7.2 动词的各种形式.docx

7.2.1 动词的四种主要形式1）现在式：就是词典中所给的形式，也可称为动词原形，其他形式都由它派生而来。一般现在时要用现在式：We love peace.2）过去式：几乎每个动作都有过去式，表示过去发生的事。一般过去时都由它表示，如：She was (be的过去式) a worker. Now she is a technician.3)过去分词：也是大多数动词都具有的形式，可构成完成时态（a）和被动语态（b）：a. he has lived here for many years.b.the VCR was made in China.4)现在分词：通常由动词原形+ing构成，可构成各种进行时态：We are learning grammar.7.2.2 过去式和过去分词构成法1）英语中大部分都以加-ed词尾的办法构成过去式及过去分词：现在时（动词原形） 过去式 过去分词Work worked workedAppear appeared appearedTalk talked talkedPlay p0layed played这类动词称为规则动词（regular verbs）。a. 在加-ed 词尾时要注意几个问题：Live lived please - pleased free - freedb. 若以“辅音（字母）+y”结尾，先变y为i在加-ed：Try tried study studied simplify - simplifiedc. 若是以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾，该音节又重读者，末尾字母要双写，然后加-ed：Stop stopped fit fitted chat - chattedd. 其他的词都直接加-ed：Lack lacked open opened repeat repeated3)另外，还有几点值得注意：a. 以“一个元音+l”结尾的词，英国都把l双写，美国人都不双写：travel travelled(英)， traveled（美）marvel marveled(英)，marveled（美）b.l前若有两个元音，l一概不双写（英美都如此）：revel revealed appeal appealedc.有少数词，尽管末尾音节并不重读，末尾辅音字母在英国仍双写：worship worshipped(英)，worshiped(美)kidnap kidnapped (英)，kidnaped (美)但program programmed （英，美），programed （美国人有时用这种拼法）d.以x结尾的词，x不双写：Mix mixed fix fixed4)在英语中，在加-ed词尾时，末尾字母需双写的词常见的有：Ban bar bat beg blot brag brim chat chop clap cram crop dam dip dot drag drop drum dub fan fit flag grap grin grip gun hop hug hum jam jog jot knit lag man mar mob mop mug nag net nip nod pad pat pen pin pit plan plod plug pop prop rip rob rot rub scan scar scrap skrub ship shop shred slam slap slip snap sob spot squat stap star stem step stop strap strip stun sun swap tag tan tap thin throb tip top trap trim trip trot wag wrapAbet abhor acquit admit allot commit compel confer control defer distil emit enroll equip excel expel incur instil occur omit outwit patrol propel recap refer regret remit repel submit transmit handicap5)下面的词在加-二等时，在英国末尾字母要双写，而在美国却不一定双写：Cancel dial equal hiccup initial kidnap label level marvel model pedal pencil program quarrel refuel revel rival shovel shrivel total travel tunnel unravel worship注在加-ing词尾时，4）中所列词情况也一样。7.2.3 不规则动词1）但也有相当多的动词不以加-ed的方式构成过去式和过去分词，这类动词称作不规则动词（irregular verbs）。这类动词数量有限，却都是非常活跃的词，例如下面这些：Beat, beat ,beatenBecome ,became ,becomeBegin began begun blow blew blownbreak broke brokenbring brought broughtbuild built builtburst burst burstbuy bought bought catch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost costcut cut cutdig dug dugdo did donedraw drew drawneat ate eatenfall fell fallenfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundfly flew flownfreeze froze frozenget got gotgive gave givengo went gonegrow grew grownhave had had hear heard heardhide hid hiddenhurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew knownlay laid laidlead led ledleave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lainlose lost lostmake made mademean meant meantmeet met metpay paid paidput put putread read readride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran runsay said saidsee saw seensell sold soldsend sent sent set set setshake shook shakenshine shone shoneshoot shot shotshow showed shownshut shut shutsing sang sungsink sank sunksit sat satsleep slept sleptspeak spoke spokenspend spent spent spin span spunspread spread spreadspring sprang sprungstand atood stood steal stole stolenstick stuck stucksweep swept swept swim swam swumtake took takenteach taught taught tear tore torntell told told think thought thought throw threw thrownunderstand understood understood wake woke wokenwear wore wornweep wept weptwear wore wornweep wept weptwin won wonwrite wrote written这些都是最最常见的词，不熟练掌握这些词，学时态就会困难重重。因此，学语法的第一步就是把这些常用的不规则动词熟背，要背的烂熟，想到一个词，就能把三个形式都说出来，这是基础的基础。掌握了这些词，就可以适应初期学习的要求，以后还应把书后列出来的不规则动词全部学一遍。2）有几个动词，在英美有不同的过去式及过去分词形式：现在式burnDream leanleaplearnsmellspillspellspoil过去式及过去分词英国拼法BurntburntDreamtdreamtLeantleantSmeltsmeltlearntlearntSmeltsmeltSpiltspiltSpeltspeltSpoiltspoilt美国拼法BurnedburnedDreameddreamedLeanedleanedSmelledsmelledLearnedlearnedSmelledsmelledSpilledspilledSpelledspelledSpoiledspoiled从表中可以看出，在美国英语中这些都是规则动词。7.2.4 现在分词1）现在分词都是在现在式（动词原形）后加-ing构成，如：She is listening to classical music on cds.Who is conducting the orchestra?在多数情况下直接加-ing，但有一些特殊情况：a. 一部毒瘾的e结尾的词，去掉e再加-ing：b. 以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾，该音节又重读者，末尾辅音要双写，再加-ing：Swim- swimming beg-begging chat chattingRefer referring begin beginning forget forgetting但open opening (末尾音节不重读)Pack-packing(末尾有两个辅音字母)在7.2.2第四段中所列加ing时，末尾辅音字母也要双写。2）还有几点值得注意：a. 以“一个元音字母l”结尾的词，在加-ing时，l字母英国人双写，美国人不双写：b. 下面的词，虽然末尾音节不重读，在美国末尾辅音字母仍双写，不贵哦美国人不双写：kidnap kidnapping (英) ，kidnaping（美）worship worshipping （英），worshiping（美）但program加-ing词尾时有特别之处：Die dying lie lying tie tyingHoe hoeing toe toeing dye dyeingPicnic picnicking panic panicking mimic mimickingAge ageing或aging7.2.5 s词尾的加法1）在一般现在时中，主语为第三人称单数时，谓语虚假-s，如She loves children.This surprises us.这虽然是一个简单的问题，但常常被人忽略。有些人学了几年英语，还养不成第三人称后加-s的习惯。在日常口语中需加-s时很多，因此要特别注意，不要给人以不良印象。2）在加-s词尾时要注意下面几点：a. 在一般情况下可直接加-s（这是多数情况）：work works like likes come comes feel feelsb.以ch，sh，s，x，o结尾的词，需加-es：teach teaches fetch fetcheswash washes wish wishesguess guesses miss missesfax faxes fix fixesdo does go goesc. 以辅音+y结尾的词，先变y为i，在加-es：Cry cries apply appliesFry fries reply replies3)-s词尾的读音和名词复数词尾-s的读音，有三种情况：a. 在|p|,|t|,|k|,|f|等辅音后读|s|:stops keeps sets sitsthanks makeslaughs coughsb.|s|、|z|、|、|、|等音后读|iz|:misses relaxesamuses raiseswishes brushesattaches catchespledgesc.其他情况都读作|z|：calls plansgives tunssays diesagrees allowsreads saves7.2.6 动词的紧缩形式1）有很多动词在口语常有紧缩形式（contractions），如：Im waiting for him.(I =am waiting for him.)Shes gone home.(=she has gone home.)He wont be here tonight.( he will not be here tonight.)甚至在书信等比较随便的文体中也常用这种形式。从头掌握这种形式至关重要。看到这种形式应立即知道它是那个动词的紧缩形式，听到这种形式也应过来，知道是什么意思。这也是从头要掌握的基本功。2）现在将主要的紧缩形式列表说明如下：原来形式 紧缩形式 例句I am Im Im waiting for the bus.You are youre youre late.He is hes hes busy now.She is shes shes in her office.It is its its my job.We are were were having a meeting.They are theyre theyre looking for you.There is theres theres no one in the room.There are therere therere lots of things to do.Here is heres heres the book you want.That is thats thats what I want to know.I have Ive Ive got your lettersYou have youve youve won the game.He has hes hes left already.She has shes shes been there many times.We have weve weve got to be there today.They have theyve theyve missed the bus.Who has whos whos broken the window?I had Id Id never been there before.I shallwill Ill Ill let you know tonight.You will youll youll soon get an answer.He will hes hell arrive on the 9:30 train.She will shell shell come and join us.We shallwill well well try our best to help you.They will theyll theyll do well in school.I would Id Id rather stay at home.Who would whod whod like to go with us?3）否定结构也有紧缩形式：原来形式I am notWe are not He is notHe was not They were notI have not She has notHe had notI do notHe does notShe did notI shall notThey will notWe should not She would notYou must not We can not He need notShe does not They cou