保护生物学授课教案资料

保护生物学授课教案资料 ?03?2?2?4?1?(Conservation Biodiversity)?2?2.1?2.2?2.3?2.4?2.5?2.6?3?(biodiversity)?1?1?2?3?2.?(motive)?:?1?(vicarious motive)?(vicarious value)?2?(altruism motive)?(altruism value)?3?(bequest motive)?(bequest value?BV)?4?(gift motive)?5?(sympathy motive)?2?6?(stewardship motive)?Gaian?7?(right motive)?8?(mitment motive)?9?(ethic motive)?(preservative value)?2?2.1?1.?2.?3.?2.2?1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?7.?2.3?2.4?1.?2.?(Naess?1986)?3.?4.?5.?Rolston?1985?6.?Gaia hypothesis?Ehrlich1981?Myers1979?7.?8.?9.?10.?11.?1?2?3?4?1?3?3?2?1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?7.?8.?9.?10.?11.?12.?03?2?2?(Geic diversity)?,?5?(Geic diversity)?1?McNeely?1990?2?(WRI)?1992?1993?1?2?3?4?1?1.1?1.2?1.?terminal deletion?(interstitial deletion)?2.?tandemduplication?3.?2?180?rearrangement?4.?2?2.1?gene?DNA?(cistron)?RNA?RNA?DNA?4?A?G?T?C?DNA?2?2?DNA?4?DNA?DNA?DNA?A-T?G-C?3?64?mRNA?2.2?spontaneousmutations?induced mutations?1.?1?DNA?2?3?DNA?1?2?isozyme?allozyme?RFLP?ALFP?DNA?RAPD?DNA?2.1?2.2?RFLP?RFLP?restriction fragmentlengthpolymorphism?20?70?DNA?n?DNA?cp?DNA?mt?DNA?DNA?DNA?DNA?DNA?2.3?RAPD?20?80?Taq DNA?polymerase chainreaction PCR?PCR?88?-97?DNA?38?-65?DNA?45?-72?taq DNA?3?-?30?DNA?PCR?Tag DNA?DNA?RAPD randomamplified polymorphicDNA?RAPD?10bp?DNA?RAPD?DNA?2.4?ALFP?amplified fragementlength polymorphism?(amplified fragementlength polymorphismv?ALFP)?PCR?RFLP?DNA?RFLP?PCR?Southern?RFLP?PCR?2.5?VNTR?variable numbertandem repeat?VNTR?(10-5?10-3)?DNA?2.6?(PCR-single-strand conformationpolymorphism?SSCP)SSCP?1989?SSCP?DNA?DNA?PCR?SSCP?PCR?2.7?DGGE andTGGE?1.?(denaturing gelgradient electrophoresis?DGGE)DGGE?Fischer?Lerman(1983?)?DNA?(Urea?Formamide)?(?)?2.?(Temperature gradientgel electrophoresisTGGE)?PCR?DNA?T m?T m?DNA?2.8DNA?DNA?RNA?DNA?1?(heterozygosity)?nlij?n?l?A iAj(i?j)?H l?l?2?(gene diversity)?x i?i?j x=1-h x?h?H?(H)?(J)?(h)?(j)?3?(geic distance)?DNA?Blastn Nr?DNA?Blastn EST?2-1DNA?H l?n lijn=ijh x=1?x i2i?D=?I?I=J xy/(J xJ y)1/2?x?y?(geicidentity)?J x?J y?J xy?x?y?4?A1?A2?3?A1A1?A1A2?A2A2?N11?N12?N22?A1A1?A1A2?A2A2?N11+N12+N22=N?A1A1?A1A2?A2A2?X11=N11/N?X12=N12/N?X22=N22/NA1?A2?x1=(2N11+N12)/(2N)=X11+X12/2x2=(2N22+N12)/(2N)=X22+X12/25Hardy-Weinberg?(Hardy)?(Weinberg)?Hardy-Weinberg?x2=?YATES?Hardy-Weinberg?6?(fixation indices)?Wright?1?F it=(1?F is)(1?F st)?F it?F is?Hardy-Weinberg?F st?DNA?DNA?1?1.1?:?1.2?2?2.1?2.2?2.3?3?DNA?DNA?DNA?Ailuropodamelanoleuca?Cathaya argyrophylla?03?2?3?1?the essentialistspecies concept?essence?eidos?2?19?30?3?Mayr?1942?Mayr?1982?4?1?2?3?1?species diversity?2?3?1?1?1300?1400?175?3-1?Heywood?1995?1991?3058?WCMC?1992?3-1?Heywood?1995?0.440?0.4100?7.2150?4.020?4.040?27.032?2.540?4.015?7.575?95.0800?7.020?4.55?11.525?175.01362?2?3-2?10?3-2?10?McNeely?1990?1?515?1721?516?717?55000?2?449?1701?407?686?45000?3?428?1622?358?600?27000?4?409?1519?282?467?25000?5?394?1447?270?453?23000?6?361?1275?265?383?21000?7?359?1250?251?345?20000?8?350?1200?216?297?20000?9?311?1200?205?294?20000?10?310?1195?/?197?/?282?20000?3?Myers?18?Hot-Spotsarea?3-3?14?4?0.5%?20%?50000?critical area?3-318?*?1997?490086234142?1400221-?50004092168?37009812041?3500-2025?5000-?25008137111?25009-?24004257?3500426947?xx-2?53520-49?160079184?5004-?6300154323?2830102522?2140151516?1450-*?Myers?1988?1990?WCMC?1992?4?endemism?Myers?18?1400?89%?4900?82%?10?10?5?6?7?8?Pianka?1996?Mediterranean climates?6m?3?1?3?15?850?10?250?6347?14?17300?57?6347?667?10.5?7?6?5?2?11000?4215?30?2238?1938?2?15000-18000?50%-60%?7?8?3-7?3-7?1993?%?449?73?14.6?1244?99?8.3?376?26?6.9?279?30?10.8?2862?440?15.7?494?2200?*?8?1.6?224?5000?*?5?2.2?32?250?*?8?28.1?*3116?30000?*?235?*7.5?*?204?31?*?3?inventory