2015考研英语笔记VIP

2015英语考试共3个小时，分完型、阅读和写作（大小作文）建议答题顺序若觉得刚开始答题比较清醒则：1、 一开始，精力充沛，先做Part A （四篇阅读），18min/篇（1520min）2、 再做翻译，共5句。5min/句（2530min）3、 新题型（排序题） 30min4、 小作文 1015min（100字）5、 大作文 30min（160200字）6、 完型 1315min 若觉得刚开始答题状态还没调整好则：按题目顺序答题1、2：002:15 完型2、2:153:20 阅读4篇3、3:203:40 新题型4、3:404:05 翻译4:054:20 小作文4:205:00 大作文PS：考研前一年的9月份每个周六下午2：005：00摸考训练，要做最近几年的真题一个星期做一套题，不要只看答案，要精读总结考试前做份简单的，增加信心一、 完型（考语法和词汇）答题技巧八原则（一）虚拟语气原则1、 条件状语从句中的虚拟(1) 与现在事实相反从句：If did(were) 主句：would/should/could/might do(2) 与过去事实相反从句：If had done 主句：would/should/could/might have done(3) 与将来事实相反 did从句：If were to do 主句：would do should do 考点1、 错综条件句If you had come tomorrow,you could see him tomorrow（真实情况是明天你不会来）2、 倒装句若had were should 移到句首，变成倒装（此点考察难度比较大）3、 but or（否则） otherwise 用虚拟I was ill yesterday,otherwise,I would have come to see you. 2、宾语从句中的虚拟（1）I wish that did(were) 现在 had done 过去I wish I had a lot of money 我希望我有钱 （实际上现在没有钱）（2）suggest that (should)do考点1、 第三人称（he、she、it）I suggest that he study hard.2、not doI suggest that he not study hard.3、be doneI suggest that the work be done获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun来往公众号：好给力PS：表建议的词：Advise/propose/recommend/move（提议）/order/demand/request/insist（表“坚决要求”用虚拟，表“坚持”用真实语气）表命令要求的词：（3）would rather that did 希望I would rather that you stayde at home3、主语从句中的虚拟（1）I t is suggested that (should)do（2）It is important/necessary/essential/vital/imperative that (should)do（3）It is time that did4、表语从句中的虚拟My suggestion/advice/proposal/recommendation/motion/order/request/requirement that(should)do5、其他（1） as if/through did 与现在事实相反 had did 与过去事实相反he looks at me as if he had known me.获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun来往公众号：好给力（2）lest（以免、以防、万一）should doHe put on more clothes lest he should get cold（3）If only（句首） 要是。就好了，表强烈希望If only did Had done（4）May（放句首） do 祝愿May you succeed（5）whether do不管Whether he be rich or poor,she will marry himBe he rich or poor,she will marry him（倒装）She will marry him（？）rich or poor?（难句）A、he is B、is he C、he be D、be he虚拟考点网络图关于If在完型中的选择As if 一般为正确选项可根据意思和结构其正确性 If only 一般为错误选项Only if（只有在。条件下） 一般为正确选项Even if 一般为正确选项If so 一般为错误选项 （二）从句原则从句可分为：名词性从句、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（状语从句）名词性从句分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句形容词性从句分为：关系代词引导的定语从句和关系副词引导的定语从句副词性从句分为：时间、条件、原因、地点、让步、因果状语从句（6种）1、 名词性从句三大考（难）点：what、that、其他（1） what 的用法特点：充当主语或宾语 “的”字结构What he said is right(what做said的宾语，翻译为“他所说的是对的)(2)that 的用法不充当任何成分 无意义That he is a good student is known to all(4) 其他：wh-充当成分 自身的意义，本意WhenwherewhywhowhomwhosewhichwhetherhowWhen we will have a meeting isnt clear.2、 同位语从句必须用thatThe news that he passed the exam made me happy.(1)从句所修饰的名词一般是 newsideafactevidencesign(2)从句一般用来说明前面名词的内容(3)从句中不缺少任何成分3、定语从句（该句型要会用于写作中）（1）关系代词 先行词是人：who whom whose that 先行词是物：which whose that 关系副词 when where whyThis is the man who teaches us English（先行词是人）作主语或宾语 代替先行词的意思This is the book which bought today(先行词是物)考点1、 只用that引导的定语从句（1）先行词是sth,anything,everything,nothing,all等不定代词（2）先行词被some,any,every,no,all修饰时（3）先行词被the only,the very修饰时（4）先行词被形容词最高级和序数词修饰时（5）先行词前既有人又有物时（6）以what或who开头的特殊疑问句中的定语从句2、 只用which引导的定语从句(1) 非限定性定语从句中(2) 在介词后3、 介词+关系代词There are thirty students in our class,of whom most are from the north.4、 As 引导的定语从句(1) 当先行词被the same或such修饰时I bought such a book as you bought(2) 先行词是整个句子时(3) 当定语从句放句首时（“正如“的意思）As is known to all,he is a good student5、 than引导的定语从句当先行词被比较级修饰时I have more money than you give me关系副词This is the school where I met her先行词是地点 作地点状语 代替先行词的意思This is the day when I met her先行词是时间 作时间状语 代替先行词的意思This is the reason why 先行词是原因 作原因状语 代替先行词的意思考点先行词是时间却不能用when引导The day which he spent with her will stay in his mind forever先行词是地点却不能用where引导This is the school which he visited.4、 状语从句（1） 时间状语 when which as(so)long as as far as（2） 原因 because since as for（3） 地点 where（4） 条件 if once（一旦） unless（除非）（5） 目的 so that in order that（从句中一般只有情态动词）（6） 让步 although though 从句考点网络图in that=because 因为now that 既然让步状语seeing that 既然provided(that) 假如、如果条件状语in case that 如果except that so that 没有“such that”这种搭配！ （三）倒装原则否定词的倒装：neither,nor,或not放在句首时，要将助动词放到主语前面I cant speak English,neither can heLooks at the two boys,neither of them comes from USANot untill I get home will he go to bed(四)复现原则1、原词复现：选项中出现正文里原封不动的词 2、同意复现：选项中出现正文里意思相近的词3、反义复现：选项中出现正文里意思相反的词 （五）并列原则1、并列句中A B C,and X _Y 成分找成分（即A和X对应，C和Y对应，则B和_对应）Whereas while instead but 2、 并列连词 instead of A or B better than other than rather than3、 of 前后并列A of B the city of beijing(六)释义原则（七）逻辑原则转折、因果获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun从句中用although/because的概率达50%，主句中however的概率占90%二、 作文 （一）小作文应用文1、 要求：100字（答题卡上共11行，最好写满，差不多150字），笔尖不要细的，不要用浅色笔写（作文扫描到网上阅卷，太细太浅看不清）2、内容：辞职、申请、建议、道歉、通知、邀请、推荐、求职、投诉等3、应用文的六句口诀：（1）开门见山说意图 （2）信息要点覆盖全（3）不同方面可分段（用fiist second third分条写）（4）咨询建议分点好 （5）感谢客气 （6）期待回信4、小作文综合模板 (Jan.10.2011)称呼：第一段： 照抄或改编小作文的要求部分第二段： 三点建议或原因第三段： I am looking forward to your reply Yours （二）大作文（以图画题为主，极小可能出图表题）1、 要求：160200字，写成三段论，一段6句话，注意句式和词汇（闪光词）的使用句子要切题、条理PS：主旨词一定要尽量在文中均匀重复出现！2、 主题句的写法主题三要素：（1）topic （2）controlling idea论述方面 （3）吸引人的方面Good study habbit are useful to college student主题 论述方面There are three reasons why I love her论述方面 主题BMW is a fine car 论述太宽泛，不好3、 大作文写作格式（图画式作文）（1） 第一段：描述图画 主动式The picture(cartoon/drawing)shows/manifests/depicts/describeAccording to the figures shows in table/graph/bar chart ,we can see that 被动式As is shown/depicted in the picture 介词短语In the picture（2） 第二段：若是反映哲理的图则阐述寓意，反映现象的图就分析原因若是哲理题Having scrutinized（审查） the details of the picture,we can discuss the implications（寓意） subtly conveyed from it.Now people in growing/increasing/significant numbers are beginning to realize (understand/recognize/accept/be awared)that 翻译图画下面的文本提示语 主题词（无提示语，需自己总结的）is of great important in our daily life若是现象题Recently the issue/problem/question/phenomenon of .has been in the limelightRecently the issue +同位语has been brought into focus/brought to public attention/posed among the general public（3） 第三段：若是反映哲理的图则发表评论，反映现象的图就提出建议若是哲理，就评论In my opinion/view as far as I am concerned from my own perspective I strongly hold thatAs far as I am concerned,I strongly hold that such a virtue/phenomenon should be advocated(prevented)openly and enthusiastically若是现象，就建议As far as I am concerned,I strongly hold two effective measures should be taken to cope with the phenomenon.第一段：概述 描述 引申:翻译图中提示语或使用万能句子第二段：寓意 原因第三段：观点 分析 总结 PS：收尾三招：强调主题、总结主题、展望未来=It will only be a matter of time before the problem become things of the past.段落扩展的四大杀手锏（主要用于第二段）：获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun（1）作比较 （2）找原因 （3）举例子 （4）混合使用5、图表类型作文（与图画题格式类似）柱状图bar chart 饼状图pie chartAs is shown in the graph,the total chart is divided into尽可能少罗列数字Total is divided in four parts,with A、B、C and D making up % % % % respectlyThe total.is divided into four part,with A and B making up%totally. 抓主要矛盾引申：尽管图中数字看起来是孤立存在的，但事实上他们是紧密相连的Isolated as the figures seem to be,as a matter of fact,they are connected to one another closely （三） 句子写作1、 五个基本句型（1） 主语+系动词+表语She is beautifulAll the tourists seemed pleased（2） 主语+谓语（Vi）Everybody laughs获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun来往公众号：好给力（3） 主语+谓语（Vt）+宾语He opened the door（4） 主语+谓语+间接宾语+宾语I gave the old man some money 间接宾语 直接宾语I gave some money to the old man（5） 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语We found him safe and sound 形容词We caught them stealing apples 动名词They advised him to accept theoffer 不定式作宾补We elected him the new monitor. 名词2、 句子扩展法（3途径）（1） 增加修饰成分形容词或副词 同位语做插入语 介词结构作修饰In a sun-shining summer afternoon,the pump old zhang,with a white shirt,an old guy in his forties,enthusiastically gives us a disappoint writing lecture,more boring than the reading lecture.（2） 从属结构 名词性从句三大难点：“的”字结构用what 不缺结构用that 自身意义用其他 定语从句（作文中一定要用到）想到她/他就用who 代替物体用which 表示“谁的”用whose写到谓语停一停，注意谓语的单复数形式及时态变化状语从句（6种）获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun（3） 并列句And but so than eitheror neithernor（4） 非谓语动词若前后主语相同，去一个主语，将句号改逗号，并将其中一个动词+ing或having done我是一名教师，我讲课（前后主语相同都是“我”） I am a teacher,I give classes=Being a teacher,I give classes或I ,being a teacher,give classes我不是一名教师，我讲课I ,not being a teacher,give classes 现在分词否定时我过去是学生，但现在我讲课I ,having been a students,give classes 现在分词完成时I ,not having been a students,give classesHow can you,not being a fish,know the happiness of a fish?（汝非鱼，安知鱼之乐乎？）若前后主语不相同，用独立主格结构It is hot today,I stay at home=It being hot today,I stay at home.3、 段落的扩展扩展要求：（1）段落统一性 （2）段落连贯性：使用代词、过渡词、关键词的重复扩展方法：（1） 列举法listing/addition（2） 举例法examplification（3） 描述法description（4） 因果法cause-effect（5） 比较对比法comparison and contrast（6） 分类法classification（7） 定义法definition4、 高分词（1） VeryExceedingly/excessively/extremely/surpassingly/absolutely/highly（2） AlthoughAdmitting that/conceding that/in spited of the fact that/for all that（3） BecauseConsidering that/seeing that/on the ground that/on account of the fact that/in the light of the fact that（4） IfProviding that/assuming that/in case that/supposing that（5） WhenThe instant/moment that（6） good/baddesirable/satisfactory/pleasant（7） likeappreciate/delight in/take pleasure in/be crazy about（8） enoughabundant/adequate/ample/sufficient（9） manya multitude of/a mass of/a sea of（10） more and more peoplepeople in growing/increasing/significant numbers（11） most studentsan overwhelming majority of/a sizable percentage of/a significant proportion of（12） thinkharbor/hold the view(idea)that take the attitude thatIt is widely shared thatIt is universally acknowledged that(13)showDemonstrate/display/exhibit/illustrate/indicate/manifest/reveal(14)notBy no meansBy no means will he come(15)canBe competent to be be capable of doing5、 闪光词（漂亮的连词）（1） 表递进关系的词In addition/additionally/moreover/furthermore/whats more/besides（2） 例举关系的词For example/instanceNo better illustration of this idea/phenomenon can be thought than the example to be mentioned below.The following illustration can serve as a strong evidence of this idea/phenomenon（3） 表次序关系的词Firstly,secondly,thirdlyIn the first place,in the second place,finallyFor one thing,for another,still another（4） 表过渡关系的词Regarding（致于、关于）/concerning/considering/with reference to/as to/as for（5） 表总结关系的词To conclude/in conclusion/to summarize/to sum up/in summary/in brief/in short/in a word/all in all（6） 表因果关系的词获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun来往公众号：好给力原因：because/since/as/for/due to/owing to/thanks to/on account of结果：so/thus/hence/therefore/accordingly/consequently/as a result/as a consequence（7） 表转折关系的词But/however/on the contrary/on the other hand/nonetheless/nevertheless（8） 表对照关系的词In contrast/instead/whereas/while/on one handon the other hand（9） 表解释关系的词As a matter of fact/frankly speaking/in this case/in other words（10） 表强调关系的词Of course/indeed（实际上、事实上）/above all/in fact三、 翻译（一）步骤：1、 一断一合2、 逐片段进行词汇释义3、 各个片段语序调整4、 总体整合（二）翻译基本原则1、见到以下标志将句子断开，逐段翻译（1） ， ； ：（2）从句引导词（引导词省略的也要拆开）（3）比较结构之处 获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyunMy interest in English has arisen,less throughbut more from2、见到连续修饰结构将其合并A of B of C in D for E 为了E这个目的，在D方面，C的B的A。 （三）英语和汉语翻译的区别英语 汉语1、多同义替换 多重复将英语的近义替换词用同一个词等同起来2、多抽象 多具体将句中抽象概念具体化：抽象Vi + 宾语，抽象Vt 可根据语境翻译，抽象名词翻译成短语We are caught up in a discussion about the situation in Afghanistan when the professor walked into the classroom 当教授走进教室的时候，发现我们正在兴致勃勃地谈论阿富汗的局势。Even an elementary knowledge of statistics is sufficient to enable the journalist to avoid misleading his readers.即使只有一点统计学的只是也足以让记者避免误导他的读者/报道失真。3、常使用被动 使用主动（1）若by后为动作发出者，以其为主语将被动主动化These machines are operated by a worker only. 这些机器仅由一名工人操纵（2）将“被”字翻译为“受到、得到、遭到”The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science 这项发现在科学界得到了高度的评价（3）加上虚无的主语“人们、我们”将句子主动化Rubber is found to be a good isolating material 人们发现，橡胶是一种很好的绝缘材料。（4）将被动灵活转换为祈使句或判断句The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是机械力代替了人力。（5）形式主语It cannot be denied that It has been illustrated thatIt is estimated that It isproposed that训练：Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.将来可能对本系列标准添加若干项国际化标准。The ApollpXII crew reprorted that their spaceship was being followed by tow UFOs.阿波罗号全体船员报告说他们的飞船受到不明飞行物的跟踪。For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted为了将铁跟杂质分开，必须将铁矿石熔化。Over the years;tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.许多年过去了，历史学家和科学的思想家在很大程度上忽视了工具和技术本身作为根本性创造的源泉。4、句子多糅合 句子常分解 （四）从句（定、状、同位）、比较结构和并列句处1、定语从句翻译准则（1）若从句较短则翻译成“的”字结构放在先行词前The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动模式的必要表达，也就是说它是对一切现象进行推理并给出精准的解释的一种模式（2）若从句较长则翻译成复指补充结构They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.他们不得不在耻辱中度过他们的后半生，这个耻辱就是他们曾贸然参与了一项行动，这项行动破坏了首脑会议，并且可以设想可能导致了一场核战争。获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun来往公众号：好给力（3）当主句过于空洞时，不论从句长与短，都翻译成“的”字结构World War II was,however,more complex than World War I,which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets,resources and territories.第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，而第二次世界大战比第一次更复杂。（4）当主句和从句蕴含某种逻辑关系时，要体现出这种逻辑关系训练：In such an experient the insects can be taught to fly to the ultra-violet,which for us is just darkness. 在这项实验中，能够训练昆虫飞向紫外线，而紫外线对我们来说只是一片黑暗。There are many people who want to read the book. 许多人想读这本书Christmas carols are loved by all who hear and sing it every year.圣诞颂为人们所喜爱，人们每年都欣赏和演唱。2、同位语从句(获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun)（1）若同位语从句靠前，先翻译同位语从句：“同位语，这/即是说。”（2）若同位语从句靠后，先翻译句子主干：（五）英语特有的表达习惯1、时态意义的问题（是过去式、现在时还是完成时？）You were,you are,you remain to be my beloved girl.你是我爱的女孩，过去是，现在是，将来还是。2、语序调整的问题（1）完全倒装特点：以状语开头 谓语动词表“移动”或“处所”To the south of the tower locates a square.(3) 不完全倒装Hardly didi I get home,when it rained.No soonerthan in no case under no circumstance by no meansOnly + 状语要倒装Young as he is, he has already 7 wives.If there were anything I can help you,please write without hesitation.=Were thereAll would be well (if)reason were the only judge in the debateAll would be well were reason the only judge in the debate(4) 平衡倒装I make A B. 若A太长则可改写为：I make B AI make good friend the girl I met in south Europe(5)省略现象英语喜欢主语完整，从句省略。 汉语则相反That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.我们的环境同我们的才能、性格和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。（6） 特殊句式注意More A than B less B than A not so much B as /but AIt was a curious exchange,less a debate than aquarrel between two aggressive men,each of them determined to impress the audience as more peaceful than the other.这是一次奇妙的交谈，与其说是两个好斗的人之间的一场辩论，不如说是一次吵嘴，双方都竭力想使听众觉得自己比对方更爱和平。However,this is not so much a weakness in his work as it is the inevitable result of scholarsneglect of this period.获取更多免费资料，加微信公众号：kaoyanyun来往公众号：好给力然而，与其说是他作品中的弱点，不如说是学者们对这个时期忽视的必然结果。 A no more than B not any more than 两者都不好rather than 而不是Rather than a punishment or a burden,work is the opportunity to realize ones potential工作不是惩罚也不是负担，它为个人潜力的发挥提供了机会。 cannot too A book maay be compared to your neighbor;if it be good,it cannot last too long;if bad,you cannot get rid of it too early. 一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读的时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是好书，你越早丢开它越好。It is not that but that 不是。而是。much less,still less,to say nothing of,not to speak of,not to mention,let alone更不要说。 此外。the last+n.+to do the last+n.+定语从句Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit. 违约的事他是绝不会干的 only to 结果是 would rather dothan do not nearlyThe food supply will not increa