜蜂叮咬或食用花生所致。这类过敏反应必须立刻就医。过敏症会在家庭成员中传播。有些人天生能产生多种过敏抗体，因此他们更容易发生过敏或者过敏性失调，如花粉病及哮喘。专家认为，会有越来越多的人出现过敏反应，因为我们生活方式的变化使我们暴露在越来越多的过敏源之中。我们食用越来越多经过精加工的食物，这些食物添加了多种添加剂与色素；越来越多的人采用了集中供暖系统并使用双层玻璃，这使得我们的房子变得更加温暖且更加密闭，为尘螨提供了完美的繁育环境。过敏还可能与抗生素有关。我们曾一度依靠自身的免疫系统与疾病抗争来保护我们的健康，但抗生素减少了免疫系统本该做的工作。如今，专家们认为，免疫系统会把多余的能量用到一些无害物质上，如草莓。换句话说， 我们的免疫系统变得过于敏感了。人们正在为寻找治疗过敏的方法展开大量研究。患者可以通过药物治疗来抑制症状，还可以通过各种检查来确定引起过敏反应的物质，这样他们就可以在将来避免与这类物质接触。第二篇 The Hope Childrens HospiceThe Hope Childrens Hospice provides free specialist care for children with life-limiting conditions who are not expected to live into adulthood. It cares for up to eight terminally-ill children at one time, and aims to care for them in the same way their families would care for them at home. When families prefer to do the caring themselves, a hospice carer will go to their home and help them.Life-limiting conditions present many long-term medical and emotional problems-not only for the child, but for parents and siblings too. So the hospice offers respite care-short stays for the child alone or for the whole family together. They become confused about time, place, and who people are. Short stays give terminally-ill children an opportunity to meet others with similar conditions.Each child at the hospice has their own carer and their own care plan. A normal day might start with a jacuzzi bath followed by a massage from a complementary therapist. Some children go to school, while others play with hospice play specialists.The hospice has a multi-sensory room. This is a special room which stimulates the childrens senses with lights, music, touch, and smell. It has touch-screen computers, video games, paddling pools, anti space for wheelchair dancing. Children have music therapy and can record their own music, not only as a way to express their feelings, but to leave something for their family and friends to listen to in the years to come.The hospice has a number of quiet moms where we care for children during and after death. These are places where families and friends can say goodbye. Our support does not end with death. We help not just grieving parents, but also siblings who are experiencing bereavement. We give everyone opportunities to discuss their fears about death and dying.The Hope Childrens Hospice绝症患儿救济院为那些生活受限并无法成功生长至成年的儿童提供免费的特殊看护。其能够同时照顾多达8个身患绝症的儿童，并旨在为其提供家人般的关照。当这些儿童的家人希望能够亲自照料这些子女时，救济院的看护人员将会上门为其提供帮助。这种受限的生活，不仅给孩子，也给其家长、兄弟姐妹带来了许多长期性的药物和情绪问题。所以，救济院不单单为孩子提供临时看护与短期陪护，也可为其全家提供看护服务。一些如吋间、地理位置及人物这样的概念对于这些孩子的家人而言容易变得混淆。对于身患绝症的儿童进行短期陪护，能够提供给他们与其同类儿童接触的机会。每一个在救济院接受看护的儿童，都有特定的看护员和看护计划。他们每天通常都要先接受洗浴按摩，然后再由一名理疗师对其进行互补性按摩。一些孩子们去学校上课，另外一些和救济院中的游戏专家一起玩。救济院有一间多感官房间。这个特殊的房间能够对这些儿童的感官进行刺激，如对光、音乐、触摸和气味的感觉。救济院拥有一间多感官治疗室，配备了触屏电脑、电子游戏、戏水池以及为轮椅舞蹈而设计的科幻反空间区域。这些孩子们会接受音乐治疗，并且能够将自己创造的音乐录制下来，不仅作为其宣泄情感的途径，也为其家人朋友留作后世纪念之用。救济院为行将故去或者已故的孩子们准备了一些静室，其亲友可以在那儿与其做最后的告別。其亲友可以在那儿与其做最后的告別。我们对这些孩子的支持并不会随着其生命的终结而停止。我们不仅要帮助伤痛欲绝的家长，还要帮助那些承受丧亲之痛的兄弟姐妹。我们使每一个人都有机会抒发、讨论其对有关亡故或是这一过程的恐惧。卫生A补全短文新增文章第五篇 Tracking Down HIVIn the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposis sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the patients blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died.In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsible for2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infected people. Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed, then perhaps it can be eradicated3, but it is still a race against time.Tracking Down HIV1980年的夏天，一名患者将一颗略带紫色的斑点从其耳下处移除。这种斑点是一种极其罕见的皮肤癌，被称为“卡波西”肉瘤。该患者同时还患有淋巴结肿大及衰竭。1980年11月，洛杉矶的一名免疫学家对一名年轻男子进行了检查，并发现其病症与其免疫系统失常有关。该医生对该患者的血液进行了T细胞（胸腺衍生细胞）计数检测。T细胞是白细胞的一种，在人体免疫机能中发挥关键作用。该患者血液中并未发现有益T细胞。至1980年年底，共有55名美国人被确诊感染这种与免疫系统崩溃相关联的病症，其中4名患者死亡。：一年之后，死亡人数变为74人。接受了静脉药物注射的患者，出现了T细胞异常的现象。接受输血的患者出现了免疫系统故障的症状。据报道，至1982年7月，这种被称为“获得性免疫力缺陷综合症”的患者，已经增加至471例，其中184人已经死亡。在1984年的4月，病毒学家罗伯特加洛博士成功分离出了艾滋病的致病病原体。他将其称为“人体T细胞白血病病毒”。在巴黎，吕克蒙塔尼耶博士发现了一种其称为“淋巴结相关疾病”的病毒。经过一国际科学家组织鉴定，二人发现的为同一种病毒。该病毒开始被人们知晓为“人体免疫缺损病毒”（即艾滋病）。血库于1985年开始对其存血进行艾滋病审査，但是到那时，已有大约29000名患者通过血液传播而感染上了艾滋病。其中约有12000名血友病患者通过血液凝块产品感染上了艾滋病。截至1995年，患艾滋病的美国人人数已高达477900人，其中295500人死亡。在1996年，研究人员宣称已研制出数种能够降低艾滋病对患者伤害的药品。今天，科学家通过一系列测试，发现艾滋病是可以抑制的，而且进而认为根治艾滋病也是有可能的，但这一目标仍需时日。+第十二篇 Inquest told of hospital errorA HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins. Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital, saying that his death was “untimely and unnecessary”.Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance worker, went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with1 Fragmin, a drug which counters the effects of DVT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2 an orthopedic ward, where he stayed for two days, before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hours later, on November 6, doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee.The operation went ahead on November 10, but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism, a condition related to DVT. Mr Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16.Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin. He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr Newbold the drug later.York coroner Donald Coverdale said, “From November 3 until the day of the operation, no Fragmin was given to