耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕01

欢迎大家来到心理学导论的课堂 I d like to welcome people to Introduction to Psychology 我是保罗 布罗姆博士 My name is Dr Paul Bloom 是本门课程的教授 I m professor of this course 如果还有同学没领取教室前面的教学大纲 If you haven t pick up the syllabus in front of the class 请举手示意我 Please raise your hand 我们有教学大纲吧 Are we Are we have syllabus 请举手示意我 Please raise your hand 研究生助教会发给你 and the teaching fellow will bring it to you 如果你还没领到教学大纲的话 If you don t have the syllabus 大家也可以在这个网站上下载教学大纲 The syllabus is also available on this website 这个网站将会成为你学习本门课程 This website will become important to you to 的得力助手 assist you to take this class 网站上资源里有教学大纲 It will include the syllabus 我会不定期更新 which will occasionally be revised 会非常及时 well and advance 所有的课程资料也会放在网上 Also all of the class material will be on the site 包括我所展示的幻灯片 including copies of slides I m presenting 包括我现在放的这个课件 including this slides right now 还有关于练习 考试 Practice and exam 和每一次阅读作业的细节要求 and every ditail on the reading assignments 所以大家要经常登录这个网站 So you have to use this website regularly 以获取最新的课程信息 to keep in touch with the course 今天的课会很简短 Today will be a short class 只是帮助大家理清本课程的研究方向 What I just wanna do today is orient you 介绍一下课程 tell you what this course is about 我知道课程都在预选阶段 I know this is a shopping period 所以我希望让大家 and I ll give you a good sence 对课程有一个整体感知 what you be in for if you took this course 首先我会向大家展示 I wanna go over 本门课程的安排与考核 the style of the classes 以及会涉及书目等等 the evaluation the readings and so on 接下来我会给出一些 And then I ll give you some examples 我们会涉及话题的具体实例 of some of the specific topics that would be covering 但在我开始之前 But before I get started 我要告诉大家这个课程的一点特别之处 I have to point out something a little bit unusual about this class 我们会被录像 We re being filmed 本课程是 耶鲁大学公开视频课程计划 This course is one of the seven courses chosen to begin 的七个实验课程之一 the Yale University Open Educational Resourse Vidio Lecture Project 那么这也就意味着 And what s this means is 在本年度结束时 that when the year s over 所有的视频录像都会在网上 these vidioes well be on the internet 免费对所有人开放 free for anybody who wants to see them 希望它能够通过网络传播到各个国家 And ideally will be access by people across many different countries 为无法通过正常渠道接受大学教育的人们 some of them wouldn t normally have access 提供便利 to the university education 我视此为耶鲁之荣 I see this is a good and honorable 更是对资源的充分利用 use of Yale resources 当然 这也是耶鲁建立 and of course this is a part of 世界学术霸权 的大计 Yale s plan for world domination 因此 来自媒体创新中心的 So because of this Yale University Production Team 耶鲁大学节目制作组 from the Center of Media Initiatives 将会在教室后面全程录制本课程 is gonna be taping all the class in there up there 这一计划的目标在于 The idea is that 让全世界看到真实的耶鲁课堂 this should be the as honor truth as possiable 让观看录像的人们获得与在座各位 and the classroom experence should have centrally be the same 同样的知识 as they re not there 因此他们需要录制的是课程 So there attention to tape the lecture 也就是我和后面的幻灯片 to tape me and sometimes the slides 而不会拍摄同学们 but not tape your faces or voices 所以没有让各位签署授权协议 So we re not having you sign the release forms 两点需要说明 第一 Two things one thing is 就我而言 我会尽量注意自己的言辞 personally I have to remind myself not to use profanity 因为可能会有孩子观看 Cause children maybe watching 所以我会很注意 So I ll try not to do that 另一件事情就是 Result to another complex thing 如果你们坐在第一排 If you re in the front roll 或者前几排 or second roll or third roll 那么你们的头部 It s possible that some part of your head 背部甚至脸部 your back or even your face 都可能被镜头扑捉到 might end up on the film 如果你在证人保护计划之内 If you re on a witness protection program 或者是个逃犯级人物 or you re sort of fugitive 就尽量不要坐在前排了 you probably don t want to sit on the front roll 各位要是现在想换到后排 就放心换 If people wanna kind of slide back 没关系的 that s fine 我不介意 as I m talking 好 我们可以开始了 Okay we re ready 欢迎大家选择心理学导论这门课程 I d like to welcome people to this course Introduction to Psychology 我是保罗 布罗姆博士 My name is Dr Paul Bloom 负责教授本门课程 I m professor of this course 本课程旨在让大家 And what this is going to be 在宏观上对人类心智研究形成基本的认识 is a comprehensive introduction to the study of the human mind 因此我们讨论的主题会非常之广泛 So we are going to cover a very very wide range of topics 其中囊括了大脑 儿童 语言 性 including brains children language sex 记忆 狂躁 厌恶 memory madness disgust 歧视以及爱恋等等 racism and love and many others 我们将会探讨的问题诸如 We re going to talk about things like the proper explanation 如何合理解释两性差异 for differences between men and women 动物究竟能否学习语言 the question of whether animals can learn language 我们作呕究竟因何而起 the puzzle of what grosses us out 为何我们有些人会进食过量 the problem of why some of us eat too much 而我们又该如何阻止 and what we could do to stop 为何当人们融入团体时会变得疯狂 the question of why people go crazy in groups 我们同样关注 research into 你能否相信自己的儿时记忆 whether you could trust your childhood memories 以及为何抑郁只存在于一部分人中 research into why some of us get depressed and others don t 这门课一周两节 The style of this is there ll be two lectures a week 也会有指定的阅读材料 as well as course readings 要想在这门课中取得好成绩 Now to do well in the course 必须要认真听讲 用心阅读指定书目 you have to attend both the lectures and do the readings 两者内容会有些重叠 There will be some overlap 有时 In some cases 讲课的内容与阅读内容紧密相连 the lectures will be quite linked to the readings 但部分的阅读内容 But there will be some parts of the readings 并不会在课上进行讨论 that will not find their way into the lectures 也会有一些课堂内容 and some lectures some entire lectures 完全与阅读材料无关 that will not connect at all to the readings 因此 想要学好这门课程 So to pursue this course properly 你就必须两者兼顾 you have to do both 这也就意味着 What this means is that 如果你落下了一节课 你就要看笔记 if you miss a class you need to get notes 你可以向朋友或者身边的同学借来看 and so you should get them from a friend or from the person sitting next to you 我会把幻灯片放到网上 The slides are going to be made available online 你不用抄我的课件 So one of the things you don t have to do is you don t have to write this down 你可以用自己的方式做笔记 You take notes any way you choose 但如果你不想记笔记 but if you don t get anything on there 也大可直接下载课件 it ll be available online 我会把它做成黑白板式上传 I m going to post it in a format which will be black and white 方便同学打印 and easy to print out 所以完全不用担心笔记问题 so you don t have to worry about this 但我要强调 But again 看课件绝对不可能替代上课 attending to the slides is not a substitute for attending class 我们的教材是 There s a textbook 彼得 格雷的 心理学 第五版 Peter Gray s Psychology 5th edition 我们的阅读书目是 and there s also a collection of short readings 格雷 马库斯主编的 诺顿读本 The Norton Reader edited by Gary Marcus 这是一本非常经典的教材 It s an excellent textbook 当然读本也同样精彩 it s an excellent collection 要求大家两本书都有 and you should get them both 你能够在约克街的迷宫书店买到 They re available at Labyrinth bookstore on York Street 或者网购 or you get them online 告诉大家一个小秘密 上一期课我用了 I should note that last time I taught the course 我指定的教材是马库斯的读本 I used the Marcus Reader 上学期马文 春教授指定的是 and when Professor Marvin Chun taught his course last semester 彼得 格雷的第五版教材 he used Peter Gray s 5th edition textbook 所以会有很多旧书 So there may be a lot of used copies floating around 大家大可以光明正大地拿来用 You should feel free to try to get one of those 下面我们来说分数 The evaluation goes like this 期中和期末我们各有一次考试 There is a Midterm and there is a Final 期末考试不会拖到考试周 The Final will not be held in the exam period 因为长假的魅力实在太大 because I like to take long vacations 所以我把考试安排在了最后一次课上 It will be held the last day of class 题型分为单项选择 简答 The exams will be multiple choice and short answer 还有填空之类的 fill in the blank that sort of thing 考试前我会把历年真题放在网上 Prior to the exams I will post previous exams online 以便大家熟悉考试模式 so you have a feeling for how these exams work and so on 还会同时上传复习大纲 There will also be review sessions 本课程将于开学后三周开课 Starting at the beginning of the third week of class 也就是自下下周开始 每周一上课 that is not next week but the week after on each Monday 我会提出一系列问题 I m going to put up a brief question or set of questions 要同学们思考并回答 which you have to answer 大家的答案要在周五前交给研究生助教 and your answers need to be sent to your teaching fellow 周五会将各位研究生助教安排给你们大家 And you ll be given a teaching fellow assigned one by Friday 这个作业不会很难 This is not meant to be difficult 几分钟就能完成 It s not meant to be more than five ten minutes of work 这个作业的目的 but the point of the question 要十几到二十分钟完成吧 15 20 minutes of work 这个作业的目的在于激励大家 but the point of the question is to motivate people 跟上课程的进度并去阅读材料 to keep up with the material and do the readings 这些作业会被评为 及格 或 不及格 These questions will be marked pass fail 我希望大家在所有的问题上都能及格 I expect most everybody could pass all of the questions 但这只是想让大家不要掉队 督促一下 but it s just to keep you on track and keep you going 我们还要写一篇简短的书评 There is a book review a short book review 在临近期末的时候完成 to be written towards near the end of the class 我在之后的课上会给大家讲详细的要求 I ll give details about that later on in the semester 我还要求你们以被试的身份去参加实验 And there s also an experimental participation requirement 下个星期我会给你们 and next week I ll hand out 一份关于要求的介绍 a piece of paper describing the requirement 这项要求的重点在于让你们去亲身体会 The point of the requirement is to give you all experience 看看心理学到底在研究些什么 actually seeing what psychological research is about 同时也能够为我们的研究 as well as to give us 提供数百名的被试 hundreds of subjects to do our experiments on 有时会有同学问到 The issue sometimes comes up as to 如何才能学好这门课程 how to do well in the course 下面我来告诉你们该怎样做 Here s how to do well 不要缺课 Attend all the classes 一定要阅读指定的材料 Keep up with the readings 最好是在上课前就已经阅读过指定材料 Ideally keep up with the readings before you come to class 我强烈建议大家建立一些学习小组 And one thing I would strongly suggest is to form some sort of study groups 正式的或非正式的都可以 either formally or informally 这样 在考试之前 Have people you could talk to 你就能和大家一起讨论 when the prior to the exams or 她拍了下她旁边的人 she s patting somebody next to her 希望你能认识他 I hope you know him 事实上 我会安排大家相互认识 And in fact what I m going to do 这节课不会了 因为这是节试听课 not this class because it s shopping period 我不知道下节课会有谁来 有什么情况 I don t know who s coming next class or what 不过我会在课程开始的时候 but I ll set up a few minutes prior 先安排几分钟 at the beginning of the class 让你们向前后左右的同学 for people just to introduce 进行一番自我介绍 themselves to the person next to them 这样你们就能在这个班里 so they have some sort of resource 认识一些新同学了 in the class 这是一门大班课程 Now this is a large class 如果你并不打算和周围人相互介绍的话 and if you don t do anything about it 也就不会有什么人能够认识你了 it can be very anonymous 也许你们有些人会选择这种做法 And some of you may choose to pursue it that way 当然这样做是完全可以的 and that s totally fine 但我还是建议你们 But what I would suggest you do 与我们大家建立些联系 is establish some contact with us 不论是和我还是和研究生助教 either with me or with any of the teaching fellows 我会在下周向你们介绍研究生助教们 and I ll introduce the teaching fellows sometime next week 你们可以在课前或课后与我们交谈 You could talk to us at the beginning or at the end of class 如果没有什么特殊情况 Unless there are special circumstances 我一般都会至少提前十分钟到教室 I always try to come at least ten minutes early 我也愿意在课后和大家一起讨论问题 and I am willing to stay late to talk to people 你们可以在我的办公时间来找我 You could come by during my office hours 教学大纲上有写我的办公时间 which are on the syllabus 你们也可以通过电子邮件跟我预约 and you could send me e mail and set up an appointment 我非常愿意同学生们一起讨论些好的想法 I m very willing to talk to students about intellectual ideas 讨论下学习困难之类的话题 about course problems and so on 如果你们在校园里碰见了我 And if you see me at some point just on campus 你们可以向我进行自我介绍 you could introduce yourself 碰见我教的学生 我会很开心的 and I d like to meet people from this class 那么 我再强调一遍 So again I want to stress 你们可以选择在这门课上默默无闻 you have the option of staying anonymous in this class 但是你们也可以选择站出来 but you also have the option of seeking out 跟我们多多接触 and making some sort of contact with us 好了 Okay 刚才讲了些课程的规定 That s the formal stuff of the course 那这门课讲了些什么呢 What s this course about 与其他很多课程不同 Unlike a lot of other courses 一些学生是带着非同寻常的动机 some people come to Intro Psychology 来上心理学导论这门课的 with some unusual motivations 也许是你觉得自己疯了 Maybe you re crazy 所以希望能够不那么疯 and hope to become less crazy 也许你想学会如何更好地学习 Maybe you want to learn how to study better 想提升你的性生活质量 improve your sex life 想为自己释梦 interpret your dreams 想多交点交朋友 and win friends 想学会如何影响他人 and influence people 作为选择这门课程的理由 Those are not necessarily bad reasons 这些倒也并不算太差 to take this course 当然除了性这个方面 and with the exception of the sex part 这门课实际上还是能够帮助你们 this course might actually help you out 解决一些问题的 with some of these things 科学的心理学研究 The study of scientific psychology 能让你们更多地了解 has a lot of insights of real world 与我们日常面对的真实问题有关的 relevance to real problems 真实的世界 that we face in our everyday lives 当这些问题出现的时候 And I m going to try and when these issues come up 我会强调这些问题 I m going to try to stress them 并让你们试着思考 and make you try to think about the extent 想想我将讲到的实验室研究 to which the laboratory research I ll be talking about 对你们日常生活的影响 can affect your everyday life 你们是如何学习的 how you study 是如何与他人交流的 how you interact with people 是如何说服他人去认同别人观点的 how you might try to persuade somebody of something else 哪种心理治疗最适合你 what sort of therapy works best for you 但实际上我觉得这门课的总体目标 But the general goals of this course 要比上面的这些更有意思 are actually I think even more interesting than that 我所要做的 What I want to do is 就是向大家介绍在人文领域里 to provide a state of the art introduction 对最重要主题 to the most important topic 也就是对我们人类的研究现状 that there is us 人类大脑如何运作 How the human mind works 我们如何思考 how we think 又是什么让我们变成了现在的样子 what makes us what we are 我们将从多个方面来理解这些问题 And we ll be approaching this from a range of directions 所以 传统上 So traditionally 心理学通常被分为以下五个子领域 psychology is often broken up into the following into five sub areas 神经科学 Neuroscience 通过观察大脑反应来研究心理 which is the study of the mind by looking at the brain 发展心理学 这是我的主要研究方向 developmental which is the area which I focus mostly on 研究人类是如何成长 发育以及学习的 which is trying to learn about how people develop and grow and learn 认知心理学 cognitive 也许是五个子领域里 which is the one term of the five 对你们有些人来说最不熟悉的一个领域 that might be unfamiliar to some of you 它用计算机方法来研究心理 but it refers to a sort of computational approach to studying the mind 通常将心理比作计算机 often viewing the mind on analogy with a computer 并探究人类如何行动 如言语理解 and looking at how people do things like understand language 物体辨认 游戏等等 recognize objects play games and so on 还有社会心理学 There is social 主要研究人类的群体行为 which is the study of how people act in groups 如何与他人交流 how people act with other people 最后就是临床心理学 And there is clinical 这也许是当人们提到心理学时 which is maybe the aspect of psychology 最先想到的方面 that people think of immediately when they hear psychology 它主要研究心理健康和心理疾病 which is the study of mental health and mental illness 我们会涉及以上所有的领域 And we ll be covering all of those areas 我们还会涉及一些相关的领域 We ll also be covering a set of related areas 我坚信 仅仅局限于心理学学科的学习 I am convinced that you cannot study the mind 是不可能让你有能力去研究人类心理的 solely by looking at the discipline of psychology 心理学学科充满了心理如何发展的问题 The discipline of psychology spills over to issues of how the mind has evolved 经济学和游戏理论如今已经成为了 Economics and game theory are now essential tools 理解人类思维和人类行为的重要方法 for understanding human thought and human behavior 这些问题涉及哲学 计算机科学 those issues connecting to philosophy computer science 人类学 文学 神学 anthropology literature theology 以及许多其他的科学领域 and many many other domains 因此这门课程涉及到的方面将相当的广泛 So this course will be wide ranging in that sense 到现在为止 我一直都在进行一些概述 At this point I ve been speaking in generalities 我想通过给出五个 so I want to close this introductory class 我们将会涉及到的一些主题的例子 by giving five examples of the sorts of topics 来结束这节导论课 we ll be covering 我以我们下周一要讨论的主题 And I ll start with the topic that we ll be covering 作为开始 next week on Monday 大脑 The brain 这是一个大脑 This is a brain 实际上这是个特殊人物的大脑 In fact it s a specific person s brain 有意思的是 大脑上有个白色的小标记 and what s interesting about the brain is that little white mark there 这是个女人的大脑 It s her brain 是特丽 夏沃的大脑 It s Terri Schiavo s brain 你们能更好地从她的照片上认出她 You recognize her more from pictures like that 想象一下这样的情况 And what a case like this 某人正陷于昏迷之中 where somebody is in a coma 由于脑部损伤而失去了意识 is without consciousness as a result of damage to the brain 这是心理活动的生理属性毫无修饰的图解 is a stark illustration of the physical nature of mental life 我们所拥有的一切的生理基础 The physical basis for everything that we normally hold dear 如自由意志 意识 道德和情绪 like free will consciousness morality and emotions 我们的课程将会以此作为开始 and that s what we ll begin the course with 讨论生理的东西如何能产生心理活动 talking about how a physical thing can give rise to mental life 我们会讨论很多与孩子有关的问题 We ll talk a lot about children 这实际上是个特殊的小孩 This is actually a specific child 是我儿子 扎卡里 It s my son Zachary 我的小儿子 my younger son 扮成蜘蛛侠的样子 dressed up as Spider Man 不过这是在万圣节 but it is Halloween 不对 不是万圣节 No it s not Halloween 这个还是有故事可说的 Well there s more to say about that 我主要研究儿童的发展 I study child development for a living 我对很多问题都感兴趣 and I m interested in several questions 其中一个便是发展的问题 So one question is just the question of development 这个教室里的所有人都能讲英语 Everybody in this room can speak 也能听得懂英语 and understand English 大家对于这个世界是如何运作的 Everybody in this room has some understanding 身体是如何运作的 of how the world works 多少都有一些了解 how physical things behave 大家对于他人 对于人类如何行动 Everybody in this room has some understanding of other people 都多少有些了解 and how people behave 发展心理学家们所关心的问题 And the question that preoccupies developmental psychologists 就是我们如何获得这些知识的 is how do we come to have this knowledge 特别是 and in particular 这其中有多少是固有的 how much of it is hard wired 内在的 天生的 built in innate 又有多少是文化的产物 And how much of it is the product of culture 语言的产物 或是教育的产物 of language of schooling 发展心理学家们使用了许多巧妙的方法 And developmental psychologists use many ingenious methods 试图将这些因素分开 to try to pull these apart 试图找出人性的基本成分 and try to figure out what are the basic components 究竟是什么 of human nature 还有一个连续性的问题 There s also the question of continuity 这时的扎卡里 To what extent is Zachary at that age 会在多大程度上一直保持不变 going to be that way forever 你的人生又有多少是由命运决定的呢 To what extent is your fate sealed 又在多大的程度上可能 To what extent could 如果在你五岁的时候我见过你 if I were to meet you when you were five years old 那我可以描述出现在的你吗 I could describe the way you are now 诗人威廉 华兹华斯写道 The poet William Wordsworth wrote 三岁定终身 The child is father to the man 意思是 你可以从孩子儿时的身影中 and what this means is that you can see within every child 看出他或她成人后的样子 the adult he or she will become 我们会去探索 并质疑此话的正确性 We will look and ask the question whether this is true 你的人格真会是这样的吗 Is it true for your personality 你的兴趣也是这样吗 Is it true for your interests 你的智力是这样的吗 Is it true for your intelligence 与发展有关的另一个问题是 Another question having to do with development 什么让我们成为了如今的样子 is what makes us the way we are 我们在很多方面都有所不同 We re different in a lot of ways 大家的口味不尽相同 The people in this room differ according to t