2015专八人文知识.doc

人文知识汇（十）1. _ is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.A Finn Gael B The Progressive DemocratsC Finna Fail D The Irish Labor Party2. The largest state of all the states of America is_.A Texas B Alaska C California D Hawaii3. had the title “the Wizard of Menlo Park”.A John Stevens B Charlie Chaplin C Thomas A Edison D Robert Fulton4. major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures.A Loenardo da Vincis B Titian C Raphael D Michelangelo5. Which of the following was best known for his Madona (Virgin Mary)? _A Raphael B Michelangelo C Da Vinci D Titian6. The first American President who inaugurated in Washington City was_.A George Washington B Thomas Jefferson C John Adants D Andrew Jackson7. The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President_.A Franklin D. Roosevelt B William Mckinley C Thomas Woodrow WilsonD Theodore Rooservelt8. What is the largest river in America?A the Ohio River B The Columbia C the Mississippi River D The Colorado9. The United States is _ populous country in the world.A the third most B the second most C the most D the fourth most10.Which of the following is the father of the modern mode of painting? _A Raphael B Titain C Loenardo da Vinci D Michelangelo答案：1.选D.爱尔兰最古老的政党是工党(The Irish Labour Party)， Finna Fail是爱尔兰的最大党，又称命运战士党(Soldiers of Destiny)2.选B. Alaska(阿拉加斯州)是位于北美洲西北部，与美国本土48周不毗连，是美国所有州中面积最大的州。而在美国大陆，最大的州市Texas(得克萨斯州);美国最小的州是Rhode Island(罗得岛州)3.选C.Thomas A Edison (爱迪生，1847-1931)美国著名的发明家，获得电灯、留声机、电影放映机等10093项发明专利权，1876年创办世界第一个工业试验室。“the Wizard of Menlo Park”(门洛帕奇的奇才)是人们对爱迪生的别称。Wizard指奇才，Menlo Park是新泽西州东北部的爱迪生纪念塔及州立公园所在地。4.选A.达芬奇的最后的晚餐是世界上最有名的以宗教为主题的绘画作品，其蒙娜丽莎是世界俄上不朽的人物肖像画。他与Michelangelo (米卡朗琪罗)，Raphael (拉斐尔)和Titian (提香)是意大利文艺复兴鼎盛时期的四大代表。5.选A. Raphael (拉斐尔，1483-1520)是意大利文艺复兴鼎盛时期著名的画家、建筑师，其代表作圣母玛利亚(Virgin Mary)影响深远。6.选B.Thomas Jefferson (托马斯?杰斐逊)，美国第2届总统(1801-1809)，是the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言的主要起草者，杰斐逊是第一位在首都华盛顿宣誓就职的总体。7.选D.“Big Stick”(大棒政策)指以军事力量为后盾的外交政策。此语出于Theodore Roosevelt (西奥多?罗斯福总统)喜欢引用的西非谚语“说话温柔，大棒在手。”西奥多?罗斯福总统的所谓的“大棒”就是指由他督促国会加紧建立起来的美国新海军。西奥多?罗斯福是美国第26届总统(1901-1909)，曾于1905年因调解日俄战争而获诺贝尔和平奖。Franklin D. Roosevelt (富兰克林?得拉诺?罗斯福)是美国第32届总统(1933-1945)，三次连任，是任职时间最长的总统。8.选C. The Mississippi River(密西西比河)是美国最大的河，有被称“众水之父”或“老人河”。9.选A.就人口而言，美国是世界上第三大国，就面积而言，是世界第四大国。10.选B.Titian (提香)是意大利文艺复兴鼎盛时期的威尼斯画家，擅长肖像画、宗教和神话题材的画。从广义上说他是贤达绘画样式之父。（九）_1_ When printing was invented in the 1500s, the _ Bible was the first complete work printed.A Latin B English C Aramaic D Hebrew_2_ Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Open University?A Its open to everybody B No university degree is awarded C It requires no formal educational qualification D University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, ect_3_ The most important and influential of English Bible is the Authorized or King James version, first published in _.A 1382 B 1901 C 1611 D 1979_4_ In Britain, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of _.A the Lord Chancellor B the Prime Minister C the Speaker D the Parliamentary Commissioner_5_ The Middle Ages is also called the _.A “Age of Faith” B “Age of Christianity” C “Age of Holy Spirit” D “Age of Literature”_6_ In the latter part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes?A the Mongolians B the Turkish C the Syrians D the Huns_7_ The president of the Lords in Britain is called _.A Lord Chancellor B speaker C Prime Minister D President_8_ The Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church after _.A 1066 B 1296 C 1054 D 476_9_ Which of the following is the worlds oldest national newspaper?A The Times B The Guardian C The Sun D The Observer_10_Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe? _.A the King or the Queen B the House of Commons C the House of Lords D the Cabinet参考答案及解析：11. 选A。16世纪印刷术发明时，拉叮文圣经是第一部印刷的全文。2. 选B。Open University(开放大学)创办于1971年，是英国在教育方法上一个最重要的创新，旨在利用远程教育向一切没有机会上学的成年人提供接受高等教育的机会。入学报名无论资格，主要以报名时间为依据进行录取。其学位通过累计学分而获得。开放大学有自己的资料库和出版社Open University Press(开放大学出版社)。开放大学不仅开设文理科方面的学位课程，还开设各类职业及培训课程。3. 选C。最重要、最有影响的英文圣经是1611年首版的“圣经钦定的英译本”或称“詹姆斯国王译本”。1382年是第一部完整的英文版本圣经由拉丁文圣经翻译过来的;而标准的美国版圣经修订本是1901年出版的。4. 选B。在英国，女王是根据首相的推荐来任命大臣的。内阁的所有决定都由大臣集体负责。5. 选A。欧洲中世纪被称作“信仰时代”，因为在欧洲中世纪没有统一的中央政府来维持秩序，只有基督徒教会是唯一统一欧洲的组织。6. 选D。the Huns(匈奴)，在4世纪末，来自中亚的匈奴扫荡欧洲，掠夺和杀害了很多半开化的日尔曼部落。 我要收藏7. 选A。Lord Chancellor(英国大法官)，主持上议院，大法官和上诉法院。8. 选C。罗马教会在1054年后分裂为罗马天主教(the Roman Catholic Church)和东正教(Eastern Orthodox Church)。9. 选D。The Observer(观察家报)创办于1791年，是世界上历史最悠久的全国性周报。The Times(泰晤士报)是英国最古老的也是最有影响的全国性日报之一。The Guardian(卫报)英国主要的全国性日报之一。The Sun(太阳报)，其前身为Daily Pioneers(每日先驱报)。10.选A。在封建制度下的西欧，人被分为clergy(牧师/教士)，lords(庄园主) and peasants(农民)三个等级。 （八）_1_ Stratford-on-Avon is a famous place where _ was born.A John Milton B William Shakespeare C Ben Johnson D Thomas Gray_2_ The oldest university in Britain is _.A Sunday Times B St. Andrews University C Oxford D Edinburgh University_3_ The Tories were the forerunners of _ , which still bears this nickname today.A the Liberal Party B the Labour Party Day C the Conservative Party D the Social Democratic Party_4_ Halloween is celebrated on _.A 5th November B 17th March C 25th December D 31st October_5_ Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? _.A Augustus I B Constantine I C Theodosius D Nero I_6_ Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions in 392 A.D?A Theodosius B Augustus C Constantine I D Nero Caesar_7_ Easter is a holiday usually connected to the following except _.A the coming of spring B the eating of Easter eggs C the reunion of a large family D the resurrection of Christ_8_ The most famous broadcasting company in Britain is _.A Independent Broadcasting Authority B British Broadcasting Corporation C Radio Times D Reuters_9_ Today, the City of London is the business centre of London where you can find _.A big supermarkets B theatres and cinemas C large financial organizations D restaurants and cafes_10_In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the _ number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.A largest B third largest C fourth largest D second largest参考答案及解析：1. 选B。Stratford-on-Avon(斯特拉特福)是埃文河畔英国英格兰中部城镇，莎士比亚的故乡。1564年1月23日莎士比亚出生于埃文河畔斯特拉特福，而又在1616年的同一天(4月23日)去世。为纪念这位伟大的作家，人们把每年4月23日定为莎士比亚纪念日。每逢这一天，在莎士比亚的故乡埃文河畔斯特拉特福都要举行各种庆祝活动，如化装游行，上演他创作的剧目等。2. 选C。Oxford(牛津)英国英格兰中部城市，是牛津首府和牛津大学所在地，英国最古老的大学Oxford University。牛津大学创建于12世纪末，与英国的另一个著名的大学University of Cambridge(剑桥大学，创建于13世纪)齐名。英国历史上有十几位首相出身于牛津大学。3. 选C。The Tory Party(托利党) the Whig Party(辉格党) 是在18世纪和19世纪初左右英国议会的两大党。19世纪中期辉格党与持不同意见的托利党人结盟成自由党;托利党则是保守党的前身。4. 选D。Halloween(万圣节前夕)，原为欧洲凯尔特人(Celt)凯尔特年最后一天(10月31日) 庆祝新年，欢迎死者幽灵归来的节日，后逐渐与基督教的万圣节前夕(All Hallows Eve)一起庆祝。苏格兰和爱尔兰移民将庆祝次节的风俗习惯带给美国。5. 选B。Constantine I (君士坦丁一世288-337)306-377年间为罗马皇帝，统一全国后，加强中央集权，支持基督徒。公元313年，君士坦丁一世发布“米兰赦令”，(the Edict of Milan)宣布人人都有宗教信仰的自由，并宣布基督徒是合法的。公元330年迁都拜占廷城，改城名为君士坦丁堡。临死前受洗为基督徒。6. 选A。Theodosius (狄奥多西一世)东罗马帝国皇帝(379-395)和西罗马帝国皇帝(公元392-395)，其统治期间镇压人民起义，公元392年Theodosius (狄奥多西一世)立基督徒为罗马帝国国教，其他宗教皆不合法，迫害异教徒，毁坏异教神庙。7. 选C。Easter(复活节)纪念耶酥复活的节日，一般指每年春分(3月21日)月圆后的第一个星期日。复活节的名字源于Eostre主管春天和太阳升起的女神。每年春天人们向这位女神致敬，庆祝冬天的死去和大自然的万物复苏。复活节彩蛋是复活节的象征。8. 选B。BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation)(英国广播公司)，是英国著名的广播公司。Independent Broadcasting Authority(IBA, 独立广播公司);Radio Times无线电泰晤士周刊，为英国规模最大的周刊，详细刊登BBC英国广播公司每周的广播节目。Reuters(路透社)1851年创办，总社位于伦敦，是英国最大的通讯社，也是世界四大估计通讯社之一。9. 选C。the City of London(伦敦城)是英国首都伦敦的市中心，也是英国的金融中心，集中了全国最大的银行、交易所和各种企业管理中心。London是英国首都;而the County of London则是伦敦郡(英国英格兰原郡名)。10.选D。在英国，获得下议院第二多席位的政党成为“反对党”。（七）_1_No.10 Downing Street is_.A Office of British Navy B official residence of Prime MinsterC seat of English Parliament D official residence of King_2_ Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Empire finally collapsed in_.A 395 B 27 B.C. C 476 D 1453_3_Who wrote “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A Horace B Virgil C Marcus Tullius Cicero D Julius Casar_4_When the Hundred Years War ended in 1453, the only part of France that was still in the hands of English is_.A Calais B Paris C Aquitaine D Anjor_5_ Big Ben is the nickname of_.A Sir Benjamin Hall B Benjamin Franklin C 315-foot Clock Tower D Sir Charles Barry_6_ In England, the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies was_.A The Cobhams plot B the murder of Thomas BecketC the execution of Mary Queen of Scots D the Gunpowder Plot_7_ The author of On the Origin of Species is_.A George Baron B Charles Darwin C John Baldwin D Winston Churchill_8_The author of On the Nature of Things is _.A Horace B Virgil C Lucretius D Julius Caesar_9_Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A Christianity B Buddhism C Islamism D Judaism_10_ The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first fie books, called _.A Exodus B Commandments C Amos D Pentateuch参考答案及解析：1-5 BCDAC 6-10 DBCAD1. 选B. No.10 Downing Street(唐宁街10号，是首相官邸，) Downing Street位于伦敦中部，No.11 Downing Street是英国财政大臣的官邸，因此唐宁街常作为英国政府的代名词。2. 选 C。注意这几个时间：公元476年西罗马帝国灭亡，公元395年罗马帝国分裂为东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国;公元1453年东罗马帝国灭亡，而公元前27年罗马帝国正式建立。3. 选D。Julius Caesar(恺撒，100-44 BC，罗马统帅，政治家)于49-44BC成为罗马独裁者，后被共和派贵族刺杀，著有高卢战记 (Commentaries)Marcus Tullius Cicero (西塞罗104-43BC)罗马政治家，哲学家和雄辩家。4. 选A。 1453年英法百年战争结束时，只有法国北部的Calais加莱港还被英军占领。5. 选C。Big Ben(大本钟)是指伦敦英国议会大厦钟楼上的大钟，也谕指放置大本钟的钟楼。该钟是由英国政府官员Sir Benjamin Hall于1859年主持建造的。6. 选D。The Gunpowder Plot (火药阴谋)是指1605年英国发生的由Guy Fawkes等企图炸毁议会大厦，扎死国王的天主教火药硬煤案。这一阴谋的Guy Fawkes和其他7名同谋在犯罪现场被捉获。后国会决定每年的11月5日为”Guy Fawkes Day”,在这一天人们燃放烟火和烧福克斯的模拟象，晚上英国人会用Bonfire Night “篝火之夜”来庆祝这一天。7. 选B。Charles Darwin (达尔文1809-1882)英国博物学家，进化论的创始，进化生物学的奠基人，提出以自然选择为基础的进化论学说和人类起源于类人猿。著有On the Origin of Species物种起源8. 选C。Lucretius (卢克莱修约94-95BC)古罗马诗人和哲学家。The nature of things，他认为物质是永恒的(Matter is eternal.)9. 选A。到目前为止，Christianity(基督教)仍然是西方国家最有影响力的。10. 选D。 Pentateuch魔西五书是 The Old Testament旧约全书中最古老，最重要的五部。Pentateuch魔西五书，包括Genesis创始记， Exodus出埃及记 Leviticus 利未记Numbers民数记 Deuteronomy申命记。（六）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德安德森(1876-1941)：Windy McPhersons Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么美国第一个获诺贝尔奖获得者：Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱刘易斯(1885-1951)：Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生;The Job求职;The Main Street大街;Babbitt巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾尔默甘特里;Dodsworth多兹沃斯;It cant Happen Here事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal王孙梦Villa Sibert Cather 维拉凯塞(1873-1947)：O, Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professors House教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死Thomas Wolfe 托马斯沃尔夫(1900-1938)：Look Homeward, Angel天使，望故乡;Of Time and the River时间与河流;The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石;You Cant Go Home Again有家归不得;The Hills Beyond远山未完成;短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨（五）The 1920s 20世纪20年代的美国文学Imagism意象主义：Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德(1885-1972)：The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology DesImagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏英译中国诗;Literary Essays文学论;A Few Donts by Imagist意象派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章109首及8首未完成稿Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯艾略特(1888-1965)：Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克;The Waste Land荒原：TheBurial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death byWater水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言;名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏;诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens 华莱士史蒂文斯(1879-1955)：Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记：Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨;The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集William Carlos Williams 威廉卡罗斯威廉斯(1883-1963)：Spring andAll春;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森5卷长诗;Asphodal, That Green Flower常青花日光兰长诗;Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widows Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨;The Sparrow, to My Father麻雀致父亲;Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像Robert Frest 罗伯特弗罗斯特(1874-1963)：A Boys Wish少年心愿;North of Boston波士顿之北：Mending Wall修墙;After Apple-picking摘苹果之后;Mountain Interval山间;The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树Carl Sandburg 卡尔桑德堡(1878-1967)：Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人;In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years草原的年代;The War Years战争的年代林肯传记;The American Songbag美国歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜与盐;Corn-huskers辗米机;Smoke and Steel烟与钢E Cumings 肯明斯(1894-1962)：Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No, Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米访苏游记The Lost Generation迷惘的一代：F Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯菲茨杰拉德(1896-1940)：The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头;短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号;The Ice Palace冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦;The Crack-up崩溃自传体文集“迷惘的一代”代表人物：Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特海明威(1899-1961) ：In Our Time在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣;短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇;政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥William Faulkner 威廉福克纳(1897-1962)：The Marble Faun云石林神诗集;SoldiersPay兵饷小说;Absalom, Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙家世小说;（四）Local Colorism 本地主义文学Mark Twain(Samuel Langhorne Clemens) 马克吐温(1835-1910)美国文学的一大里程碑：The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocents Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of TomSawyer汤姆索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;TheTragedy of Puddnhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人;How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事对美国早期幽默文学的总结American Naturalism 自然主义文学Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬克莱恩(1871-1900)：Maggie: A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运;The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章;The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯(1870-1902)：Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰;Mc-Teague麦克提格;The Epic of the Wheat小麦诗史;A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞(1871-1945)：Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲：Financer金融家;The Titan巨人;The Stoic斯多葛;An American Tragedy美国的悲剧被称为美国最伟大的小说;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗Edwin Arlington Robinson 鲁宾逊(1869-1935)：Captain Craig克雷格上尉诗体小说;The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人Avons Harvest沃冯的收成Collected Poems诗集Jack London 杰克伦敦(1876-1916)：The Son of the Wolf狼之子;The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下Upton Sinclair 厄普顿辛克莱尔(1878-1968)：Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场揭发黑幕运动的代表作家;King Coal 煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragons Teeth龙齿（三）The age of Realism 现实主义文学William Dean Howells 威廉狄恩豪威尔斯(1837-1920)：The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻;A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼乌托邦小说;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读Henry James 享利詹姆斯(1843-1916)：小说：Daisy Miller戴茜米勒;The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像;The Bostonians波士顿人;The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事;The Wings of the Dove鸽翼;The Ambassadors大使;The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术 （二）Part2.New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义文学Ralf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生(1803-188