阅读理解 (2)

ReadingComprehension 四种阅读题型 事实细节题 主旨大意题 推理判断题 猜测词义题 Scanning Restatement Finddetailedinformation Skills Choices Tips Readthewholepassagequicklytohaveageneralideaofthewholepassage thenreadthequestioncarefullyandknowwhatinformationisneeded Next keepthequestioninmindandscanuntilyoucometotheinformationneeded thenreadcarefullyandtrytounderstandcorrectly Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed i e workedforsomebodyelse Todayonlyoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself Andwhenfiftyyearsago beingemployed meantworkingasafactorylaborerorasafarmhand theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddleclasspersonwithasubstantialformaleducation holdingaprofessionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills Indeed twothingshavecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears middle classemployeeshavebeenthefastest growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation growingsofastthattheindustrialworker thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution hasbeenlosinginnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction Accordingtothepassage withthedevelopmentofmodemindustry A factorylaborerswillovertakeintellectualemployeesinnumberB thereareasmanymiddle classemployeesasfactorylaborersC employershaveattachedgreatimportancetofactorylaborersD theproportionoffactorylaborersinthetotalemployeepopulationhasdecreased Mainidea core wick Skimming Tips Nottoogeneral nottoospecific Ways Findouttopic keysentences Skills Mainidea Besttitle 这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体 并真正理解主题和中心句 要求能较好地运用概括 判断 归纳 推理等逻辑思维的方法 难度较大 属于高层次题 做此类题目时 首先要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意 可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉 进行综合归纳 概括文章的主题 另外 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的 因此 许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词 即高频词 也叫做主题词 抓住了它 便容易抓住文章的中心 Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood Somefeelthattheyhaven teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofclamchowderspaghetti eggplant andfreshfruit Otherscouldliveonwhatarecalledfast foods ahamburgerorhotdog Frenchfriesandasoftdrink topicsentences 一个主题句常是一个段落的开头 其后的句子则是论证性细节 在论说文 科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种式 Toscanistolookforspecificinformationquicklywithoutreadingwordbyword Youhavetoknowwhatyou relookingforbeforeyoubegin Whenyouscan lookforkeywords names dates orotherspecificsthatmeanyouhavefoundtheinformationyouarelookingfor Don tstoptoreadeverythingonapageslowlyandcarefully Instead Scanuntilyoucometotheinformationyouneed thenreadcarefully Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainidea A Scanningisreadingquicklytofindspecificinformation B Beforeyoureadapassage youshouldscanit C Itisnotagoodideatoreadwordbyword D Scanningisausefulreadingskill Peoplelivingincitiestodaythinkthatmeatissomethingthatcomeswrappedincellophanefromthesupermarket potatoescomebythepoundinplasticofpaperbags andfeathergrowsinhats Thecitydwellers viewsarequitedifferentfromtheviewsoftheirancestors whoknewthatmeatishuntedintheforest potatoesareplantedandweeded andonlybirdscanproducefeathers Yet whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornot theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheirexistenceastheirancestorswere IntheUnitedStates oldpeoplewhonolongerhaveanincomeorwhosufferfromalossofphysicalabilitiesareoftenforcedtogiveuplivingalone Theymustleavetheirhomesanddependonsomeoneelsetogivethemaplacetoliveandtotakecareoftheirphysicalneeds theymusteitherlivewithrelativesorliveinhomesfortheaged Thislossofindependenceisamajorproblemfortheaged Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainidea A OldpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarepoororsickcannotlivealone B BeingunabletoliveisaseriousproblemforoldpeopleintheUnitedStates C Oldpeoplewhoarepoororsickshouldlivewiththeirrelatives notinhomesfortheaged D IntheUnitedStates oldpeoplewhoarepoororsickareforcedtoliveinhomesfortheaged InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket Ford GeneralMotors andChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarshasnotcostAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted FordoperatesasfarasAsia andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustralia sbiggestemployer YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiablesociety Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainidea A GeneralMotorsisoneofthelargestcarproducers B FordoperatesnotonlyinAmerica butalsoinAsia C Theforeigncarshaven ttakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers D ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarsisterribleforAmericanautoworkers JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchtelevision hedemandsthatIplaywithhim IfIgetatelephonecall hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhat swrongwithhim Baby sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun Herefusestoletmeeatasnackinpeace UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat Then whenhefinallygrowstired ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep 有时段落是先介绍背景和细节或提出问题 接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例 然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论 作进一步的解释 支撑或发展 这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现 但不一定就是在正中间 Abusdrivermustanswerquestionswhileguidingabusthroughheavytraffic Alldaylong thedriveranswersthesamequestionswithoutbecomingangry Everyfewminutesabusdriverhastoaskpassengerstosteptothebackofthebus Inspiteoftrafficsnarlsandthoughtlesspassengerswhocausedelays abusdriverisexpectedtocoverhisorherrouteonschedule Drivingabusishardwork 无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中 没有明确的主题句 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节 进行全面考虑 综合分析 然后找出共同的东西 归纳成一般概念 必须注意的是 既不能以偏概全 也不能在概括时过于宽泛 要恰如其分 Asiancountriescontinuetofindbetterwaystosolvetheirpollutionproblems SingaporeintroducedaCorrectiveWorkOrdercampaign C W O requiresthosepeoplewholiketothrowwastematerialsinapublicplacetodopublicservice Theymustcleanbeaches parksandhousingdevelopments Asaresult rubbishhasdecreased Thailandusesfeartocontrolthrowingawayrubbish ArichThaiwomandesigned magiceyes toencouragepeopletoprotectthesurroundings Theeyeswereputupinschoolsandoneverystreetcorner CertainlythemostexpensiveplanisJapan slargevacuum 吸尘器 ThisvacuumwilloperatealongOsaka sdirtiestroad Thevacuumsucksuptheairandmakesitclean Thebesttileforthispassageis A AsianplansforpollutionB AirpollutioninAsiaC HowtosolvetheproblemofairpollutionD Howtomaketheairclean 应试技巧 选项分析正确选项的特点含有抽象名词和概括性词语 四个选项中 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项 那些概括全文 内容全面 含义深刻 说明道理的选项一般是答案项 而选项内容片面 单一的内容一般是错误选项 句子结构简单明了 作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句 错误选项的特点以偏概全 只是局部信息 或是一句没有展开论述的话 过于笼统 即归纳的主题太泛 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述 把观点强加与作者 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解 无关信息 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息 练中学 从前面所述可知 查找主旨 标题时 我们要学习识别文章中最基本 最具有概括力的信息 这种信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性 例1 Choosethemostgeneralword A chemistB physicistC scientistD biologist 该问题要求找出最有概括力的词 Cscientist符合题意 因为它包括了chemist physicist和biologist 而A B和D都指某一具体学科的科学家 不能概括其他词 因此 scientist最具有概括性 例2 Choosethemostgeneralsentence A Thehotelofferscomplimentarycoffeefrom7to10a m daily B TherearemanyreasonswhyguestsfeelathomeattheGloriettaBayInn C Thecoin operatedlaundryroomhasanironingboard D ThereareanumberofextraservicesattheGloriettaBayInnincludingbaby sitting A C D都是从不同的侧面说明旅馆的服务情况 相互间并无联系 而B却概括了A C D共性的东西 即 为什么旅客在这家旅馆里有宾至如归的感觉 因此 B符合题意 倘若在一段文章里包含了以上A C D几条信息 那么B就是本段的中心思想 同样 如果在一段文章中 作者分几段来叙述几方面的内容 那这些段落所要说明的问题就是本文的中心思想 IlikereadingshortstoriesbecausetheyareeasytoreadandIcanfinishawholestorywithinafewminutes Myteachertoldusthatasidefromregularhomework weshouldalsodosomeoutsidereading ThusIchosetoreadshortstories Itdoesn ttakemuchofmytime Booksopenalotofdoorsforus Asidefromentertainingwecanalsolearnfrombooks WhenIreadbooksIcangotoplacesI veneverbeentoandmeetpersonsI venevermetorwillneverhaveachanceofmeeting ItalsobroadensmymindasittellsmewaystodothingsthatIhaveneverthoughtofdoing Finallyitleadsustoknowourselvesbetter Whichofthefollowingisthemainidea A Readingshortstoriesisfun B Readingcanhelpusknowalotofplaces C WeshoulddosomeoutsidereadinginoursparetimeD Wecanlearnwaysofdoingthingfromreading Thereisasimpleeconomicprincipleusedtodetermineprices Itiscalledthelawofsupplyanddemand Supplymeanstheamountof oraccessto certaingoods Demandrepresentsthenumberofpeoplewhowantthosegoods Iftherearemoregoodsthanwanted thepriceofthemfalls Ontheotherhand ifthedemandforthosegoodsismuchgreaterthanthesupply thenpricerises Ofcoursemanufacturersprefertosellmoregoodsatincreasedprices Whatwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage A EconomicPrinciplesB LawofSupplyandDemandC MoreGoods LowerPricesD FewerGoods HigherPrices 遵循四字原则 准 全 新 用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想 要注意文章的内涵和外延 把作者的观点准确地表达出来 要排除掉那些片面的选项 选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项 范围不宜过大或过小 内容不偏不倚 所选择的标题要新颖 对读者有吸引力 能激发读者的阅读兴趣 精 evidence makinganinference Tips Putyourselfinthewriter sshoes theobviousthesuggestedthestatedtheunstated attitude purpose conclude indicate imply suggest infer Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute垃圾道 Youwon tbeforlong Miami sMarkShantzishasmadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandrecycletoo InShantzis Hi RiseRecyclingSystemachuteleadstoapie shapedcontainerwithsixboxesthatcanturnaroundwhenoperated Thesystemwhichfitsinthesamespaceasthechuteandcontainernowinuseenablesglass plastic paper metalandotherrubbishtogointoseparateboxes Thesystemiscontrolledfromaboardnexttothechutedoor Theboardhasabuttonforeachclassofrecyclingmaterialsaswellasforunrecyclables Atthepressofabuttonamicrocomputerlocksallotherfloors chutedoorandsetstherecyclingcontainerturninguntiltherightboxcomesunderthechute Sortingrecyclablesbeforetheyarecollectedsavestheuseofexpensivematerialsrecoveryequipmentwhichotherwisehastodothesorting Shantzisbelieveshissystemcouldhelprecycledmaterialsbecomemorecost effective Thepurposeinwritingthistextis A toencouragepeopletorecycletheirrubbishB tointroducearecyclingsystemforhighrisesC todescribetheuseofcomputertechnologyinrecyclingD toexplaintheneedforrubbishcollectioninhighrises Hi RiseRecyclingsystem shape structure use goodpoint pie sixboxesaboardabuttonamicrocomputer recycling cost effective Sadly however thereisanotherside Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace Fromthisparagraph wecaninferthat A agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwarB nuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwarC theauthordoubtsabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweaponsD theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofnuclearweaponsontheearth Mrs Harris anelderlypatientinanursinghomeorasmallprivatehospital satalldayinachair Shedidnothingelse Sherequiredcompletephysicalcare evenfeeding Nooneseemedtorealizedthatshewaspartiallydeafandblind Onedayayoungdoctorobservedcataractsinbothhereyes Hediscoveredthatifhespokeinherear sheseemedtorespond Wecaninferthattheregulardoctorsofthenursinghomeweremostprobably A overworkedtothepointofexhaustionB indifferenttotheneedsofthepatientsC unawareofMrs Harris srealproblemD highlytrainedmedicalexperts IfIhadtoselectawordthatbestdescribesthemajorityofAmericanparents thatwordwouldbeGUILTY RIDDEN 内疚的 Howsaditistoseeparentsbecomethewillingvictims 受害者 ofthe givemegame onlytodiscoverthatnomatterwhattheydo itisn tenough Intheend theyareblamedwhentheirspoiledchildrengetintotrouble Withthisinmind Ishallfirstanswerthequestion Whatdoparentsowetheirchildren andIshallstartwithwhattheydon towethem Theauthor sattitudetowardstheparentsis angryB pitifulC disappointedD satisfied 对于推理判断题 应从上下文句意的关系进行推理 把握句 段之间的逻辑关系 在整体理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意 作者的观点及写作目的 并对此进行综合分析 概括归纳 才能得到答案 重视对于干扰项设置规律的把握 其中以偏概全的干扰项在概括题或推理题中出现最多 难度也最大 还有张冠李戴 偷梁换柱 选项中增加或减少修饰成分 过分扩大或缩小所表达的意义 在正确信息中夹杂着错误的信息 论点与论据的混淆 利用篇章中出现的一些词或某个句子结构 或是借用读者的对某些常识的思维定势来伪造 Wordsincontext GuessthemeaningofanewwordorphraseSkill Tips literalComprehension Makefulluseofcontextclues Words likepeople arefrequentlyknownbythecompanytheykeep Sothecontextorsurroundingsofawordcanprovidecluestoitsmeaning Inthesalefever peoplewerespendingmoneylikewaterwithoutthinkingwhethertheyneededwhattheywerebuying Aslongasitwasabargain itwasOK Youwon tbelievethis butassoonasIgothome Icrashedoutforfourhours ThenIhaddinnerandwentbacktobed fearingthesoundofthealarmwhichwouldtellmetogetreadyfortheseconddayofthesale Theexpression crashedout means A chattedwithherfriendsB sleptsoundlyC brokedownD dinedout 方法1 定义 解释法 信息词 is was means thatis thatistosay inotherwords referto 1 Abiographyisthestoryofaperson slifewrittenbyanother 2 Toboycottastoremeanstorefusetoshopinthestore 传记 拒绝 方法2 同义法 Doctorsbelievethatsmokingisdetrimentaltopeople shealth Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful 例2 Hecalledtousthattherewasnoonethere sowerandowntothebank lookingeverywherecarefully Wecouldnotunderstandwherethemanhadgone Whenitgotdark wewentbacktoourcampfeelingbewildered Theword bewildered inthetextprobablymeans A ashamedB nervousC unabletounderstandD eagertoknowsomething C 有害的adj 方法3 反义法 信息词 however but while instead unlike ontheotherhand 1 JanewastalkingwithotherswhileTomremainedreticentallthetime 2 Hisofficesisadrabplaces buthernewofficeisabright cheerfulplace 沉默不语 单调乏味 无生气 方法4 上下文分析法 The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof14 Manyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout Itisjustunbelievable saidateacherfromGuang dongprovince Theunderlinedphrasefigureout inthetextmeans A guessB addupC workoutD study C 方法5 逻辑关系 如对比 转折 因果 让步等 Heisgenerous thoughheisnotrich 方法 根据举例IliketoreadsomeEnglishperiodicalslikeChinaToday EglishSalon Overseas etc 其他方法 如构词法 标点 冒号 破折号 杂志 期刊 慷慨 大方 Appletreesmaygrowastallastwelvemetres Theydobestinareasthathaveverycoldwinters Althoughnofruitisyieldedduringthewinter thiscoldperiodisgoodforthetree Thewordyiel