地质英语论文.doc

Analysis of the sustainable development of marine mineral resources in China Abstract: The 21st century is a marine century become a strategic resource, the development of marine mineral resources, is an important way to solve the lack of resources. However, long-term excessive disorderly sea severely restricted the development and utilization of mineral resources of the ocean. Chinas marine mineral resources the variety reserves are very rich, and to strengthen the exploration and exploitation of marine mineral resources and to achieve sustainable development, has become an inevitable strategic choice.Keywords: marine mineral resources, marine development and management, sustainable development.The ocean is rich in mineral resources, and accelerate the development of marine mineral resources is the development trend of the world economy. Our country is a major maritime country, the total length of the mainland coastline of more than 1.8 million km, under the jurisdiction of the sea area of about 3,000,000 square kilometers. Development and utilization of marine mineral resources of our coastal waters, and the protection of the marine environment is of great significance to Chinas social and economic development.1 Development status quo of Chinas marine mineral resourcesMarine mineral resources in the broadest sense, including seabed mineral resources and mineral resources seawater, marine mineral resources generally refers only to seabed mineral resources and mineral resources in the sea water is classified as a marine chemical resources. Marine mineral resources in accordance with the output area is divided into the the beach placer resources, seabed mineral resources, and the Ocean Mineral Resources. China has developed marine mineral resources, including oil, natural gas, coastal sands, and Ocean Mineral Resources, gas hydrate exploration. More coastal placer species in China, has found that more than 60 kinds, estimated geological reserves of 1.6 trillion tons, according to the existing technical conditions ilmenite, rutile, zircon, magnetite, chromite mining value xenotime, alluvial gold. At present, the economic significance of the largest offshore oil and gas resources, coastal sands, ocean marine mineral resources such as manganese nodules.1.1 offshore oil and gasChinas vast continental shelf waters, abundant oil and gas resources, it consists of two main parts, the part of the oil and gas resources in the coastal waters on the continental shelf, the other part is the deep-sea oil and gas resources. 18 have been found in our waters Cenozoic sedimentary basins, the total area of nearly 1.3 million square kilometers. According to the preliminary results of the third oil resource evaluation, the national oil resources of 107.27 billion tons, of which offshore oil resources of 246 million tons, accounting for 22.9% of the total; gas resources amount to 54.54 trillion cubic meters, including marine gas 1.579 billion cubic meters, accounting for 29%. According to the 2004 Statistical Bulletin of Chinas marine economy, the offshore oil and gas industry in 2004 total output value of 59.5 billion yuan, the national marine crude oil production amounted to 284.3 billion tons, natural gas production of 5.8 billion cubic meters of the ocean. Since the 1960s, China began to carry out domestic exploration and exploitation of marine oil and gas resources in the 1980s began to attract foreign capital and technology cooperation exploration. Offshore oil and gas development in the implementation of our oil and gas both tilt to the gas, and the combination of self-exploration and development with foreign cooperation, upstream and downstream integration policy, made significant progress.Currently, the construction or expansion of our ongoing 12 marine oil and gas field projects, six of them in the Bohai Oilfield. 2010, Bohai offshore oilfield production reached 55.5 million tons, the growth of the main body of Chinas oil and gas.1.2 Coastal placerChina has proven coastal placer reserves for 1641373000 tons, industrial reserves of coastal placer minerals ilmenite, rutile, zircon, magnetite, chromite, xenotime, monazite, tin iron ore, tantalite, alluvial gold, industrial sand, sand and gravel aggregates of these minerals are mainly located in Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Taiwan Province. To 2002, has been proven by our coastal placer producing areas are more than 90 various types of deposit 191 (35 of which a large, 51 medium-sized, small 105) 135 mine sites. In 2004, Chinas coastal sand mining to achieve output value of 514 million yuan, accounting for 0.04% of the total output value of Chinas marine economy. Has proven more dispersed resources, relatively few large placer combined mining, smelting technology level is not high, and the placer resource development less stable.1.3 Other MineralsAfter years of investigation, we found in the South China Sea cobalt crusts, manganese nodule mining and combustible ice, several high-quality sulphidation epithermal deposits found in the Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea, rich in gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc minerals. China has done in the eastern Pacific area of two million square kilometers in reconnaissance circle has a commercial value of the application area of 300,000 square kilometers, which occurrence of polymetallic nodules in more than 20 million tons. Approved by the United Nations, Chinas access to the 150,000 square kilometers of the international seabed polymetallic nodule resources in the pioneer area, has 75,000 square kilometers of polymetallic nodules exclusive exploration area. In addition, in 2000, the Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey seismic waves to probe the seabed surface reflection, found that the area of the South China Sea combustible ice. Through a new round of Geological Survey, China Dongsha area was first discovered natural gas hydrate (can Ranbing) the direct evidence of the existence - the giant carbonate crusts, the distribution area is 430 square kilometers, further confirmed the new marine energy huge resource potential.2 of marine mineral resources development and utilization of the main problemsDevelopment of marine mineral resources in China started late and the technology is relatively backward, on the whole, there is a gap compared with developed countries. Marine mining is a new industry, Chinas development faster and broad prospects, there are still many problems need to be resolved, mainly in the following aspects:(1) marine basis of geological exploration and mineral resource exploration is relatively backward, the equipment is relatively poor, so our investigation in the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf is not comprehensive. In addition, the overall degree of mechanization mining is not high, backward technology lead to the industrial minerals lower recovery (40% to 60%), resulting in a waste of resources.(2) Undersea extensive mineral resources development, improper use, lack of sustainability arrangements. Placer operators due to individual or collective, digging huddle sea sand, and destruction of the natural marine landscape. Offshore oil exploitation, oil and natural exudation, accidental blowout, oil spill excretion, making the development of marine mineral resources of the marine environment gradually intensified.(3) Generally small scale, weak international competitiveness. Not accounted for the proportion of our marine mining in the marine economy, such as the offshore oil and gas owners to be concentrated in the waters off the coast of the Bohai Sea and other production accounts for only about 2% of the worlds offshore oil and gas production, the output value of 59.5 billion yuan in 2004, but also accounted for only 4.63% of the total output value of Chinas marine economy, coastal sand mining on more small, accounting for only 0.04% of the total output value of Chinas marine economy.(4) The continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the disputed border with neighboring countries. China and neighboring countries disputed sea area of 120 million square square kilometers, almost half of the area of the jurisdiction of the China Sea, which is a serious impediment to the development of marine mineral resources in China. With relevant countries in accordance with the provisions of section 74 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and Article 83 division in the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and South China Sea, China and other countries disputed the boundary of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. The Convention does not have clear criteria for the classification, delineated only requires the agreement of the countries concerned in accordance with the principle of fairness, to increase the difficulty of the negotiations on the demarcation of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. These so-called disputed sea area, a lot of mineral resources, mainly oil and gas resources are being wantonly illegal plunder neighboring countries.3. Chinas marine mineral resources development and utilization recommendations(1) adhere to the principles of sustainable development, scientific, rational and efficient development of marine mineral resourcesMarine mineral resources development should adhere to the principles of sustainable development, follow the scientific concept of development, to achieve the goal of sustainable development. Prevent quick success, predatory exploitation of mineral resources, reasonable arrangements for the development and utilization of mineral resources, according to the national economic development needs of the development of marine mineral resources development and utilization planning to protect the dominant mineral. Meanwhile, to strengthen the management of paid use of, the holder of mining, the implementation of the responsibilities for environmental protection and other measures to improve the level of marine mineral resources management.(2) rely on scientific and technological advances in the development of marine mineral resourcesMarine mineral resources development is a high-tech, high investment, high risk project, we must rely on scientific and technological progress. China should be for the purpose of sustainable development and utilization of marine resources, to strengthen and encourage marine high-tech research and application of science and technology. In addition, marine geological work for the pilot, and constantly enhance the level of marine geology and mineral resources exploration. Marine geological work should adhere to national needs-oriented, and constantly enhance the level of geology and mineral resources exploration, especially in resource evaluation and exploration of efforts in basic, strategic and welfare of marine geological survey and research work. The nonprofit marine geological survey work should be combined with commercial mineral exploration and development, well-based information services. marine mineral resources development and protection of the marine environment and tryDevelopment of marine resources, and accelerate the development of marine economy, is an important development strategy in China. In the development of marine resources, to avoid damage to marine ecological balance. To adhere to both development and protection, correctly handle the relationship between marine resources and marine economic development and the marine environment, and efforts to promote the implementation of cleaner production in enterprises in the exploration and exploitation of marine resources, reduce pollution, and protect the marine environment.(4) strengthen macro-control policies to guide development and utilization of marine mineral resources, and to strengthen international cooperationChinas marine mining is an emerging industry, in addition to the development of offshore oil and gas resources larger scale of the development and utilization of other resources are relatively small. Government departments should strengthen the macro-control policy on marine mining guide, encourage, and promote the healthy and orderly development of the industry; strengthen the construction of marine regulations, maintain the order of development of marine resources, and safeguard national interests in marine resources. The same time, it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation, adhere to the path of self-development and international cooperation simultaneously, to attract companies to help solve the problem of capital, risk and technology of the developed countries. In the process of cooperation, it is necessary to focus on learning foreign advanced technology and management experience.4 ConclusionMineral resources, the protection of important material foundation for economic and social development and sustainable development. China has rich marine resources, and broad space for development. Accelerate the development of marine mineral resources, changing ocean advantages into economic advantages, without endangering the premise of future generations to meet their own needs development to meet the needs of contemporary people, to achieve the sustainable use of resources, and the development of the marine economy, achieve their sustainable development goals. 中国地质大学长城学院地质英语论文 系别 地球科学与资源系 专业 资源勘查工程 学生姓名 王德华 学 号 03410531 指导教师 夏奎菊 2012年12月16日浅析我国海洋矿产资源的可持续发展摘要：21世纪是海洋世纪，将海洋矿产资源发展成为一种战略性资源，是解决我国资源匮乏的重要途径。然而，长期无度无序地用海，严重制约了海洋矿产资源的开发利用。我国海洋矿产资源无论是种类还是储量都非常丰富，加强海洋矿产资源的勘查开发并实现其可持续发展，已经成为我国必然的战略选择。关键词：海洋矿产资源、海洋开发管理、可持续发展海洋蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源，加快海洋矿产资源开发是世界经济发展的一个趋势。我国是一个海洋大国，大陆海岸线总长度超过1.8万千米，所管辖的海域面积约300万平方千米。开发和利用我国沿海海域的海洋矿产资源，保护海洋环境，对我国社会和经济的发展具有重要意义。1.我国海洋矿产资源的开发现状海洋矿产资源在广义上包括海底矿产资源和海水中的矿产资源两大部分，但海洋矿产资源一般仅指海底矿产资源，而将海水中的矿产资源归为海洋化学资源。海洋矿产资源依产出区域划分为海滨砂矿资源、海底矿产资源和大洋矿产资源。目前我国已经开发的海洋矿产资源包括石油、天然气、 滨海砂矿等，并对大洋矿产资源、天然气水合物等进行了调查勘探。我国滨海砂矿种类较多，已发现60多种，估计地质储量达1.6万亿吨，根据现有技术条件具有开采价值的主要有钛铁矿、金红石、锆石、磁铁矿、铬铁矿、磷钇矿、沙金等。目前，经济意义最大的是海洋石油天然气资源、滨海砂矿、大洋锰结核等海洋矿产资源。1.1海洋石油和天然气我国大陆架海域辽阔，油气资源相当丰富，它主要包括两部分，一部分是近海大陆架上的油气资源，另一部分是深海区的油气资源。在我国海域已发现18个新生代沉积盆地，总面积近130万平方千米。按第三次石油资源评价初步结果，目前全国石油资源量为1072.7亿吨，其中海洋石油资源量为246亿吨，占总量的22.9%；天然气资源量为54.54万亿立方米，其中海洋天然气为15.79亿立方千米，占29%。据2004年中国海洋经济统计公报显示，2004年海洋油气业总产值595亿元，全国海洋原油产量达2843亿吨，海洋天然气产量58亿立方米。自20世纪60年代起，我国开始进行海洋油气资源的自营勘探开发，80年代开始吸引外国资金和技术，进行合作勘探。我国的海洋石油天然气开发实行油气并重，向气倾斜，自营勘探开发与对外合作相结合，上下游一体化的政策，取得了重大进展。目前，我国正在进行12个海洋油气田项目的建设或扩建，其中6个在渤海油田。至2010年，渤海海上油田的产量达5550万吨，成为我国油气增长的主体。1.2滨海砂矿我国目前已探明的滨海砂矿储量为164137.3万吨，具有工业储量的滨海砂矿矿种有钛铁矿、金红石、锆石、磁铁矿、铬铁矿、磷钇矿、独居石、锡铁矿、钽铁矿、沙金、工业砂、砂和砂石集料等，这些矿种主要分布在山东、福建、广东、广西、海南和台湾省。至2002年，我国滨海已探明的砂矿产区有90余处，各类矿床191个（其中大型35个，中型51个，小型105个），矿点135个。2004年，我国滨海砂矿业实现产值达5.14亿元，占我国海洋经济总产值的0.04%。由于已探明资源比较分散，大型砂矿比较少，加之采矿、冶炼技术水平不高，砂矿资源开发不甚稳定。1.3其他矿产经过多年的调查，我国在南海海底发现了钴结壳、锰结核矿和可燃冰，在东海冲绳海槽发现几处高品质的硫化热液矿床，富含金、银、铜、铅和锌等矿物。我国已在东太平洋完成概查面积200万平方公里，圈出具有商业价值的申请区30万平方公里，其中赋存多金属结核20多万吨。经联合国批准，我国获得了国际海底15万平方公里多金属结核资源开辟区，拥有了7.5万平方公里多金属结核的专属勘探区。此外，在2000年，广州市海洋地质调查局利用地震波探测海底地表反射，发现了中国南海区域有“可燃冰”存在。通过新一轮地质大调查，我国东沙海域首次发现了天然气水合物（即可燃冰）存在的直接证据巨型碳酸盐岩结壳，其分布面积大430平方公里，进一步证实海洋新能源的巨大资源潜力。2.我国海洋矿产资源开发利用存在的主要问题我国海洋矿产资源的开发起步较晚，从总体上看技术比较落后，与发达国家相比存在一定的差距。海洋矿业是新兴产业，虽然我国的发展速度较快，前景广阔，仍存在不少急需解决的问题，主要有以下几方面：海洋的基础地质勘探与矿产资源勘探比较落后，装备相对较差，使得我国对专属经济区和大陆架的勘测还不全面。另外，总体开采的机械化程度不高，技术落后导致工业