定语从句用法

定语从句用法一、 定语从句的有关概念两种类别-限制性和非限制性根据从句与主句的关系是否紧密来区分，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。两个重要概念先行词和关系词。先行词指的就是被定语从句所修饰的词。由于定语从句修饰名词或代词时，定语从句通常是后置的，所以人们就将放在定语从句前被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。关系词就是用于引导定语从句的引导词。关系代词：与先行词之间为替代关系that, which, who, whom, whose，as关系副词：与先行词之间为包容关系 when, where，why, howI know the man who lives next door.我认识住在隔壁的那个人。I know the man. He lives next door.我认识这个人，它就住在隔壁。She will never forget the day when she got married.She will never forget the day. On that day she got married.He showed me the article that he had written.She was not in the train which arrived just now.Sunday is the day when very few people go to work.Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer.Give me one reason why we should help you.二、引导定语从句的主要关系代词1. that的用法that是所有关系代词中最常用的，它既可指人也可指物，既可用作主语也可用作宾语。先行词为人物混合时，只能用that不能用who, whom或which.如：This is the photo (that) I took.They live in a house that was built 200 years ago.The man that I saw told me to come here.Here are the cars and drivers that you have been looking for.2. who / whom的用法关系代词who和whom均只能指人，不能指物；从理论上说，who是主格，在定语从句中用作主语；whom是宾格，在定语从句中用作宾语。但在实际运用中，除非是直接用作介词后作宾语，否则凡是用宾格whom的地方都可以用who代替I met someone who said he knew you.She is the girl (who, whom) you saw in school.The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.3. which的用法只能指物，作宾语时可以省略。省略情况与who和whom一样Is this the shop which sells childrens clothing?The factory (which) Mr. Li used to work in was closed last week.4. whose的用法关系代词whose用于指人：the +名词 +of whom也可以用于指事物: the +名词+of which如：He is the man whose car was stolen.He is the man the car of whom was stolen.It was an island whose name I have forgotten.It was an island the name of which I have forgotten.5. as的用法 指人指物都可以，用于 the sameas soas suchas This is the same book as I bought yesterday. This is the same book that I lost yesterday. The story is so interesting as many people like. The story is so interesting that many people like it.三、定语从句中关系代词的省略省略关系代词最典型的情形就是当关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语的时候。在定语从句中能够用作宾语的关系代词有that, which, who, whom。如：Those books (that) you lent me were very useful.I wore the necklace (which) my mother had left me.Do you still remember the boy (who, whom) I was going out with?注意：我们说的关系代词的省略只限于限制性定语从句，在非限制性定语从句中，即使关系代词用作宾语也不能省略。另外，当关系代词直接用作介词后作宾语时，此时也不能省略。如：I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。I wanted to find someone (whom) I could discuss books and music with.我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。四、引导定语从句的主要关系副词1. when的用法介词+which”关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语，表示时间，用以修饰表示时间的先行词；1988 was the year when he was born. 1988是他的出生年。When-in which。Ill never forget the day when I first met you.When-on which。Dont forget the time when the wedding will start.。When-at which。2. where的用法介词+which”关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示地点，用以修饰表示地点的先行词；What is the name of the town where you live? Where-in which。This cross marks the spot where she died. where-at which。3. why的用法for which-that-省略不用。关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示原因；why引导定语从句时，其先行词只有一个，那就是the reason。如：These are the reasons why we do it.。Do you know the reason why she doesnt like me?why是一个比较特殊的关系副词，它引导定语从句时，除可换成for which外，有时也可换成that，甚至省略。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.正：The main reason for which he lost his job was that he drank.正：The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank.正：The main reason he lost his job was that he drank. 4. How的用法 in which-that-省略不用关系副词how在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示方式；how引导定语从句时，其先行词只有一个，那就是the way.五、非限制性定语从句所谓限制性定语从句，它的作用是对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用，若去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，它是不可缺少的一部分，它与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号将其分开。而非限制性定语从句的作用则只是对先行词起补充说明作用，它是可有可无的，与先行词关系松散，通常用逗号将其分开。因此，有无逗号通常是区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的重要标志。从所使用的关系词来看，在限制性定语从句中，that可以代替who, whom和which等，但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that。如：He changed his mind, which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party.后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。另外，关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句；但关系副词why和how则只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。以上两句中的关系副词when和where均引导非限制性定语从句。六 as和which引导的非限制性定语从句 共性：先行词为一件事；差异：as从句可以在先行词前或后，which从句只能在先行词后He is a good guy, as we all know. As we all know, he is a good guy.He is a good guy, which we all know七、关系代词还是关系副词关系词在定语从句用作主语或宾语，则用关系代词；用作状语，则用关系副词。Dont forget the time that Ive told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。This is the house that he bought yesterday.这就是他昨天买的那座房子。八.只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：1) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用thatThis is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.2）先行词被序数词修饰时，定语从句只能用thatThe children like the second lesson that is about “The Football Match”.3）先行词被the only，the very 或the same等修饰，定语从句只能用that引导。It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.Where is the very book (that) I bought just now?This is the (same) bicycle (that) I lost.4）先行词为everything，something，anything，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用thatI want everything (that) I want.I am writing to tell you about something very strange that happened to me last week.5)先行词被不定代词all, any, no, every, little, much, many修饰时，只能用thatHere is all the money (that) I have.6)先行词是同时含有“人和物”的名词时，定语从句只能用thatI can remember well the persons and some pictures (that) I see in the room.7)定语从句所修饰的词为the one 时，定语从句用that引导Is it the one（that）you want？8）为了避免重复，在疑问词who之后，用that 引导定语从句Who is the girl that won the first place?1. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.A. that B. who C. whom D. this2. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.A. whom B. which C. who D. /3. The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary.A. that B. whose C. which D. as4. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?A. the one B. which C. who D. whom5. Is this factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?A. the one B. that C. which D. /6. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.A. which B. that C. / D. it7. The girl handed everything _ she had picked up in the street to the police.A. which B. in which C. that D. all8. _ cleans the blackboard should be praised.A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who9. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday.A. which B. whom C. whose D. this10. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year.A. who B. whom C. which D. /11. This is the only article of these that _ written by him.A. was B. were C. is D. are12. The man _ was here just now is a doctor.A. whom B. who C. / D. he13. The boy _ has two lovely dogs.A. who live next door B. which lives next doorC. whom lives next door D. that lives next door14. Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands.A. which B. whom C. that D. who15. Dont go in, this is the shop _ we have just been _.A. /, to B. that, / C. where, to D. which, there16. He is the most careful boy _ I know.A. what B. which C. as D. /17. This is the school _ Mr. Smith once taught.A. in that B. when C. where D. there18. Have you visited the house _ the famous scientist was born?A. where B. in that C. that D. which19. The factory _ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week.A. when B. where C. that D. which20. Do you still remember the day _ we first met?A. that B. when C. what D. on that21. The first time _ I saw Premier Zhou was in 1958.A. when B. where C. which D. that22. October 1, 1949 is the day _ well never forget.A. when B. that C. where D. in which23. October 1, 1949 was the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded. A. which B. when C. where D. in which24. Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing?A. which B. where C. in which D. what25. Is this museum _ they visited last month?A. that B. which C. where D. the one26. I still remember the sitting-room _ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A. what B. which C. that D. where27. Did you tell your mother all _ you had seen on the way home?A. what B. why C. that D. which28. Its one of the most important meetings _ these years.A. that has been held B. which has been heldC. that have been held D. which have held29. Do you know who lives in the building _ there is a well?A. in front of it B. in front of whoseC. in front of which D. in the front of which30. Ill never forget the day _ I joined the League.A. on which B. which C. in which D. at which31. She showed her new watch to my wife, _ was kept in a box.A. who B. which C. that D. it32. She had three sons, all _ became doctors.A. who B. whom C. of them D. of whom33. This is the new type of plane _ parts are made of plastics.A. that B. what C. which D. whose34. _ is known to all, China is a developing country, belonging to the third world.A. It B. That C. As D. Which35. Is this the leaning tower _ Galileo did experiment centuries ago?A. that B. where C. which D. when36Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，_，of course，made the others unhappyAwho Bwhich Cthis Dthat37The weather turned out to be very good，_ was more than we could expectAwhat Bwhich Cthat Dit38_，the Great Wall came into being in Qin DynastyAIts clear BWe all know CAs we all know DWhich we all know39This is the same sum _was spent in that year on