略谈跨国公司的跨文化管理.doc

略谈跨国公司的跨文化冲突及管理Analysis on Cross Culture Conflict and Administration of Multinationals 由于跨国公司跨地域、跨民族、跨人文的复杂性，因此，跨国公司的跨文化管理也日益成为普遍关注的问题。跨国公司在多元化经营中，跨文化现象已经频繁发生，跨国公司在全球范围内利用各种资源，从事跨国的生产经营活动，在该公司商品、资本、技术跨越国界的同时，也跨越了文化。经济全球化的发展使得跨国经营已成为当今世界经济中的一个普遍现象。跨国经营企业作为“一种多文化的机构”，在其经营中必然会面临来自不同的文化的摩擦与碰撞。跨国公司要适应国外市场，就要正确理解各种因素对其经营管理活动的影响和作用。一个全球化的公司进入一个相对陌生的海外市场时，它面临的主要困难有文化差异、法律差异、语言和沟通障碍等，而文化差异又往往决定了企业国际化经营的成败。文化给企业开展国际经营带来了机遇，但更多的却是巨大的挑战。如何在多元文化下成功地进行跨国经营，一直是困扰跨国公司经营者的难题。多元文化的存在对跨国企业的影响有其积极、有益的一面，但因文化差异而导致的文化冲突也会给跨文化企业的管理、决策造成一定的障碍，给企业正常的经营造成消极、不利的影响。而在此过程中的跨文化冲突己成为跨国公司经营中不能回避的核心问题，跨文化冲突是指不同形态的文化或者文化要素之间相互对立相互排斥的过程，它既指跨国公司在他国经营时与该国的文化观念不同而产生的冲突，又包含了在一个企业内部由于员工分属不同文化背景的国家而产生的冲突。The development of economic globalization has made multinational operation become one of the worlds popular economic phenomena. Multinational companies have cut across national boundaries in commodities, capital, technology , and at the same time, in culture. Multinational companies have to understand correctly the impact and influence of various factors on their management activities so that they can adapt to the foreign market.When a global company enter into a relatively strange market abroad, it will face major difficulties such as the cultural differences, the legal differences, language and communication obstacles, etc, among which the cultural differences mainly determine the success or failure of the enterprise in the international management. More challenges than opportunities the culture brings to the enterprise in the international management. How to manage across the countries in the multicultural background has been a problem that troubles the multinational company operators.本文通过剖析跨文化冲突产生的原因，以及对企业各方面的影响，从而找到解决文化冲突，实现文化融合的切入点，提出有效的跨文化管理策略。This paper analyzes the cause and the influence on the enterprise of cross-culture conflicts, thus can find solutions to the cultural conflict and the breakthrough point to realize the culture hybrid, and puts forward effective cross-cultural management strategies.跨文化冲突的成因 the cause of cross-culture conflicts1.显性文化冲突显性文化冲突就是来自行为者双方的象征符号系统之间的冲突，即通常所说的表达方式的含义不同而引发的冲突。1. The visible cultural conflictThe visible cultural conflict refers to the conflict between the two behaviors symbol system ,that is, normally speaking,the conflict due to different meanings of expressing ways.2.the different values 不同文化背景决定了管理者在价值观方面的差异，价值观决定态度，态度直接影响行为。这种价值观差异所造成的冲突往往表现为以下几个方面： （1） 群体主义与个人主义。（2）对物质利益的态度（3）对上级和权威的态度（4）对人才的评价差异（5）风险观念的差异Different culture backgrounds determine the difference in the values of the managers .Values determine attitudes while attitudes directly determine behaviors.The conflict caused by the different values is often shown as the following aspects:(1) collectivism and individualism.(2) the attitudes towards material benefit (3)the attitudes towards the supervisor and authority (4) the differences in the evaluation of the talent(5) the differences in the risk perception3.the language obstale由于跨文化的沟通者往往使用不同的语言，语言不通常常导致沟通障碍。这种障碍通过翻译可以消除，但沟通者在收发信息和反馈时会发生一定时间的滞后和一定程度的歪曲。Because cross-culture communicators often use different languages, the language barrier usually leads to communication obstacles. Such obstacles can be eliminated through translation.But there will be a certain time lag and a certain degree of distortion when the communicators send ,receive messages and give feedback.跨文化冲突对跨国企业的影响：the influence of cross-cultural conflict on the multinational corporation 1、 对公司业务经营的影响1.文化差异影响公司提供的产品和服务。跨国公司在决定向某个国家或地区拓展业务，或者是投放新产品新服务以前，必须首先要考虑投放的产品或服务是否符合当地消费者的习惯，是否会引起文化冲突，造成不必要的麻烦。2. 文化差异影响公司的营销活动。要想成功地进行营销活动，情绪调动、象征符号、劝诱方式以及其他的特点必须和文化规范相一致。1. the influence on the corporation business management 1.1 the cultural differences affect the companys product and service.Before the multinational company decides to expand the business or to put its new products and services in a country or region, it must first take into consideration whether the products or services put in are in compliance with the local consumer habits, and whether they will bring about the cultural conflict and trouble is cauesd.1.2 the cultural differences affect the companys marketing activity.Only emotional mobilization, symbol,way of persuasion and other characteristics are in accordance with the cultural regulation ,can the marketing activity be successful.2、 对公司内部管理运作的影响1.决策失误增加，管理效率降低2.合作氛围淡薄，团队协作减少2.To the companys internal management operation 1. The decision error, increase the efficiency of management reduced2. Weak atmosphere of cooperation, team work less有效的跨文化管理策略文化冲突和文化融合是不可分割的两个方面，文化冲突一方面给各族人们相互建立广泛交流和沟通带来了不便，甚至成为人与人之间发生隔阂乃至冲突的一个重要因素，同时却也促进了各民族文化的发展，实现了文化的交融，使人类不断取得进步。因此文化融合是化解文化冲突的必然逻辑。1. 认真剖析本国文化和他国文化的差异2. 寻找结合点，建设属于自己的企业文化3. 实行管理本土化The cultural conflict and fusion are two integral parts.On one hand, the cultural conflict brings inconvenience to people of all ethnic groups to establish extensive exchange and communication , and even become an important factor to arise barriers and conflicts between people.On the other hand,it also promotes the development of various ethnic cultures , realizes the cultural fusion ,and make continuous progress for people. So the culture fusion is the inev