英语人教版八年级下册形容词、副词专项.doc

2017中考英语语法精讲：形容词和副词【教学目标】掌握形容词和副词的位置，基本用法和比较等级【教学内容】I. 形容词：表示人和事物的特征，对名词起修饰和描绘作用（1）形容词的位置：1形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等，作定语时一般放在名词前。eg. She has short hair(作定语)Paul is tall(作表语)We must keep our room clean(作宾补)2形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。eg.She has something important to tell usTheres nothing wrong in the sentence（2）形容词作定语通常前置，但在有些情况下后置，如下表：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with（3）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone（4）有关形容词的重要考点：（一）形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, 或由some, any, no构成的不定代词时，把形容词后置。1. -Mum, Bill is coming to dinner this evening. -OK, Lets give him_ to eat.A. something different B. different anything C. anything different D. different something2. -Will you please tell me_ in your city?-With pleasure. I think Wu Quan Park is worth visiting.A. interesting somewhere B. somewhere interestingC. anywhere interesting D. interesting anywhere（二）形容词作表语，放在系动词be, look, taste, smell, sound, get, become, turn, keep, seem后作表语。注意：taste, smell, sound+good.1. -John looks so_today because she got an “A” in her maths test.A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily2. Dont eat the food. It smells_. A. badly B. bad C. good D. well3. -Im afraid that I have a bad cold. -Take the medicine and youll feel_.A. health B. best C. good D. better4. The pears taste_and sell_ .A. well, good B. well, well C. good, well D. good, good（三）形容词作keep, make, leave的宾语补足语。1. Tom, you must keep your room_ .A. to tidy B. tidying C. tidy2. We should keep our eyes_ while doing eye exerciseA. close B. closed C. open D. opened（四）exciting, interesting, surprising, amazing, -ing修饰物excited, interested, surprised, amazed, -ed修饰人1. Oct 15th was one of_ days in 2003. The Shen zhou-V was sent up successfully.A. exciting B. more exciting C. the most exciting D. much exciting2. Harry Potter is an_book for children, but my cousin doesnt seem at all_in it.A. interesting, interesting B. interesting, interested C. interested, interesting（五）形、副的比较级前可加much多；a little一点；a lot多；a bit一点；even甚至，更加；far多；等起修饰作用。1. The experiment was_easier than we had expected.A. more B. much more C. much D. more much2. The air in Beijing is getting much_now than a few years ago.A. clean B. cleaner C. cleanest D. the cleanest3. This year our school is_ than it was last year.A. much more beautiful B. much beautiful C. the most beautiful D. beautiful（六）形容词“越来越”的表达：a. 单音节词：warmer and warmer, colder and colder.b. 多音节词前加more and more buantiful, more and more difficultc. the+比较级+句子.1. Beijing is becoming_ and_.A. more beautiful, more B. beautiful, beautifulC. more, more beautiful D. more beautiful, more beautiful2. Remember boys and girls. _you work,_ result you will get.A. The better, the harder B. The harder, . the betterC. The harder, the good3. When winter comes, the days get_ .A. short and short B. shorter and shorter C. long and long D. longer and longer（七）enough修饰形、副时把enough后置：1. -Mum, I think Im_ to get back to school. -Youd better stay at home for another day or two.A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough（八）one of+形容词最高级+复数；the+序数词+形容词最高级+名词1. Paris is one of_ cities in the world.A. more beautifully B. more beautifulC. the most beautiful D. the most beautifully2. Who is the_ student in your class?A. third tallest B. third tall C. three short D. third short（九）good. well. fine. nice的区别：1. good作表语、定语。表示人品好或东西好。2. well形，只作表语（身体好）。副，作状语（好）。3. fine天气好。4. nice令人喜悦的“人”。（十）sick和ill都可以作表语，作定语时只用sick，不用ill。The sick man is his uncle. He has been ill for two days.（5）基础知识：作用：1. 作定语用于名词前（对照：副词作状语用于动词后）Country music is a kind of sweet music.2. 作表语：It looks good.3. 作宾补：Dont make your parent angry. who has left the door open?形容词前加the表一类人，谓语用复数the old, the young, the rich, the poor, the sick病人, the wounded伤员形容词前的修饰词的顺序：a(an)+修饰性形容词+size+shape+age+colour+出处+材料+用途+中心词名词变形容词：1. 天气：cloud(y), sun(ny), wind(y), ice(y)2. 称谓：friend(ly), mother(ly), brother(ly)3. 表情感：care (ful), hope(ful), use(ful), luck(y) health(y), noise(y), care(less), hope(less).形容词比较级：1. 标志 than2. 比较的对象一致：My pencil is longer than yours.Bill runs faster than any other student in his class.3. 一般加er, est4. 以不发音e结尾加r, st5. 双写：thin-thinner-thinnest, hot-hotter-hottest, fat-fatter-fattest6. 辅音字母+y的变y为i+er, est easy-easier-easiest7. 双音节词加more, the most difficult-more difficult-most difficult.8. 以后缀-ful结尾的形容词加more, the most useful-more usefulthe most useful9. 不规则：good/well-better, best；bad, ill/badly-worse, worst；many, much-more, most；little-less-least；far-farther-farthest。形容词最高级：1. 标志：in (后不同类)；of (后同类) 2. 加est。（6)复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词副词起修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或全句的作用，表示时间，地点，程度，方式或性质等。1副词的种类(1)时间副词表示大体时间：now，then，yesterday，today， tonight，before，justnow，recently，sOfaf表示频率：always，usually，often，sometimesseldom，never其它作用：already，yet，late，early，soon，at once，immediately，atfirst，at last，finally(2)地点副词表地点：here，there，home，abroad，upstairs，downstairs，anywhere，everywhere，nowhere，somewhere表位置关系(后接宾语时，用作介词)：above，below，round，around，down，up，in，out，inside，outside，across，back，along，over，away，near，off,past(3)方式副词 表示谓语动词“怎样地”，(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成)：badly，bravely，gratefully，calmly，carefully，carelessly，nervously，proudly，patiently，politely，sadly，properly，rapidly，wrongly，suddenly(4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much，(a)little，a bit，very，sO，too，enough，quite,rather，completely，terribly，deeply，nearly，almost，hardly(5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句：how，when, where，why(6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how，when，where，why(7)关系副词 引导定语从句：when，where，why(8)其它性质的副词 对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开：frankly(坦率地说，说真的)，generally(一般说来)，luckily(幸运地是)，first of all(首先)等。2副词的用法及位置(1)修饰动词作状语多数位于动词之后，及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。egThe farmers are working hard in the fieldShe speaks English wellThe nurse looks after the babies carefully频度副词放在动词前，情态动词和助动词之后。egHe always goes to school On footShe was often late for schoolI have never been to Beijing(2)修饰形容词作状语，放在形容词前。egHe has a very nice watchThe box is too heavy.(3)修饰另一副词作状语，放在另一副词前。egShe paints quite wellYou speak too fastI cant understand you(4)作表语，放在系动词后。egIs anybody in?(5)作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。egI saw him out just now(6)作定语，放在名词之后。egThere is a man：here On vacation(7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps，first，sometimes，finally等副词，一般放在句首。egFinally，I finished the workPerhaps hes watching TV at home(8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前，而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。eg. He is old enough to go to school3.某些副词在用法上的区别（1）already, yet, stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：Weve already watched that film.I havent finished my homework yet.He still works until late every night.（2）too, as well, also, eithertoo, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.He didnt go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.(3) hard, hardlyhardly意为几乎与hard在词义上完全不同。如：I work hard every day.I can hardly remember that.(4) late, latelylately意为最近、近来，late意为晚、迟。如：He never comes late.Have you been to the museum lately?III形容词和副词的比较等级1比较级、最高级的构成(1)单音节和少数双音节词一般在词尾加er或estgreat-greatergreatest，youngyoungeryoungest，slowslowerslowest以e结尾的只加r或stnicenicer-nicest，largelargerlargest以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i，再加er或estheavyheavierheaviest， easyeasiereasiest， busybusierbusiest， funnyfunnier+funniest，earlyearlierearliest以重读闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末的一个辅音字母，再加er或est bigbiggerbiggest， thinthinnerthinnest，fat)fatterfattest，ht)fitterfittest(2)多音节和部分双音节词，前加more为比较级，加(the)most为最高级carefulmore carefulmost carefulusefulmore usefulmost usefulpopularmore popularmost popularcarelesslymore carelesslymost carelessly(3)不规则变化的词goodwellbetterbestbadillbadlyworseworstmanymuchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolderelderoldest(指年龄大小)eldest(指长幼顺序)farfartherfurtherfarthest(指距离)furthest(指程度)2形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法(1)形容词和副词比较级的用法用于两者比较，表示“比更”：“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B，egI am two years older than my little sister“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+：eg She gets to school earlier than the other students用于两者之间的同级比较，表示“和一样”：“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B，eg.Bill is as funny as his father“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.表示甲在某方面不如乙：“A+系动词+notasso+形容i司原级+as十B”egThese books arent as interesting as those“A+助动词情态动词+not+谓语动词+aSSO+B”egShe didnt sing sO well that night as she usually does表示某个范围内的两者相比：“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” egPenny is the taller of the two girlsPenny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。表示“越来越”：“比较级+and+比较级”egIn spring the days are getting longer and longer 在春天，白天变得越来越长。表示“越越”：“the+比较级the+比较级”egThe mort：you practice using English，the better youll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。可以用much，far，even，a bit，a little，a lot等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very修饰。egTom is a little taller than MikeTom比Mike稍高一点；it is even colder today than yesterday。 今天甚至比昨天更冷在比较级中，为了避免重复，可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。egThe weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown这儿比我的老家热得多。The pants in this shop a