《英语教学法》名词解释.doc

英语教学法名词解释u Structural view (结构主义语言理论） The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax).u Functional view（功能主义语言理论） The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. In order to perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.u Interactional view（交互语言理论） The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.u Behaviourist theory（行为主义理论）-Skinner The key point of the theory of conditioning is thatyou can train an animal to do anything( with reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement.u Cognitive theory（认知理论） Chomsky thinks that language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.u Constructivist theory (建构主义理论)-John Dewey The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.u Socio-constructivist theory (社会建构主义理论) Vygotsky emphasises interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) and scaffolding.u Linguistic competence（语言能力）-Hedge Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning.u Pragmatic competence (语用能力) -Hedge Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context.u Discourse competence (话语能力/ 语篇能力) -Canale and SwainDiscourse competence refers to ones ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.u Strategic competence (策略能力) Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.u Errors An error has direct relation with the learners language competence.Errors result from lack of knowledge in the target language.u Mistakes A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip of tongue, and it is a failure performance to a known system.Mistakes result from carelessness and hesitation.u Bottom-up model （自下而上的模式） In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions. In other words, “we use information in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning” .u Top-down model （自上而下的模式） In the top-down model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasised. In other words, listening comprehension involves