助动词和情态动词

助动词和情态动词 教学目的 了解助动词和情态动词的用法 教学重点 情态动词的用法 教学难点 情态动词 完成式 学时数 一 助动词一 助动词 助动词本身无词义 它只是用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态 语态 语气 以及否定和疑问结构 助动词共有 5 个 be have shall do will 下面 分别讲述这五个助动词的用法 bebe 的形式和用法的形式和用法 助动词 be 有八种形式 肯定式缩略肯定式否定式 缩略否定 式 原形 be 现在式第一人称单数 am mam not aren t m not 现在式第三人称单数 he she it is sis not isn t s not 现在式第二人称单 复数和第 一 三人称复数 you we they are reare not aren t re not 过去式第一 三人称单数 I he she it waswas notwasn t 过去式第二人称单 复数和第 一 三人称复数 you we they were were not weren t 现在分词 being not being 过去分词 been not been Note 在英国英语中 aren t 使用很广泛 在美国英语中使用较多的是被 认为非标准的 ain t 助动词 be 的主要用法是 1 与现在分词构成各种进行时态及与 have 和现在分词构成完成进行进态 1 Fear of crime isis slowly paralyzing American society 犯罪恐惧症正逐渐地使用美国社会陷于瘫痪 2 The telephone hadhad beenbeen ringing for three minutes before it was answereD 电话铃响了三分钟才有人接 2 与过去分词构成被动语态 1 He was an ardent fighter for freedom and indepen dence He waswas loved by millions and hated only by a handful 他是个争取自由和 独立的热诚战士 为成百万人所爱戴 为仅仅一小撮人所仇恨 2 They came to Europe where their mother hadhad beenbeen educated and stayed three years 他们来到他们的母亲受教育的欧洲 并待了三 年 3 此外 be 还可用作连系动词 如 It waswas one of the happiest afternoons he had ever spent 那是他有生以来最愉快的一个下午 havehave 的形式和用法的形式和用法 助动词 have 有五种形式 肯定式缩略肯定式否定式 缩略否定 式 原形 have vehave not haven t ve not 现在式第三人称单 数 has shas not hasn t s not 现在式第三人称单 数 has shas not hasn t s not 过去式 had dhad not hadn t d not 现在分词 having not having 过去分词 had 助动词 have 的主要用法是 1 与过去分词构成各种完成时态 1 Newton hashas explained the movments of the moon from the attractions of the earth 牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律 2 Reluctantly she opened the door she hadhad not kept it locked there hadhad been no need 她勉强地开了门 她没有锁门 也没有必要锁 门 2 与 been 现在分词构成各种完成进行时态 1 Men havehave been digging salt out of it for six hundred years and yet there seems as much left as ever 人们在这里掘盐已六年 但 盐似乎还是那么多 2 In another month s time Mr Henry willwill havehave been tea ching here for exactly thirty years 再过一个月 享利先生就将在这里从事教学 整 30 年了 3 此外 have 还可用作实义动词 意谓 有 吃 等 1 Bad news hashas wings 丑事传千里 2 You re anaemic you must havehave some iron 你患贫血症了 应该服一 些铁 4 have 还可用作使役动词 1 We now havehave the problem solved 我们现已把这个问题解决了 2 I hadhad a tooth out this afternoon 我今天下午拔了一颗牙 Note Note have 用作实义动词时不能使用缩略式 词组 have to 有情态意义 详见 情态动词 dodo 的形式和用法的形式和用法 助动词 do 有三种形式 肯定式否定式缩略否定式 原形 dodo notdon t 现在式第三人称单 数 doesdoes notdoesn t 过去式 diddid notdidn t Note Note do 用作实义动词时有现在分词 doing 和过去分词 done 助动词 do 的主要用法是 1 构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问句 1 DoDo you always carry an umbrella 你经常带伞吗 2 DidDid everything come off all right 一切都进行的有顺利吗 2 构成现在一般时和过去一般时的否定句 1 She diddidn t cool down for hours after that argument 在那场争辩之后 她有好几个小时都没平静下来 2 DoDon t worry he will be brought to book for his wickedness one day 别担心 他的恶行总有一天要受到惩罚的 3 用于替代 以避免重复 1 May I come round in the morning 上午我可以来拜访你吗 Yes please dodo 可以 请来吧 do 替代 come round 2 I don t like coffee and neither doesdoes my wife 我不喜欢咖啡 我妻子也不喜欢 does 替代 like 4 用于强调 1 My parents think I didn t study for my exams but diddid study 我爸爸妈妈认为我考试前没有复习 但我是复习了 2 Although I have little time for entertainment I dodo go to the theatre once in a while 虽然我很省有时间娱乐 一但我有时间就去 看戏 3 We re very pleased that she doesdoes intend to come 她的确打算来 我们非常高兴 4 The letter we were expecting never diddid arrive 我们期待的信一 直没有到 5 Do you remember how kind she was 你记得她多友善吗 I certainly dodo remember 当然记得 5 用于恳求 1 DoDo come to the party tonight 务请今晚来参加晚会 2 DoDo be quiet 请别作声 6 此外 do 还可用作实义动词 意谓 做 干 等等 1 She s s doingdoing her knitting 她正在编织衣物 2 She interrupted him before his speech was donedone 她不等他把话说完就打断了他 3 Bad books dodo great harm 坏书有很大害处 4 Will you dodo me a favour 你愿帮我个忙吗 5 Jane isis doingdoing the dishes 珍妮正在洗碟子 6 I will isis dodo my best 我愿尽力而为 7 That will dodo 行了 或够了 NoteNote 如用其它时态 疑问句的助动词须提至主语前 否定句的助动词之后加 not 如 1 WillWill he be able to hear at such a distance 离这么远 他会听得 到吗 2 You havehaven t been abroad before have you 你以前没出过国 是吗 shall should shall should 和和 will would will would 的形式和用法的形式和用法 助动词 shall 过去式 should 和 will 过去式 would 有下列几种形 式 肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式 shall llshall notshan t shouldshould notshouldn t will llwill not won t ll not would dwould not wouldn t d not 助动词 shall should 和 will would 可用于构成各种将来和过去将来 时态 shall should 用于第一人称 will would 用于第二 第三人称 在 当代英语 尤其是美国英语中 will would 常用于一切人称 1 shall 用于各种将来时态第一人称 当代英语多用 will 1 We shallshall be going away tomorrow by an early train 我们将于明日搭早班火车离开 2 I shallshall let you know as soon as I have heard from them 我一接到他们的信 当即告诉你 2 should 用于各种过去将来时态的第一人称 当代英语多用 would 1 So this was the place where I shouldshould study for the three years It made a bad first impression 后来 这就是我学习三年的地 方 它给我的第一个印象可不好 2 The BCC weather report this morning said that we shouldshould have rain 英国广播公司今晨的天气预报说 我们这儿将有雨 3 will 用于各种将来时态的第二 第三人称 1 They willwill be looking for anyone connected with her 他们将寻找每一个与她有往来的人 2 The play is coming off in August By then the play willwill have been running for three months 这个剧将于八月停演 到那时它将 连演三个月了 4 would 用于各种过去将来时态的第二 第三人称 1 They said it wouldwould be fine 人们说天气会很好 2 They wouldwould have finished by five o clock 他们将于五时前完工 Note Note shall should 和 will would 可用作情态动词 详见 情态动词 should 和 would 可以构成虚拟语气 详见 虚拟语气 二 情态动词二 情态动词 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度 情态动词有一定词义 不 受主语人称和数的变化影响 与主要动词的原形 或称不带 to 的不定式 一起 构成谓语 除 ought to 作固定词组看待 下面分别介绍情态动词的用法 1 1 cancan could could 1 表示能力 could 主要指过去时间 Two eyes can see more than one 两只眼比一只眼看得清 Could the girl read before she went to school 这女孩上学前能识 字吗 2 表示可能 理论上或是逻辑判断上 The temperature can fall to 60 that is 60 below freezing 气温可降至 60 也就是零下 60 He can t couldn t have enough money for a new car 他不可能有足够的钱买新车 You mustn t smoke while you re walking around in the wood You could start a fire 在林子里走时勿吸烟 那样可能会引起火灾 3 表示允许 Can I have a look at your new pen 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗 He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading room 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室 4 表惊异 怀疑 不相信等态度 主要用于否定句 疑问句或感叹句中 Where can could they have gone to 他们会去哪儿了呢 He can t couldn t be over sixty 他不可能超过六十岁 How can you be so careless 你怎么这么粗心 5 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法 Can Could you lend me a hand 帮我一把好吗 I m afraid we couldn t give you an answer today 恐怕我们今天 不能给你答 复 2 2 maymay might might 1 表允许 might 可以指过去时间 也可指现在时间 语气更委婉 You may take whatever you like 你喜欢什么就拿什么 He told me that I might smoke in the room 他告诉我可以在房间里 抽烟 May Might I ask for a photo of your baby 我可以要一张你宝宝的 照片 吗 在回答以 may 引起的问句时 多避免用这个词 而用其它方式 如 Yes please Certainly Please don t You d better not No you mustn t 等 以免显 得太严峻或不客气 2 表可能 事实上 可以指过去时间 也可以指现在时间 但语气更加不 肯定 He may be at home 他可能在家 She may not know about it 她可能不知道这件事 He was afraid they might not agree with him 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见 They might be having a meeting but I m not sure 他们有可能在开会 不过我不肯定 3 3 mustmust 1 表示义务 意为 必须 主观意志 We must do everything step by step 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做 You mustn t talk to her like that 你不可能那样对她说话 Must we hand in our exercise books now 我们现在就要交练习本 吗 No you needn t No you don t have to 不必 这种情况下 一般不用 mustn t 2 表示揣测 意为 想必 准是 一定 等 只用于肯定句 He must be ill He looks so pale 他准是病了 他的脸色苍白 She s wearing a diamond necklace She must have a lot of money 她戴着钻石项链 一定很有钱 4 4 shallshall 1 表征询意见 用于第一 第三人称疑问句 Shall I get you some tea 我给你点茶好吗 Shall the boy wait outside 让那男孩在外面等吗 What shall we do this evening 我们今晚做什么 2 表说话人的意愿 有 命令 允诺 警告 决心 等意思 用于第二 第三人称陈述句 You shall do as I say 按我说的做 命令 You shall have my answer tomorrow 你明天可以得到我的答复 允 诺 He shall be sorry for it one day I tell you 有一天他会后悔的 我告诉你 警告 Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划 决心 5 5 willwill 1 表意愿 用于各种人称陈述句 I will do anything for you 我愿为你做任何事 None is so blind as those who won t see 不愿看的人眼最瞎 If you will read the book I ll lend it to you 如果你愿意读这本书 我会把它借给你 2 表请求 用于疑问句 Will you close the window It s a bit cold 请你把窗户关上好吗 有点冷 Won t you drink some more coffee 再来一点咖啡好吗 3 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作 Fish will die out of water 鱼离开水就不能活 The door won t open 这门打不开 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点 看着车辆行人通过 6 6 shouldshould 1 表义务 意为 应该 某件事宜于做 用于各种人称 You should be polite to your teachers 你对老师应该有礼貌 You shouldn t waste any time 你不应该浪费时间 2 表推测 意为 想必一定 照说应该 估计 等 The film should be very good as it is starring first class actors 这部新电影是一流演员主演的 估计拍得很好 They should be home by now 照说他们现在应当已经到家了 7 7 wouldwould 1 表意愿 They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧 I said I would do anything for you 我说过我愿意为你做任何事 2 表委婉地提出请求 建议或看法 Would you like another glass of beer 再来杯啤酒好吗 Would you mind cleaning the window 请把窗户擦一下好吗 They wouldn t have anything against it 他们不会有什么反对意见 3 表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向 Every time she was in trouble she would go to him for help 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助 他告诉我盒子打不开了 8 8 oughtought toto 1 表义务 意为 应该 因责任 义务等该做 口气比 should 稍重 You are his father You ought to take care of him 你是他父亲 应当管他 You oughtn t to smoke so much 你不应该抽这么多烟 2 表推测 暗含很大的可能 语气较弱 Han Mei ought to know his telephone number 韩梅该知道他的电话号 码 There s a fine sunset it ought to be a fine day tomorrow 今天有晚霞 明天应该是个好天 9 9 usedused toto 表示过去的习惯动作或状态 现在不复发生或存在 疑问式和否定式有两种 He used to live in the countryside but now he lives in the city 他过去住在乡下 现在住在城里 He didn t use to smoke cigarettes He usedn t to smoke cigarettes Didn t Maria use to be interested in the theatre Usedn t Maria to be interested in the theatre 此外 此外 情态动词 现在完成式情态动词 现在完成式 是一种较活跃的语法现象 在各种考试中屡是一种较活跃的语法现象 在各种考试中屡 见不鲜 现将其用法归纳如下 见不鲜 现将其用法归纳如下 I 对过去行为发生的可能性的推测 1 must may might 现在完成式 表示对过去行为是否发生的可能性程 度不同的肯定推测 1 must 现在完成式 这一用法是指说话人对过去所发生的事情的肯定推 断 含有逻辑上的必然性 例如 He must have gone to the clinic 他一定是去医务室了 They started early this morning they must have arrived by now 他们一大早就启程了 现在一定到了 2 may 现在完成式 表示从现在看来过去可能发生某事 可译为 曾 经 一度 也许 等 例如 He may have missed the train 他可能没有赶上火车 3 might 现在完成式 表示 可能 也许 已经 但事实上并未如此 例如 I might have come to a wrong conclusion 我可能得出了错误的结论 2 表示对过去行为可能性的否定推测 1 could can not 现在完成式 表示以现在的眼光看来 过去不可能 发生 的事 可译为 不可能或不至于 例如 They couldn t have left so soon 他们不可能那么早就走了 They can t have missed the way They ve been to the zoo before 他们不可能迷路 暗含他们以前去过动 物园 I can t have seen him 我不可能见过他 2 may not 现在完成式 表示 不一定发生过 未必发生过 等 3 might not 现在完成式 表示 不一定就 也可能不 未免有点不 II 表示说话人的语气 1 表示委婉批评 1 could 现在完成式 含有埋怨或训斥的口气 例如 I could have lent you the money Why didn t you ask me 我本来可以把钱 借给你的 你为什么没有向我借呢 2 might 现在完成式 You might at least have answered my letter 你至少可以回我一封 信嘛 You might have been more careful 你本可以再细心一些 2 表示惊奇或怀疑 could can 现在完成式 常用在疑问句中 例如 Where can could they have gone 他们可能到哪里去了呢 How could they have forgotten such an important meeting 他们怎 么能忘记这么重要的会议呢 III 表示说话人认为过去的行为应该或不应该发生 1 should ought to 现在完成式 表示说话人认为该做而实际未做 的事 例如 They ought to have done that but they didn t 他们本应该这样 做 He should have told me the news earlier 他本应该早些告诉我这 消息 2 should not ought not to 现在完成式 表示过去做了不该做的事 例 如 You oughtn t to have done that 你这么做是不应当的 You should not have gone up to college so soon But you did 你本不应该这么早就上大学的 They shouldn t have come 他们本不应该来 IV 表示不必要性 表示说话人对过去已做的事情持否定态度 或认为此事根 本没必要做 常用句式为 needn t 现在完成式 例如 I needn t have hurried 我大可不必这么急 The war needn t have cost mankind so many lives It needn t have happened 在那场战争中本来不必有那么多人丧生 不仅如此 本 来就是一场不必要的战争 V 表假设 wouldn t 现在完成式 表示与事实相反的动作 实际上已经做了 但 假设没有做 可译为 就不会 决不会 等 例如 If not for these armed forces the situation in chins would never have been what it is today 要是没有这些军队 中国绝无今天的局面 三 专项练习三 专项练习 1 If it is fine tomorrow we a football match A have B will have C has D shall has 2 When he was at school he early and take a walk before break fast A will rise B shall rise C should rise D would rise 3 In the past 30 yeas China great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist consruction A has made B have made C had made D having made 4 I go to bed until I finished my work A don t had B didn t have C didn t had D don t have 5 you think he back by dinner time A Do have come B Did will have come C Does will come D Do will have come 6 He said that he dropped his bag when he for the bus A was runing B was running C were running D is running 7 No sooner he arrived home than he to start on another journey A has was asked B have were asked C had is asked D had was asked 8 you give me a room for the night I asked on arriving at the hotel A Should B Can C Might D May 9 There are nine of them so get into the car at the same time A they may not at all B all they may not C they can t all D all they can t 10 We didn t see him at the lecture yesterday He it A mustn t attend B cannot have attended C would have not attended D needn t have attended 11 You realize that you were driving at 100 mph don t you No officer I This car can t do more than 80 A didn t need to be B may not have been C couldn t have been D needn t have been 12 He was a good runner so he escape from the police A might B succeeded to C would D was able to 13 If they our plan will fall flat A are co operating B had not co operated C won t co operate D didn t co operate 14 I hoped my letter A her to answer B that she would answer C that she answers D her answering 15 He live in the country than in the city A prefers B likes to C had better D would rather 16 to see a film with us today A Did you like B Would you like C Will you like D Have you liked 17 I m sorry but I had no alternative I simply what I did A must do B had to do C ought to have done D have to do 18 Time is running out A hadn t we better got start B hadn t we better get start B hadn t we better get started D hadn t we better not started 19 No one that to his face A dares say B dares saying C dare say D dare to say 20 The students in the classroom not to make so much noise A need B ought C must D dare 21 You last week if you were really serious about your work A ought to come B ought to be coming C ought have come D ought to have come 22 The elephants ought hours ago by the keepers A to be fed B to feed C to being fed D to have been fed 23 I wonder why they re late They the train A can have missed B could miss C may have missed D might miss 24 Tom graduated from college at a very young age He have been an outstanding student A must B could C should D might 25 You the examination again since you had already passed it A needn t have taken B didn t need to take C needn t take D mustn t take Answers 1 5 BDACD 6 10 BDBCB 11 15 CDCBD 16 20 BBCCB 21 25 DDCAB 四 自测练习四 自测练习 1 He is really incompetent The letter yesterday A should be finished typing B must be finished typing C must have finished typing D should have been finished typing 2 The boy told his father that he would rather an astronaut A become B to become C becoming D became 3 When we reached the station the train had still not arrived so w e A needed not to hurry B needn t have hurried B need not to have hurried D didn t need to hurry 4 Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend you like to have dinner with us tonight A will B won t C wouldn t D do 5 He was afraid what he had done a disastrous effect on his c areer A might have B could be C have been D shall be 6 He hardly say anything more since you know about it A don t need to B needn t C needs D need 7 You the look on his face when he won the prize A would have seen B should have seen C must see D can be seeing 8 Some people think the stock market will crash but A I wonder if it happens B I doubt if it will happen C I am afraid it wouldn t happen D I doubt if it does happen 9 Whatever has happened to George I don t know He los t A can have got B may have got C might get D could get 10 He has no idea what the book is about He read the book A couldn t B couldn t have C mightn t have D shouldn t have 11 New studies show that two of Saturn s rings longer than the 4 5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System A could have lasted B should have lasted C would have lasted D must be lasting 12 Take the telescope with you in case you it in your expediti on A will need B would need C should need D could need 13 Need he come at once Yes he A must B must not C need D may 14 Please answer the phone It be by your father If it is would you tell that I want to see him A will B should C would D could 15 We ll never give in whatever they say or do A may B will C shall D should 16 I don t know whether it will rain or not but if it rain I shall stay at home A will B did C does D shall 17 You d like some tea A wouldn t you B shouldn t you C hadn t you D didn t you 18 May we take the books out A No you may not B No you can not C No you can t D Please don t 19 I would have come sooner but I that you were waiting A didn t know B hasn t known C hadn t know D haven t known 20 If you don t want to you to get there with us A mustn t B can t C don t have D have not 21 I would go to visit them but I think they are anxious to se e me A haven t B don t C doesn t D didn t 22 Whatever you can do A I can do so as well B I can do this as well B I can do it as well D I can do as well 23 I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved A Had B Have C Having D Has 24 Perhaps she is working for John Yes she for him A need have been working B may be working B ought have been working D ought be working 25 I know she was in because I heard her radio but she didn t open the door She the bell A may not be hearing B may not have heard B must not have heard D must not be hearing 26 He was smoking Then he A ought to have been not smoking B ought to have not been smoking C ought not to have been smoking D ought to not have been smoking 27 You out yesterday without a coat No wonder you caught cold A oughtn t have gone B shouldn t have gone C mustn t have gone D can t have gone 28 Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry A shouldn t have been riding B couldn t have been riding C oughtn t have been riding D can t have been riding 29 I am listening