省略与替代.doc

教 案编号：授课时间2006年3.18 2 节次 12周次授课题目第二十章 省略与替代教学目的1. 主语的省略2. 主语和部分谓语的省略3. 助动词的省略4. There(be) 的省略5. 主语动词宾语的省略6. 名词短语的中心词的省略7. 所有格后面的名词的省略教学重点与难点4. There(be) 的省略5. 主语动词宾语的省略授课方式讲授作业P 127，131授课进程Steps.Step One: LectureStep Two: Exercises （可加页）第二十章 省略与替代一、省略与替代概述省略和替代一样，是一种避免重复，突出关键词语并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。在英文写作中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则，只要不损害语法结构或产生歧义，能省略就应省略, 能替代就替代。（一）不用替代词的省略在英文里，有时为了行文的简洁，在不损害语法结构与意义的情况下，可以省略句子的主语、部分谓语、助动词等。1. 主语的省略Dont eat more than (what) is good for you.I have done more than (what )is required.(He) Who breaks pays.2. 主语和部分谓语的省略While ready to help her (= While I was ready to help her), I didnt know what she wanted.I met a girl while on a visit to Guangzhou( = While I was on a visit to Guangzhou).3. 助动词的省略(Do) You understand?(Have) Children done their homework?4. There(be) 的省略(Theres) Nothing wrong.(Is there) Anything I can do for you?5. 主语动词宾语的省略A: To whom did you lend the book?B: To John. (I lent the book)6. 名词短语的中心词的省略An hour in the morning is worth two (hours) in the evening.He was always the first (man) to come and the last (man) to leave.7. 所有格后面的名词的省略Marys (dress) is a beautiful dress.He stayed in his uncles (house) during the summer vacation.8. 冠词的省略A.两个名词并列时，第二个名词前的冠词常可省略。例如：Both the old and (the) young took part in the singing competition.Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?B.名词作同位语时，其前的定冠词常可省略。例如：War hero Douglas Bader has come.The conference was held in Beijing, capital of China.C.报刊标题。例如：Restaurant Fire DisasterD.小型广告。例如：2nd fl flt in mod blk close West End, dble recep (A second floor flat in a modem block close to the West End with a double reception room)E.购物单。例如：Supermarket:eggs, sugar, salt, wine超级市场：售鸡蛋、糖、盐、酒9. 并列结构中的同等句子成分的省略Peter likes (Mary), but John hates Mary.Jim came at eight but Henry (came) at nine.I like her more than (I like) him.To some life is pleasure, and to others (life is) suffering.You may go by land or (by) water.It is a matter of life and (of ) death.It doesnt matter whether he is for (the plan) or against the plan.10. 关系代词或关系副词的省略A.作主语的省略A)在以it, that, here, there起首的句子中。例如：It wasnt I (that) told her the news.Thats a thing (that, which) might happen to any man.Who is it (that) took away my pen?There was a girl (who, what) wanted to see you.Here are the students (that, who) called on you yesterday.B)在以what, who等起首的疑问句中。例如：Who is it (that) took away my pen?What is the black spot (that) moves about on the wall?C)在以we have 起首的句子中。例如：We have 20 essays (that, which) should be read during the vacation.We have only about 200 hundred dollars (that, which) can be put to use.D)在形容词最高级或only, last, first名词+that+ever结构中。例如：He is the greatest man (that) ever threatened.She is the only girl (that) ever passed the test.He was the first man (that was)ever saved during the disaster.E)在I think, I admit, I believe, I feel, I know插入语前作主语的关系代词。例如：He asked for the material (that) I think can not be provided.They talked about the plan (that) I believe is not practical.F)几个that关系从句修饰同一个先行词时，只须保留第一个关系代词，其后的均可省去。例如 ：The dictionary (that) he compiled in 1993 and (that) he revised last year is very popular among college students.B.作宾语和表语的省略that, whom, which作宾语和表语时一般都可省。例如：The flat (that) he bought in 1961 and that he sold in 1970 is now again on sale.Note：两个that关系从句修饰同一先行词时，只可省略其中一个关系代词。例如：I have given him anything (that) he asked for.He is said to be everything (that) an honest man should be.She is not the girl (that) she used to be.C.作状语的省略He liked the place for the very reason (that) she ever lived there.I liked the way (that) she did it.This is the place(that) they swam across the river.Those were the years (that) he was in trouble.This is the factory (where) he worked many years ago.It is for her (that) I have to do it.Note:在关系代词be/havecome结构中，关系代词可连同 be/have 一起省略。例如：It is a dream (that has) come true.Here are the friends (who have) come to see you.11. 全句省略某些表示愿望或假设的复合句常可将主句或从句省略。例如：If I could see her again (how happy I should be)!(It is pity) That such a great man should die!I might have been a rich man(if I had taken her advice).12. 介词的省略A.在It is no use (in ) doing sth.等结构中，动名词前的in /at常可省略。常见的这类结构有：It is no use (in) doing sth.It is no good (in) doing sth.There is no hurry (in) doing sth.be busy (late, weary ) (in) doing sth.busy (employ, occupy) oneself (in) doing sth.take turns (in, at) doing sth.There is no point (in) doing sth.（做某事无意义）There is no use (good) (in) doing sth.spend (lose, pass, waste) time (money, energy) (in) doing sth.have trouble (hard time, difficulty, struggle, good time, business) (in) doing sth.be employed, engaged, occupied (in) doing sth.例如：She employs herself (in) writing.He is engaged (in) preparing for the evening party.He has no business (in) saying such things about me.She lost no time (in) rewriting the book.Note:spend time /money (in) doing sth.结构用于被动语态时，in不可省。例如：They spent a large sum of money (in) building the tower.A large sum of money was spent in building the tower.B.当关系代词(what, whose)，关系副词（how,when）以及whether引导从句或不定式短语时，其前面的of, about, as to等常可省略。I am not aware (of) how he got it.She had no idea (as to) what to do.He hesitated (about) what to do next.C.在表示一般时间或方式的短语中的for, in, by等常常省略。但是在否定句中或引导介词短语位于句首时，for一般不可省略。The snowy weather lasted (for) two weeks.He remained single (for) all his life.We havent seen each other for two years.Dont treat her (in) that way.D.in, of, from, by, with在某些句子结构中可以省略，常见的这类结构有：Can you prevent him (from) smoking more?He earned a lot of money (by) selling newspapers.He sent the letter (by) express (airmail).The housewife cooked (in) the Italian style.The naughty boy stood before the teacher, (with his) head bowed.Note:near, next和opposite后的to常被省略，但当next to作“几乎”解时，to不可省。例如：The college is near / next / opposite the park.（可省略to）It is next to impossible.那几乎是不可能的。（不可省略to）E.表语名词age、colour等前的of可以省略当表语为age,colour, weight, length, width, help, design, shape, size, thickness, height, volume, no use等时，其前的of可以省略。例如：The two machines are (of) the same design.The boys are (of) the same height.It is (of) no use to me.二、用替代词的省略在某些情况下，当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有：do/does, so, not, to, neither, nor, do, so, do that, do it, one/ones, the same等。1. do可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。例如：He speaks English more fluently than you do. (= speak English)Did you see the film? Yes, I did. (=saw the film)Nelson hoped that they would all do their duty to the country as Englishmen should do. (=should do their duty to the country)2. so可以代替单词、词组或句子，作call, expect, hope, do, fear, hear, imagine, suppose, speak, say, tell, think, believe, be afraid, see, notice等的宾语；not代替否定的句子，用法与so相似，并可放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后。例如：He must be a worker. I imagine so. (=that he is a worker)Has she finished reading the book? I hope so.(=that she has finished reading the book)She was not angry at first, but became so after a while.(angry)He is a great friend of mine and I hope he will always remain so. (a great friend of mine)Is he the best student in the class?I think so. (=that he is.)I think not. (=that he is not. I dont think he is. Perhaps not)He will return at the weekend.I am afraid not. (=that he will not return at the weekend)Note:so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，口气比较婉转，不表示肯定，也不表示否定，因此，在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。例如：A: Are they coming to the party?B: Im sure of it.（肯定）（正）I doubt it.（怀疑）（正）Im sure so.（误）I doubt so.（误）同样，在ask和know之后不可用so。例如：He knows that. （正）He knows so.（误）Why do you ask (that)? （正）Why do you ask so.（误）另外，not不可以用于个别表示说话的动词之后，但主语是非特指的人称时除外。例如：She said so.（正）She said not.（误）John told me so.（正）John told me not.（误）但可以说They say not, I seems / appears not, It says not等。so可以放在句首或句尾，但若谓语动词是see, notice或hear，则只能放在句首。例如：I believe (say, think)so. = So I believe (any, think)So I see (hear, notice).（正）I see (hear, notice) so.（误）下面句中的not she相当于 No, she didnt，语气较强：A:Did she pay you the money?B:Not she.not状语也是一种常见的省略。例如：A: Will you go out for a walk?B: Not this evening. (=No, I wont go out for a walk this evening.)A: I want to talk with someone about it.B: Not with them. (=I dont want you to talk with them about it.)not that结构有时意为I dont mean that或I dont say that，有时意为not because.例如：Why didnt you come last night? Not that I care, of course.If you need money, I can lend you some, not that I am rich, of course.She went to bed early. Not that she was ill, but that she was tired.3. to代替不定式，常同refuse, want, seem, mean, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, oblige, forget, wish, try等连用。例如：I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to (see the film).Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter, but she refused to (reconsider the matter).Note:动词hope, think, fear, wish, be afraid和so, to连用的比较。A.一般情况是，so所代替的多为句子，而to则只代替动词不定式。例如：Will you stay for lunch?I hope so. (= I will stay for lunch.)I hope to. (=stay for lunch)B.作表语或同位语的不定式，其符号to 时可以省略。例如：The most urgent thing I have to do now is (to )look into the matter.C.如果省略的不定式结构中含有be,have或have, been,一般要保留be, have或have been.例如：A: Are you on holiday?B: No, but Id like to be.A: She hasnt done it yet.B: She ought to have.4. 复合替代词do so, do that和do itdo so可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语。例如：She said she would go with me, but she didnt do so.( = go with me)Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when youve done so. (= finished off watering the flowers.)do so替代动词加宾语结构时，so可以用it或that所取代，用it指具体事物，用that表示较重的口气。例如：Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too.They played cards after supper and I watched them do that.do so( do that和do it)一般只用于替代动态动词，而不适合替代静态动词。比较：Alice feels better today.I think she does. （正）Yes, so she does.（正）I think she does so. （误）Yes, she does that. （误）Yes, she does it.（误）Note:在 believe, know,hope, glad, doubt等动词后可以用that 表示附和别人的看法或说法，但不用于回答问题。例如：He is a very capable man.I believe that. (=so)It is a good film.I know that. （不可用so）that可以替代可数名词或不可数名词，只指物，不指人，其后要跟修饰语。例如：No bread eaten is so sweet as that earned by ones own labour.5. one和ones具有泛指性质，常用来替代单数或复数可数名词，不能替代不可数名词。使用时要注意以下几点：A.one和ones与它们所替代的名词在“数”方面可以不一致。B.one和ones与其所替代的名词在句法功能上可以不一致。C.one和ones与其所替代的名词在所指意义上可以不同。D.one前面不带任何修饰语时，可以替代整个名词词组。E.one前面有this或that, ones前面有these或those,或者二者前面有形成对比的形容词、最高级形容词或the next、the last时，one或ones可省略。one前面的形容词带定冠词the 时，one也可省略。F.one或ones 后面可以跟修饰语，可能是从句、介词短语或分词短语等。G.所有格my, your, our, her和their被其相应的物主代词mine等代替时，不用one或ones.H.whose和名词所有格之后不用one或ones。基数词(one等)和序数词(first等)通常不同one连用。own也不可同one或ones连用。I.another和other 可以单独使用，也可跟one，复数形式可用other ones或anothers。J.which和former, latter, either, neither后可以跟one或ones,也可以不跟。Do you see the teachers over there? The one wearing the grey coat is her father.（句法功能不一致，teachers作宾语，one作主语）。I dont like this film. Id like to see a more interesting one.(所指对象不同)There are two pens on the desk; he only took the cheaper (one).Of all his poems, I like the ones that were connected with nature.This is her pen, not yours.I prefer to use my own.（不能说my own one）Whose is it?（不能说whose one）Her bike is better than her brothers.（不能说brothers one）Please try another (one) .He has two English dictionaries, but I have seven. （不能说seven ones）The first film is better than the second.（一般