大学英语词汇学SECTION B The Development of the English Vocabulary.ppt

SECTIONB TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary英语词汇的发展 Objectives IntroducethehistoryandthegeneralcharacteristicsofEnglish LetstudentsknowthegrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularyandthemodesofvocabularydevelopmentTeachingfocus theIndo EuropeanlanguagefamilythreephasesofthehistoricaldevelopmentgeneralcharacteristicsofEnglishthreesourcesofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularymodesofvocabularydevelopment 2 1TheIndo EuropeanLanguagefamily TheIndo EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope theNearEast andIndia TheclassificationofIndo Europeanlanguagefamily Accordingtovariousdegreesofsimilarityandtheirgeographicaldistribution thesurvivinglanguagesofIndo Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto10principalgroups whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternsetandWesternset theNearEast欧洲人指亚洲西南部和非洲东北部地区 但伊朗 阿富汗除外 近东通常指地中海东部沿岸地区 包括非洲东北部和亚洲西南部 有时还包括巴尔干半岛 TheEasternset Balto Slavic波罗的斯拉夫语族 thebiggestone Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Czech捷克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语Russian俄罗斯语 Indo Iranian印伊语族Persian波斯语Bengali孟加拉语Hindi北印度语Romany吉普赛语Armenian亚美尼亚语族ArmenianAlbanian阿尔巴尼语族Albanian TheWesternSet Hellenic希腊语族GreekCeltic凯尔特语族Scotish苏格兰语Irish爱尔兰语Welsh威尔士Breton布列塔尼语Pictish皮克特语Hittite希泰语族Tocharian吐火罗语族 Italic意大利语族 5romancelanguages Portuguese葡萄牙语Spanish西班牙语French法语Italian意大利语Rumanian罗马尼亚语Germanic日耳曼族English英语German德语Dutch荷兰语Flemish弗来芒语Scandinavianlanguages Norwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语 2 2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment Foreachphaseofthedevelopment thefollowingpointsmustbemadeclear TimerangeFeaturesofEnglishSocialandhistoricaleventsthatinfluencedEnglishgreatly OldEnglish 450 1150 Fourquestionsfordiscussion WhoweretheearliestinhabitantsontheBritishIsles WhatareincludedinGermanictribes WhatdoesEnglandmeanandwhywasthecountrycalledEnglandandthelanguageEnglish WhatisthefeatureofOldEnglish ThefirstpeoplesknowntoinhabitthelandwereCelts TheGermanictribesincludeAngles Saxons andJutes TheywerefirstalliesofCeltstofightagainstPictsandScots butthentheybecamenewconquerors Angles SaxonsandJutesallhavetheirdialects TheSaxonswerenumericallysuperiortotheAngles thelatterwereinfluentialenoughtoimposetheirnameonthewhole OldEnglisharealmostmonogeneousandentirelyGermanicwithonlyafewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage ofwhichnouns pronouns adjectives verbs andadverbshadcomplexsystemsofendingsorvowelchangesorboth MiddleEnglish 1150 1500 TheNormanConquestanditsinfluenceonEnglandAnewandlargercontinentalculturewasbroughttoEngland ItforcedonEngland Thenationalidea Thesituationofthesimultaneousexistenceofthreelanguages English French Latin adespisedlanguageusedbyboorsandserfs Thoseinpower includingthosewhoheldpoliticalorsocialpowerandthoseinpowerfulChurchpositions Thosewhowanttomakealivingasascribeandthoseinchurches Features Aperiodofgreatchanges changesmoreextensiveandfundamentalthanthosethathadtakenplaceatanytimebeforeandsince SteadyerosionoftheOldEnglishinflectionalsystems endingsofnounsandadjectivesmarkingdistinctionofnumberandcaseandoftenofgenderlosttheirdistinctiveforms ModernEnglish 1500uptothepresent ModernEnglishBeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEnglandTheRenaissance morethan25 ofModernEnglishcamefromLatinandGreekTheIndustrialRevolution Colonization absorbingwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworldAfterWWII NewwordsmultipliedinallwalksoflifeEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage OldEnglish tothepresentanalyticlanguage 14 可编辑 15 可编辑 Acomparisonofthreephases 2 3GeneralCharacteristics Receptivity adaptabilityandheterogeneityVariety heterogeneousnesswithforeignelementsSimplicityofinflection OldEnglishisasyntheticlanguageModernEnglishisaanalyticlanguageRelativelyfixedword order syntheticlanguage syntheticlanguage inlinguistictypology isalanguagewithahighmorpheme per wordratio asopposedtoalowmorpheme per wordratioinwhatisdescribedasanisolatinglanguage Thislinguisticclassificationislargelyindependentofmorpheme usageclassifications suchasfusional agglutinative etc althoughthereisacommontendencyforagglutinativelanguagestoexhibitsyntheticproperties Syntheticlanguagesarenumerousandwell attested themostcommonlycitedbeingIndo EuropeanlanguagessuchasSanskrit Spanish Persian Greek Latin Lithuanian German Italian French Romanian Russian Ukrainian PolishandCzech aswellasmanylanguagesoftheAmericas includingNavajo Nahuatl MohawkandQuechua Inderivationalsynthesis morphemesofdifferenttypes nouns verbs affixes etc arejoinedtocreatenewwords Forexample 反对解散国教主义English antidisestablishmentarianism against ending institutionalize condition advocate ideology meaning themovementtopreventrevokingtheChurchofEngland sstatusastheofficialchurch ofEngland Ireland andWales Isolatinglanguageoranalyticlanguageisalinguistictypologycategorythatdefinesalanguagewithalowmorpheme per wordratio intheextremecaseofisolatinglanguageoranalyticlanguagewordsarecomposedofasinglemorpheme Sincewordsarenotmarkedbymorphologyshowingtheirroleinthesentence wordordertendstocarryalotofimportanceinisolatinglanguages Forexample Chinesemakesuseofwordordertoshowsubject objectrelationships MandarinChinese ofallvarieties isperhapsthebest knownanalyticlanguage Thetermanalytic referringtoamorphologicaltype issynonymouswiththetermisolatinginmostcontexts However itispossibletodefineanalyticasreferringtotheexpressionofsyntacticinformationviaseparategrammaticalwordsinsteadofviamorphology withboundmorphemes Obviously usingseparatewordstoexpresssyntacticrelationshipswouldleadtoamoreisolatingtendencywhileusinginflectionalmorphologywouldleadtothelanguagehavingamoresynthetictendency 2 4ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary ThemajorcontributorstoEnglishareLatin Greek FrenchandScandinavian 2 5GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary Threemainsourcesofnewwords RapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandlanguagesSocial economicandpolitical