定语从句入门.doc

定语从句入门一. 概念: He is （a good sudent）（表语）主语 谓语动词 形容词作定语The boy under the tree likes playing football主语 介词短语作定语 谓语动词 宾语This is the boy good at playing football主语 谓语动词 表语 形容词短语作定语The boy called Tom has finished his homework.主语 过去分词作定语 谓语动词 宾语The students sitting in the classroom are having an English lesson.主语 现在分词作定语 谓语动词 宾语(He is the boy )（主句） （ who often goes to school late.） 先行词 关系词 句子做定语 定语从句二. 原则 a.定语从句一般跟在先行词后面，限制修饰先行词。b.定语从句必须用关系词来引导。 c.关系词在定语从句中作一个句子成分. 三、引导定语从句的关系词指代人 （先行词是“人 ”） who，whom，that指代事物（先行词是“物”） which，that, as所属关系（译成“先行词的”） whose，of which指地点 （介词+先行词） where=介词+which (注意：有的介词+which 不等于where)指时间 (介词+先行词) when=介词+which (注意：有的介词+which 不等于when)指原因 (for+先行词 the reason) why=for which指方式 （in +先行词the way） that= 不填= in which注意：1、关系代词 that 不引导非限定性定语从句。2、引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有 when,where。3、关系副词 why 不能引导非限定性定语从句。4、Which/who在非限定性从句中作宾语时不可省略。5、whom在非限定性定语从句中作宾语时不可用that或who 替代。四、关系代词that和which在很多情况下可以互换，但下列情况只用that，不用which.1、先行词是all,little,much,something,anything 等不定代词，引导定语从句用that 。All _ can be done has been done.Do you have anything _ you dont understand ?2、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用that 。This is the best TV _ is made in China.The first museum _ he visited in China was the History Museum.3、先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last修饰时，引导定语从句用that 。Ive read all the books _ you lent me.Please send us any information _ you have about the subject.4、先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that .They talked of things and persons _ happened in the school.5、主句是who,which开头的特殊疑问句，引导定语从句用that 。Who is the man _ came this morning ?Which is the bag _ you lost ?6、先行词被the very ,the only 所修饰时，引导定语从句用that。He is the very person _ the police are looking for.This is the only thing _ I can remember.五、不用that，而用which，who，whom的情况1、在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用which，指人用who或whom。He made the same mistakes again ,_ made his parents very angry.Mr Smith,_ gave a talk several months ago,will come again.2、在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom。This is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars.Xiao Wang ,with _ I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.六、注意：如何判断介词1、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配The girl _ which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.He is the man _ whom I think you can depend .2、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配He referred me to some reference books _ which I am not very familiar.3、根据先行次判断，所用的介词与先行词 搭配The rate _ which wild animals are being destroyed has increased.This is our classroom ,_ which there is a teachers desk.4、名词/代词/数词+ of +which/whomTen persons died in the accident ,5 of _ are women.There are two left, one of _ is almost finished ,and the other of _ is not quite. I have a sentence , the meaning of _ I dont understand.介词加关系代词的定语从句介词放在关系词前面时，关系词不能用that或who。可根据情况用which, whom, whose, where。注意关系词及介词的选择和使用。介词+which;或介词+whom 在高考中是热点也是难点,都可以换成the+noun of+which;the+noun of+whomThis is the student of whom we are proud.(be proud of 是词组)I want to find the very pen with which I wrote this letter.Mr Gao, in whose office I have worked for 10 years, is an old experienced teacher.The boy was hidden behind the door, from where he watched us secretly.The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired指时间通常at;on; by; during (which) 指地点通常用 at; in ;by; behind(which)指原因通常用 for which指方式通常用 with; by; in(which)例1.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whomturn to somebody for help 是“求助于” 答案为D.例2.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.A. these B. those C. that D. which该定语从句的先行词是windows, 关系词在定语从句中做介词宾语，用 which，that 不能与介词连用。答案为D.例3In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have gone home.A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time答案为D.选项七. as 作为关系代词， 习惯上用于下列词组：the same.as such .as as . as as you know, as we have seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see, as was expected, . We are facing the same problem as we did years ago. 注：1、as与which在代替句子时的用法区别： 先行词是整个句子时，关系词用as或whichas引导的从句可放在主句的句首，句中或句尾， 翻译成：正如常用在以下搭配中：as we have seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see, as was expected。which引导的从句只可放在主句的句尾 。翻译成：这 （= and this ）He is often late,_ makes his teacher very angry._ we all know ,the earth goes aroud the sun.2、as 引导的定语从句与that引导的结果状语从句区别。This is so large a stone _ no one can lift it .This is so large a stone _ no one can lift .八. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别在于: 1. 定语从句相当于形容词作定语， 对先行词加以限制或修饰，连接词that在定语从句中充当某个成分 。 2、同位语从句相当于名词，对先行词加以补充或说明，而that在同位语从句不充当句子成分 。 The promise that my uncle gave me made us happy. （定语从句）The promise that my uncle would give me a new bike made us happy. (同位语从句) 九、关系代词what和that的区别: 先比较下列句子中的what和that: He told us the things that he had seen. - He told us what he had seen.This is the words which I said. - This is what I said.可以看出what 实际上等于是”the thing that(which)”, 即”先行词+关系词”. 因此在句中如果已有先行词，则不能用what，而只能用that(which)，如没有先行词，则用what。what是 一个没有先行词的关系词。 十、Where 引导的定语从句。先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词，用引导定语从句。从句做状语。This is the town where (= in which ) I spent my childhood.The table where (= at which ) she is sitting is a new one.Ill show you the paint where you failed.注意 1若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。The library _ students often study was on fire last night.The library, _ was built in the 1930s,needs repairing.The library _ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.注意 2区分where引导的定语从句和状语从句Where前面有被修饰的地点名词时，是定语从句，否则是状语从句。When you read books ,you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions.When you read books , you had better make a mark where you have any questions.When 引导的定语从句。先行词是表示时间的名词，用when引导定语从句。when作状语。Ill never forget the day when (= on which ) I met you.This was the time when ( =at which ) he left for Beijing .We will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be busy.注意：先行词是表时间词，若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。Ill never forget the day _ we first met in the park.Ill never forget the time _ I spent on campus.Ill never forget the time _ was spent with you.why引导的定语从句。（the reason作先行词时）先行词是表示原因的名词reason，用why引导定语从句。Why在从句作状语。This is the reason why ( = for which ) I didnt come here.但：若定语从句缺主语宾语时， The reason _ she gave was not true.This is the reason he explained for his being late whose 引导的定语从句。表示所属关系。The river _ banks are covered with trees flows ti the sea.The river _ banks are covered with trees flows ti the sea.A.whose backgrounds B.the backgrounds of whomC.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whose“the way” 做先行词时I dont like the way_ you speak to your father.The way _you think of is very useful.This is the way _ is useful to all of us.注意：什么叫非限制性定语从句The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not borne any fruit. The book, which I bought yesterday , is very interesting. 非限制性定语从句用 “逗号” 与主句隔开注意关系词that 的前面不能出现 “逗号”定语从句对比练1. 1)This is one of the most interesting films _shown last week. 2) This is the very one of the most interesting films_shown last week.A. which was B.that was C.which were D.that were 2.1)He has two sons, _are college students.2)He has two sons, _ college students.3)He has two sons, and _are college students.4)He has two sons, but _is college a college student.5)Although he has two sons,_ are college students.A. neither of whom B. both of whom C.both of them D. neither of them3. 1) He still lives in the room _window faces to the east. 2)He still lives in the room, the window_faces to the east. 3)He still lives in the room_is in the north of the city. 4)He still lives in the room _there is a beautiful table.A.which B. whose C.where D. of which E.whose 4.1)_leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. 2)_who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. 3)_who leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. Anyone B. Who C. Those D. Whoever5.1)Ill never forget the days _we studied together. 2)Ill never forget the days_we spent together.A.that B. / C. when D. A and B6. 1)_we all know, China is rich in natural resources. 2)_ is known to all, China is rich in natural resources.3)_ is known to all that China is rich in natural resources. 4)_ is known to all is that China is rich in natural resources.A. That B. As C. It D.Which E. What7. 1)This is the only way _you can find. 2) I dont like the way _he spoke to his mother. 3) We must learn to act in ways _dont do harm to other living things .A. that B./ C.in which D. A, B and C E. A and B8. 1) Galileo collected the facts _proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun. 2)Galileo discovered the fact _the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.A. that B.which C. / D. A and B 9. 1) Is this museum _they visited last month? 2) Is this the museum _they visited last month? 3) Is this museum _they visited last month beautiful ? 4)The teacher tells us that _cleans the blackboard is to be praised.A. that B. the one C.which D. the one who10.1) It was eleven oclock _they went out of the cinema. 2)It was at eleven oclock_they went out of the cinema. A. which B.that C.when D. on which11. 1)Edison built up a factory _ produced things that had never been seen before. 2)Edison built up a factory _things that had never been seen before were produced. 3)1949 was the year _marked the beginning of the new life.A. which B.where C. in which D. when 12. 1) This is such a heavy stone_no one can lift. 2) This is such a heavy stone _no one can lift it.A. that B. as C. which D. what12. 1) I know the reason _he came late.2)This is the reason _ he explained to me.3)This is the house _ he lived last year.4)This is the house _he visited last year.5)Ill never forget the day_we spent together.6)Ill never forget the day_we stayed together.13.1)He paid Tom ten dollars to have the windows painted, because most of _ _have not been cleared for at least. 2)He paid Tom ten dollars to have the windows painted , most of _have not been cleaned for at least two years.A. where B. those C. that D. which14.1)She made progress and won a prize, _ made us happy.2)_anybody can see, the elephant is like a snake.3)He failed again, _was unexpected.4)_is announced in the paper , China has sent up another man-made satellite.5)_is well known, Taiwan is part of China。例析定语从句与近似句式的判定一、区别定语从句与状语从句 1.After living in pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when2.After the war , a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre . A. which B. where C. that D. when3.The visitor asked to have his picture taken _ stood the famous tower. A. at which B. where C. that D. when4. The man showed us so heavy a stone _ no man can lift . A. which B. as C. that D. and 这句话可改成: The man showed us such a heavy stone _ no man can lift . The man showed us such a heavy stone _ no man can lift it. 5.Because I have a very important meeting to attend, I cant come to see you this evening , _ Id like to . A. much as B. much so C. as much D. so much 结论：定语从句有先行词，具有形容词性质，对先行词加以限制或修饰，连接词在定语从句中充当某个成分 。 状语从句没有先行词，体现副词性质 ，在句中直接做状语。二、区分定语从句与强调句式. 1.It is these poisonous products _ can cause the symptoms of the flu , such as headache . A. who B. that C. how D. what 2. - Where did you meet Mr. Smith ? - It was in the cinema _ we were seeing a new film. A. in which B. where C. that D. at which 其完整形式为: It was in the cinema where we were seeing a film that we met Mr. Smith .3. Is _ 48 hours _ the man-made satellite _ is made in our country to orbit the planet around ? A.it , that , where B. it , when , what C.it for , that it takes , that D, it , that it takes , which该句可还原为it takes the man-made satellite which is made in our country 48 to orbit the planet around .三、区分定语从句与名词性从句 1. - Do you have anything in mind _ youd like for supper ? - Well , _ will do for me . A. which , everything B. that , anything C. what , whatever D. that, either 2. The wrong you have done him is terrible , for _ you should make an apology to him , I think. A. that B. which C. what D. when3. The other day , my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed . A. as B. which C. what D. that 4. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas . A. which B. that C. what D. whether 5. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness. A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained四区分定语从句与并列句 并列分句要有连接词 and ,but , or等，否则为非限定定语从句 1. Carol said the work would be done by October , _ personally I doubt very much . Carol said the work would be done by October , _ personally I doubt it very muchA. it B. that C. but D. which2. Luckily , we d brought a road map ,without _ we would have lost our way . Luckily , we d brought a road map and without _ we would have lost our way .A. it B. that C. this D. which3.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other wa