欧美ncap法规比较--经典文章

Safety Integration（一）,沈海东泛亚汽车技术中心有限公司,SummarySafety Integration美国汽车被动安全法规FMVSSUS-NCAPIIHS美国安全法规的发展各国安全法规的比较,Causes of Traffic Crashes,Driver,Environment,Vehicle,57%,12%,27%,Vehicle CrashworthinessInterfaceHandlingLightingCrash Warning,WeatherRoad ConditionTunnel / BridgeTraffic Jam,Driving SkillMoodCell phoneDrink / EatChatGood ViewTire,Haddon Matrix View Of Safety,Human,Vehicle,Environment,Pre-Crash,Crash,Post-Crash,Fire Research,Belt Reminder,Daytime Running Lamps,PC-Hazard Warn,OnStar Auto Collision Notif,Night Vision,Comfort Guide,Yaw Stability Systems,OnStar - MedNet,National Safe Kids,Event Data Recorder,Self-Aligning HR,Blue Book Performance,Ice Warning,Airbag/Belt Safety Campaign,GM Highway barrier,Policy Related Product Related,Quick Reference Guide,Crashworthiness Load Cases,LINCAP 38.5 mph,汽车被动安全规范的分类,国家政府颁布的汽车被动安全规范FMVSS，ECE，GB，法规在不断的进行更新汽车安全星级评定标准US-NCAP，Euro-NCAP，C-NCAP，,FMVSS汽车被动安全法规的发展历程,FMVSS209(安全带集成) 571部的第一个汽车安全技术法规，1967年3月1日执行FMVSS201(车内碰撞时对乘员的保护)，1968年1月1日执行FMVSS204(正向碰撞时方向盘向后位移的规定)，1967年3月1日执行FMVSS208(乘员适撞性保护)，1967年3月1日执行FMVSS214(侧向碰撞保)，静态标准1973年1月1日执行，动态标准1993年9月1日执行FMVSS303(汽油车燃油系统完整性)，1994年4月25日执行,NCAP概述,含义： 新车评价规程的英文缩写 New Car Assessment Programme性质： 独立于法规及管理体系之外，综合评价汽车安全性能，由具公正地位和权威性的机构实施。作用：向全社会提供公正、客观、透明、方便的汽车安全性能信息促进生产企业提高汽车安全性能减少碰撞事故损失和人员伤害,NCAP概述,目前存在的NCAP体系美国、欧洲、日本、澳大利亚、韩国、中国等以欧、美、日为主要代表国外NCAP的特点独立于法规及管理体系之外评价车辆都经历了一个循序渐进的发展完善过程重点是考核车辆对于车内乘员的保护性能在具体评价项目和评分方法上有差异试验及结果公开，对测试条件和精度的要求比现有法规试验更加严格,各国的NCAP,美国：USNCAP: IIHS: 欧洲：EuroNCAP: 澳洲：ANCAP: .au日本：JNCAP: www.nasva.go.jp韩国：KNCAP:中国：C-NCAP (中国汽车技术研究中心)：,各国的NCAP,NCAP (New Car Assessment Program),USA: USNCAP (1978); European Commission: EuroNCAP (1997); Australia Korea: KNCAP (1999)； China: C-NCAP (2006),Consumer Metric Entities全球汽车安全评估体系,NCAP Mission,Encourage improvements in vehicle occupant protection through:, crash testing publishing results consumer education influencing buying decisions encouraging early introduction of more crashworthy cars into the fleet,US NCAP Programs 美国新车评估体系,美国NCAP,有两套NCAP体系，实施机构分别为：美国公路交通安全局（NHTSA）National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.美国公路安全保险协会（IIHS）Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 实施时间不同：NHTSA-1978IIHS -1992,美国NCAP,试验项目不同：NHTSA：56km/h正面100%碰撞（1978年） 62km/h 27侧面碰撞（1997年）,Max. 5 stars each Occupant,Max. 5 stars,Static StabilityFactor (SSF),56.3 km/hFrontal Barrier,DriverH III (50th),Front Passenger SID,Rear PassengerSID,Rollover,Side Crash,62 km/hCrabbed MDB,Max. 5 stars each Occupant,PassengerH III (50th),FishhookManeuver,Combined Static Calculation & Dynamic Evaluation,Stars-On-Cars,2D Combined Risk,Starting 2008MY NCAP ratings are displayed on window sticker,Current US NCAP Ratings现有的美国NCAP评估,Frontal Crash,USNCAP,评价方法：,正面碰撞Head - HIC, Chest - Acceleration gs,驾驶员、前排乘员分开评价,FMVSS208,Neck injury1. NijThe Nij is a linear combination of neck axial force (FZ) and the bending moment about a lateral axis passing through the dummys occipital condyle(MY), i.e. Nij = (FZ / Fcritical) + (MY / Mcritical). Four possible loading conditions for Nij: Tension-extension (Nte), tension-flexion (Ntf), compression-extension (Nce), or compression-flexion (Ncf).None of the four Nij values shall exceed 1.0 at any time during the event.,FMVSS208,2. Max Compression force(Fz)=4000N3. Max Tension force (Fz)=4170N (Note: IIHS is 3300N),FMVSS208 Sled Test,Neck injury(a) Flexion Bending Moment (calculated at the occipital condyle) - 190 Nm. SAE Class 600.(b) Extension Bending Moment (calculated at the occipital condyle) - 57 Nm. SAE Class 600.(c) Axial Tension - 3300 peak N. SAE Class 1000.(d) Axial Compression - 4000 peak N. SAE Class 1000.(e) Fore-and-Aft Shear - 3100 peak N. SAE Class 1000.,FMVSS208 Advanced air bag requirements-50% adult male dummy,FMVSS208 Advanced air bag requirements-5% adult female dummy,Neck injury1. Nij = (FZ / Fcritical) + (MY / Mcritical). None of the four Nij values shall exceed 1.0 at any time during the event.,2. Max Compression force(Fz)=2520N3. Max Tension force (Fz)=2620N,FMVSS208 Advanced air bag requirements-5% adult female dummy,FMVSS208 Advanced air bag requirements-Requirements to provide protection for infants in rear facing and convertible child restraints and car beds.,Option 1-Automatic suppression feature.1.1 The vehicle shall be equipped with an automatic suppression feature for the passenger air bag which results in deactivation and activation of the air bag under corresponding conditions.1.2 The vehicle shall be equipped with at least one telltale which emits light whenever the passenger air bag system is deactivated and does not emit light whenever the passenger air bag system is activated, except that the telltale(s) need not illuminate when the passenger seat is unoccupied. 1.3 The vehicle shall be equipped with a mechanism that indicates whether the air bag system is suppressed, regardless of whether the passenger seat is occupied. The mechanism need not be located in the occupant compartment unless it is the telltale described in 1.2.Option 2- Low risk deployment.Each vehicle shall meet the injury criteria as following when the passenger air bag is deployed in the test.2.1 HIC153902.2 Thoracic acc.50g (3ms)2.3 All portions of the test dummy shall be contained within the outer surfaces of the vehicle passenger compartment.2.4 Nij = (FZ / Fcritical) + (MY / Mcritical). None of the four Nij values shall exceed 1.0 at any time during the event.,2.5 Max Compression force(Fz)=960N2.6 Max Tension force (Fz)=780N,FMVSS208 Advanced air bag requirements-Requirements using 3-year-old child dummies.,Option 1-Automatic suppression feature.Same as above.Option 2-Dynamic automatic suppression systemIt suppresses the air bag when an occupant is out of position. Option 3- Low risk deployment.Each vehicle shall meet the injury criteria as following when the passenger air bag is deployed in the test.3.1 HIC155703.2 Thoracic acc.55g (3ms)3.3 Thorax disp. 34mm3.4 All portions of the test dummy shall be contained within the outer surfaces of the vehicle passenger compartment.3.5 Nij = (FZ / Fcritical) + (MY / Mcritical). None of the four Nij values shall exceed 1.0 at any time during the event.,3.6 Max Compression force(Fz)=1380N3.7 Max Tension force (Fz)=1130N,FMVSS208 Advanced air bag requirements-Requirements using 6-year-old child dummies.,Option 1-Automatic suppression feature.Same as above.Option 2-Dynamic automatic suppression systemIt suppresses the air bag when an occupant is out of position. Option 3- Low risk deployment.Each vehicle shall meet the injury criteria as following when the passenger air bag is deployed in the test.3.1 HIC157003.2 Thoracic acc.60g (3ms)3.3 Thorax disp. 40mm3.4 All portions of the test dummy shall be contained within the outer surfaces of the vehicle passenger compartment.3.5 Nij = (FZ / Fcritical) + (MY / Mcritical). None of the four Nij values shall exceed 1.0 at any time during the event.,3.6 Max Compression force(Fz)=1820N3.7 Max Tension force (Fz)=1490N,FMVSS208 Advanced air bag requirements-Requirements using out-of-position 5th percentile adult female dummy at the driver position.,Option 1-Dynamic automatic suppression systemIt suppresses the air bag when an occupant is out of position. Option 2- Low risk deployment.Each vehicle shall meet the injury criteria as following when the passenger air bag is deployed in the test.3.1 HIC157003.2 Thoracic acc.60g (3ms)3.3 Thorax disp. 52mm3.4 All portions of the test dummy shall be contained within the outer surfaces of the vehicle passenger compartment.3.5 Femur PC=6805N3.6 Nij = (FZ / Fcritical) + (MY / Mcritical). None of the four Nij values shall exceed 1.0 at any time during the event.,3.7 Max Compression force(Fz)=2520N3.8 Max Tension force (Fz)=2070N,FMVSS208 schedule,FMVSS208 front impact test summary,FMVSS208 front impact test summary,FMVSS208 front impact test summary,36%,NHTSA,USNCAP,评价方法：,侧面碰撞Chest - TTI gs,驾驶员、后排乘员分开评价,The Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) is calculated in accordance with the following formula: TTI = 1/2 (GR +GLS) GR the greater of the peak accelerations of either the upper or lower rib, expressed in gs. GLS the lower spine peak acceleration, expressed in gs.,FMVSS 214 Dynamic Side Impact,Regulations,Moving Deformable Barrier,Barrier : 1360kg, Aluminum Honeycomb block,Regulations,Impact Configuration,Regulations,Passenger CarsIf W 114 inches, 20 inches rearward of the centerline of front axleMPVs, Trucks and BusesIf W 114 inches, 20 inches rearward of the centerline of front axle For different wheelbase versions of the same model vehicle,determine the impact line of the shortest wheelbase version, measure the distance between the seating reference point(SgRP) and the impact reference line, maintain the same distance between the SgRP and the impact reference line.,Impact reference line,LINCAP,Star Rating System,Barrier & Test configuration same as FMVSS 214Impact speed higher than FMVSS 214,Regulations,Thoracic Trauma IndexTTI(d) = (GR+GLS) GR is the greater of the peak accelerations of either the upper or lower rib, GLS is the lower spine(T12) peak acceleration.,Regulations,USNCAP,美国NCAP,IIHS: 64km/h正面40%偏置碰撞（1992年） 51km/h侧面碰撞（2003年）,IIHS,美国NCAP,IIHS Dynamic Side Impact,Regulations,Impact Configuration,Regulations,IIHS Side Impact MDB,Regulations,IIHS Side Impact Test Cart,Modified FMVSS 214 cart,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Regulations,Comparison between regulations,美国NCAP,除了对车内乘员的被动安全保护进行评价外，还分别单独考核车辆以下方面的性能:NHTSA: 儿童约束系统 制动/操纵稳定性IIHS: 追尾试验造成的伤害,美国联邦市场评估测试流程,向 NHTSA 呈递请求(整车厂,消费者,供应商, 协会),国会指令NHTSA (预算流程,立法用语),NHTSA 起草测试草案,NHTSA 公布定案的测试条件,管理与预算处审核重要的测试,NHTSA 可以决定是否公布提议的测试以公开征求意见,NHTSA 征求意见,管理与预算处要求修订或驳回提审的测试,请求修订,据法力争,立法委员指令修订,NHTSA 开始修订测试,大众的意见, 包含汽车业,技术性的意见与 NHTSA讨论,技术性的意见讨论,技术性的意见将对提审测试的正式评论存入公开俻查的挡案,视需要决定,NHTSA提议,大众提供的意见全部公开且透明化,Frontal NCAP (approx. 40 - 45 tests/year)Side NCAP (approx. 20 - 30 tests/year)Rollover NCAP (approx. 50 tests/year)Generally vehicles with GVWRs 8,500 lb, but, heavier Full Size Vans have been testedVehicle selection consideration processNHTSA Information Request (IR) sent in April on upcoming MY vehiclesOEM response to NHTSA by June which details, by model nameProjected sales volumeWhich vehicles are “corporate twins”Which have carryover crash test performance (and which dont)Standard and optional Safety FeaturesBased on the responses, NHTSA notifies manufacturers in August which vehicles are selected for testing.At this time, NHTSA also approves carryover ratingsMost NCAP tests are completed by the end of the yearSome testing continues into the following year,Vehicle Selection Process 选车流程,Manufacturers have the option of requesting tests on vehicles that:Do not have NCAP ratings in one or more categories, orHave made safety improvements that will affect NCAP ratingsThe manufacturer pays for the vehicles and the testTests are conducted at NHTSA-approved test facilitiesVehicles are selected and purchased by the NHTSA-approved facility from dealershipsNHTSA must approve vehicle selectionVehicle cost is passed on to the requesting manufacturerOptional NCAP requests must provide a complete set of ratings for a particular vehicle model:FrontSideSeparate tests with and without Side Air Bags if they are optionalRolloverSeparate tests for 2WD, 4WD, and HybridFishhook tests are not required for Passenger Cars,Optional NCAP Program 自愿评估,NHTSA NCAP Test Centers,CalspanDynamic Research, Inc. fishhook testing onlyKARCO EngineeringMGA Research CorporationSEA Limited rollover tests onlyTransportation Research Center Inc.,Calspan,Source: Excerpts from Calspan public website,Dynamic Research, Inc.,Source: Excerpts from Dynamic Research, Inc., public website,KARCO Engineering, LLC,Source: KARCO public website,MGA Research Corporation,Source: Excerpts from MGA public website,SEA Limited,Source: Excerpts from SAE Limited public website,Transportation Research Center, Inc.,Source: Excerpts from TRC public website,美国法规的修改,US-NCAPFMVSS214 & LINCAP儿童保护FMVSS201的扩展Vehicle Compatibility,Current Front NCAP,35 mph, Stationary Barrier Impact,Front, Driver & Pass 50th %ile male Hybrid III dummies,Approaches to Enhance Front NCAP,Suggestion for U.S. Front NCAP Program,Full-Frontal Barrier Impact, Hybrid III 50th Male dummies Criteria: Head (HIC), Chest Gs,Continuation of the 35 mph Barrier Impact Continuation of Hybrid III 50th Male ATD in the Driver seat Incorporation of the Hybrid III Female ATD in the Front Passenger seat Expand Injury Criteria to include Hybrid III Femur Load, Chest Deflection, & Neck Injury Use a relevance-based approach to combine results into a rating method,35 mph, Stationary Barrier Impact,Driver 50th %ile male &Fr Pass 5th %ile female Hybrid III dummies,ATD: SID-IIs (5th% female)Injury criteriaHICThorax Lower Spine Resultant Accel Combined Iliac and Acetabular Pelvic Load,ATD: ES-2re (50th % male) Injury CriteriaHIC Rib Deflection Abdominal ForcePubic Force,Applies to vehicles up to 10,000 lbVehicles up to 8500 lb are phased-in2009 2012 CYVehicles 8500 to 10,000 lb must complySept. 1, 2013Impact Speed: up to 20 mph Direction: 75 degrees from vehicle longitudinal center lineImpact location: Head CG projection point 75 degrees from vehicle longitudinal center line to vehicle exterior.Pole: 10 inchDoor Opening Requirements,FMVSS 214 Oblique Pole ImpactNEW Test Configuration w/Advanced Dummies,Note: If compliance with FMVSS 214 pole test, need not comply with FMVSS 201 pole test.,FMVSS 214 Moving Deformable BarrierReplaces SID w/Advanced Dummies,33.5 mph, Crabbed MDB,50th Male ES-2re Dummy (front) HIC Rib Deflection Abdominal Force Pubic ForceAND5th Female SID-IIs Dummy (rear) HIC Lwr Spine Accel Pelvic ForceDoor Opening Requirements,NewVehicles up to 6000 lbPhased-In 2009 to 2012,CurrentVehicles up to 6000 lb,33.5 mph, Crabbed MDB, Two 50th Male SID Dummies TTI (Rib Accel & Lwr Spine Accel) Pelvic LoadDoor Opening Requirements,Current Side NCAP,38.5 mph, 27 deg. Oblique Moving Barrier Impact,Front & Rear 50th %ile male SID dummies,Front Dummy Only5th %ile SID-IIs,Anticipated Side NCAP (2009 MY),20 mph, 75 deg. Oblique Pole Impact,U.S. Side NCAP Program Changes,Moving Barrier Impact, SID (50th Male) dummies Criteria: Rib Acceleration, Lwr Spine Acceleration,“Clean Slate” implementation expected for 2009 MY (9/08) Continuation of the Barrier Impact: with a combination of ES-2re (50th Male) and SID-IIs (5th Female) Dummies Addition of an Oblique Pole Impact: Vehicles to 10,000 lb with SID-IIs (5th Female) Dummy Criteria: Head (HIC), Rib Deflection (ES-2re), Spine Acceleration (SID-IIs), Abdominal Load (ES-2re), Pelvic Force New combined overall crash rating to be developed,38.5 mph, 27 deg. Oblique Moving Barrier Impact,Front & Rear Dummies50th %ile ES-2reand 5th %ile SID-IIs,EuroNCAP 欧洲新车安全评价规程,欧洲NCAP,开始于1997年，最为成熟的NCAP体系之一性质： 是一个行业性组织，由欧洲部分国家政府、国际汽车联合会、消费者权益组织以及汽车俱乐部等组成，不依附于任何汽车生产企业评价方法： 分为整车星级、儿童约束系统星级以及行人保护星级评价,欧洲NCAP,试验项目： 64km/h正面40偏置碰撞（1997） 50km/h侧面碰撞（1997） 29km/h侧面柱碰撞(选做)分数构成：可以得到的最高总分：37分 40偏置碰撞 16分 侧面碰撞 16分 侧面柱碰撞 2分 安全带提醒装置 3分,欧洲NCAP,总分要求： 18分 916分 1724分 2532分 3337分 ,欧洲NCAP,单项要求：（即星级对应单项试验最低得分） 单项试验要求最低得分 星级 2分 5分 9分 13分 ,欧洲NCAP,除对车内乘员的保护进行星级评价外，还考核车辆以下方面的性能: 对于行人的保护儿童约束系统的状态,Provide a fair, meaningful and objective assessment of the impact performance of cars. 对汽车的碰撞性能提供一种公正、有效和客观的评价。 Inform consumers, so providing an incentive to manufacturers as well as giving credit to those who excel at occupant or pedestrian protection. 告知顾客，从而鼓励制造商并对乘员和行人保护表现出色的汽车给予荣誉。 The tests used are based on those developed for legislation by the European Enhanced Vehicle safety Committee (EEVC), for frontal and side impact protection of car occupants and for the protection of pedestrians hit by the front of cars. 所作的试验基于EEVC(欧洲车辆安全促进委员会)制定的法规，涉及对正面和侧面碰撞乘员保护以及受到车辆前端撞击的行人保护。,Purpose 目的：,Test Condition 试验工况：,Assessment Criteria 评价标准,Front Impact 正面碰撞: (Overall总分: 16）,The dummy body is divided into four grouped regions 假人身体被分为4个组合的区域: Head and Neck 头和颈 (0-4) Chest 胸 (0-4) Knee, Femur, Pelvis 膝, 股骨, 骨盆 (0-4) Leg and Foot 小腿和脚 (0-4） The sum of every grouped region scores as front overall assessment 各组合区域分值总和作为正面碰撞的总评分。,4.002.67 3.991.33 2.660.01 1.320.00,Modifiers 修正项,Assessment Criteria 评价标准,Front Impact 正面碰撞: (Overall总分: 16）,Method of scoring 评分方法: Sliding Scales 滑移尺度 Two limits for each parameter: The more demanding limit (higher performance), beyond which a maximum score is obtained The less demanding limit (lower performance), below which no points are scored. 每个参数设定两个极限值：高要求限值（高性能指标），超出该值可得最高分 低要求限值（低性能指标），低于该值没有得分 Where a value falls between the two limits, the score is calculated by linear interpolation. 处于两者之间的测量值采用线性插值的方法得出相应分数 Where multiple criteria exist for an individual body region, the lowest scoring parameter is used to determine the p