立信国际财务报告汉化版Chapter2.docx

Chapter 2 Framework (框架)Purpose of the Framework (框架的目的)Review and develop IFRSs （IFRSs的回顾和发展）Harmonization of regulations, standards and procedures （统一了规定、标准和程序）Guide national standard setting bodies （指导国家准则设置机构）Guide to resolving accounting issues that are not addressed （知道解决未解决的会计问题）Assist auditors on forming an opinion （协助审计人员形成意见）Assist user to interpret information contained in FS （帮助用户理解FS中的信息）Application of the Framework （框架的应用）Is not a IFRS （不是一个IFRS）In case of conflicts, the specific IFRS always prevail over the Framework （在两者矛盾时，具体的IFRS总是会战胜框架）IASBs Framework （IASB的框架）The IASBs Framework provides the basis of its conceptual framework. IASs and IFRSs are based on this framework. These chapters are as follows. （ISAB的框架提供了一个它概念框架的基础。IASs和IFRSs是基于这个框架的。这些章节如下所示）The objective of financial statements （财务报表的目的）Quantitative characteristics of financial statements （财务报表的数据特征）The reporting entity （报告主体）The definition, recognition and measurement of the elements from which financial statements are constructed （财务报表构成要素的定义、判定和计量）Concepts of capital and capital maintenance （资本和资本保全的概念）Accounting basis （会计基础）AccrualsIn computing profit revenue earned must be matched against the expenditure incurred in earning it. （权责发生制-在计算利润收入时必须同事确认发生的费用）Underlying assumptions （基本假设）Going concern-Continuing in operation for the foreseeable future （持续经营-在可预期的未来继续经营）Qualitative characteristics of Financial information （会计信息质量特征）Relevance （相关性）Nature and materiality （性质和重要性）Faithful representation （可靠性）Neutrality (中立)Completeness （完整）Free from error （准确）Enhanced characteristics （更多的属性）Verifiability （可验证性）Understandability （可理解性）Comparability （可比性）Timeliness （及时性）Offsetting （抵消）Assets and liabilities, and income and expenses, may not be offset unless required or permitted by an IFRS. （资产和负债，收入和费用可能不能互相抵消除非被某条IFRS要求或允许）Elements of financial statements （财务报告的要素）Asset（资产）Liability（负债） Financial position（财务状况）Equity（所有者权益）Income（收入） Financial performance（经营成果）Expenses（费用）Definition （定义）Asset （资产）Resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity （企业过去事项形成的、由企业控制的、预期会给企业带来经济利益的资源）Liability （负债）A present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits （企业过去事项形成的、预期会导致经济利益流出的企业的现时义务）Equity （所有者权益）The residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities （企业资产扣除负债后的剩余权益）Income （收入）Increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants （企业在日常活动中形成的、会导致资产增加或者负债减少，最终导致所有者权益增加的、与所有者投入资本无关的经济利益的总流入）Expense （费用）Decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflows or depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions from equity participants （企业在日常活动中发生的、会导致资产减少或者负债增加，最终导致所有者权益减少的、与向所有者分配利润无关的经济利益的总流出）Recognition criteria of elements of FS （FS要素的判断标准）1. probable that any economic benefit associated with the item will flow to or from entity, and （与该项目有关的未来经济利益很可能流入或流出企业）2. the item has a cost or value that can be measured with reliability （该项目的成本或价值能够得到可靠的计量）Measurement of the elements of financial statements （FS要素的计量）Items in the financial statements can be valued under a number of bases. （财务报告中的要素可以按这几个计量属性）Historical cost （历史成本）Replacement cost/current cost （重置成本/现行成本）Net realizable cost （可变现净值）Economic value （经济价值？）Historical cost means that transaction are recorded at the cost when they occurred （历史成本指交易发生时记录的成本）Lecture example 1 （例一）What are the advantages and disadvantages of recording the building at its historic cost of $1 million? (consider the Frameworks qualitative characteristics) （以历史成本1百万美元计量一个建筑有什么优缺点？（参考框架的质量特征）Replacement cost means the amount needed to replace an item with an identical item. （重置成本指用一个项目替换一个同样的项目所需要的成本）Net realizable value is the expected price less any costs still to be incurred in getting the item ready for sale and then selling it. （可变现净值指以预计售价减去所有可能发生的销售费用后的净值）Lecture example 2 （例二）A Ltd has 100 items in inventory at the year end. The following information is available:（L有限公司年底有100个产品。下面一些信息是可知的）$Total cost of items to date（产品至今的总费用）1,000Expected selling price per item（每件产品的预期售价）11Costs which still need to be incurred per item before item can be sold（在销售之前每件产品还需要花费的费用）2Required （问）a) what is the historic cost of the inventory? （库存的历史成本是多少）b) What is the net realizable value of the inventory? （库存的可变现净值是多少）c) What value for inventory should be shown in the financial statements? （库存在财务报表上应该列示多少）Economic value is the value derived from an assets ability to generate income. （经济价值？是指一个资产创造收入的价值）Suppose X Co. buy the new machine for $20,000. It is estimated the new machine will generate profits of $ 4,000 per year fo