初三语法语法讲解及练习.doc

性别男年级初三学科英语上课时间 第（ ）次课共（ ）次课课时：2 课时一、 课前摸底练习1.Thank you for invitation. I am looking forward to that party.（14冠词）A. a B. an C. The2._ 2013 Guangzhou Reading Month was started on Mar. 30th.(13冠词)A. A B. An C. The3.You can do lots of things in a science museum, but you obey the rules.（14情态动词）A. can B. may C. have to4.Lets get a bite to eat. I bet you _ be starving.（13情态动词）A. cant B. must C. Need5. seriously ill the poor old monkey is!（14感叹句）A. How B. What a C. What6. _ terrible the school bus accident was!（13感叹句）A. How B. What C. What a7.We lost the way in the forest, and we didnt know_(13宾语从句)A.where we get back B. when did we get back C. how we could get back8. Could you tell me _ during Earth Hour on Mar. 31st this year？（13宾语从句）A. where were you B. what you are doing C. who you stayed with9.People _ smoke in a public place may have to pay 500 yuan as a punishment（13定语从句）A. what B. who C. which10.Foshan is a city_ has a very long history.（12定语从句）A. whoseB. whichC. Who二、语法讲解冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。1.不定冠词的用法：1).指一类人或事，相当于akindof.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2).第一次提及某人某物，非特指.Aboyiswaitingforyou.3).表示“每一”相当于every one.Westudyeighthoursaday.4).表示“相同”相当于thesame.Wearenearlyofanage.5).用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事。AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout.ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6).用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7)用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后。Thisroomisratherabigone.8).用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.2.定冠词的用法：1）.表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2).用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3).表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4).用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5).用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6).表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7).用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8).用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9).用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compasswasinventedinChina.10).在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代inthe1990s11).用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12).用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.3.零冠词的用法：1).专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2).名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3).季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4).表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5).学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6).与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrain,byair,byland7).以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8).表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.冠词练习1DoesJimhave_ruler？Yes，hehas_Aan；someBa；oneCa；Dany；one2Thereis_oldbike_oldbikeisMrZhaosAan；TheBthe；AnCa；TheDthe；The3_appleadaykeepsthedoctorsawayATheBACAnDTwo4Howmanybooksdoyouhave？Ihave_bookThats_EnglishbookAa；anBa；oneCone；anDone；one5AtthattimeTomwas_one-year-oldbabyAaBanCtheD6_tigeris_ChinaAThe；aBA；theCThe；fromDThe；the7Wecantsee_sunat_nightAthe；theBthe；Ca；D；8_usefulbookitis！AWhatanBHowaCWhataDWhat9Oneafternoonhefound_handbagTherewas_“s”onthecornerof_handbagAa；an；theBa；a；theCan；an；anDthe；a；a10_oldladywithwhitehairspoke_Englishwellat_meetingAAn；an；aBThe；anCThe；aDThe；the11_GreatWallis_longestwallintheworldAA；aBThe；theCA；theDThe；a12_newbridgehasbeenbuiltoverHuangpuRiverAThe；aBA；CA；theDAn；the13_womanoverthereis_popularteacherinourschoolAA；anBThe；aCThe；theDA；the14Heusedtobe_teacherbutlaterheturned_writerAa；aBa；theC；aDa；15Theymadehim_kingAaBtheCanD16Hisfatheris_EnglishteacherHeworksinourschoolAaBanCtheD17Ishe_Americanboy？AanBaConeD18DoesTomoftenplay_footballafter_school？A；B；theCthe；Da；19Theypassedourschool_daybeforeyesterdayAanBoneCaDthe20Australiais_English-speakingcountryAaBanCtheD21Shehas_orangeskirt_skirtisniceAa；TheBan；TheCan；ADthe；The22Thisis_appleIts_bigappleAan；aBa；theCa；anDan；the23Lookat_horseoverthereAaBanCtheD24Dontplay_basketballhereItsdangerousAaBanCDthe25Thereis_oldwomaninthecarABtheCaDan26Beijingis_beautifulcityIts_capitalofChinaAa；aBthe；theC；theDa；the27Shanghaiisin_eastofChinaABanCaDthe28Ivebeenastudenttherefornearlytwoand_halfyearsAaBanCtheD29-Billis_Englishteacher-Helikesplaying_footballAa；theBan；theCa；Dan；30ThemuseumisquitefarItwilltakeyouhalf_hourtogetthereby_busAan；Ban；aCa；D；情态动词情态动词有具体的词义，但也同助动词一样，需要与其他词语一起构成句子的谓语，另外情态动词没有人称和数的变化，情态动词后必须跟动词原形。考点一：can，may，must等情态动词在陈述句中的用法：1. can的用法（能，可能，可以吗）：1）.表示能力、许可、可能性。表示能力时一般译为“能、会”，即有种能力，尤其是生来具备的能力，此时may和must均不可代替它。如：She can swim fast, but I cant . 2）.表示许可，常在口语中。如：You can use my dictionary. 3）.表示推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中，此时cant译为“不可能”。2. could的用法：1）.can的过去式，意为“能、会”，表示过去的能力。如：He could write poems when he was 10. 2）. could在疑问句中，表示委婉的语气，此时could没有过去式的意思。如:Could you do me a favour?Could I use your pen?Yes, you can.（注意回答）3. may的用法（可以吗，可能）：1）.表示请求、许可，比can正式，如：May I borrow your bike? You may go home now.2) .表示推测，谈论可能性，意为“可能，或许”，一般用于肯定句中。如：It may rain tomorrow . She may be at home.3) .may的过去式为might，表示推测时。可能性低于may。如：He is away from school. He might be sick.4) . 表示希望、祈求、祝愿，常可译为“祝愿”。通常是用may +主+V例如：May you have a good time. May you be happy! May you succeed！4. must的用法（一定，必须）：1).must表示主观看法，意为“必须、一定”。如：You must stay here until I come back. Must I hand in my homework right now?2)其否定形式mustnt表示“一定不要” “千万别” “禁止,不许”.如：You mustnt play with fire. You mustnt be late.3)对must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为neednt 或dont have to .如：Must I finish my homework?No, you neednt.4)must表示有把握的推测，用于肯定句。如: The light is on, so he must be at home now.5. need的用法：1).need表示需要、必须，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，其否定形式为neednt，意为“没有必要，不必”。用need提问时，肯定回答为must，否定回答为neednt或dont have to。如：Need I stay here any longer?Yes, you must .No. you neednt /dont have to.2).need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称、数和时态的变化，如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。如：I need to do it right now. 如果是物作主语，一般用need doing与need to be done这种情况下应注意两点：(1)主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义；(2)该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。例如：. The door needs painting. = The door needs to be painted. 7. shall的用法：shall表示征求对方意见（多用于第一、三人称），如：Shall we go out for a walk?8. should的用法：1).should意为“应该”，可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。如：We should protect the environment.2)Should have done表示对过去动作的责备、批评。如：You should have finished your homework.9. will的用法：will表示意愿、意志、打算，可用于多种人称。如：I will help you if Im free this afternoon.10. had better的用法：had better意为“最好”，没有人称的变化，后面接不带to的不定式，其否定形式为：had better not。如：We had better go now.考点二：含有情态动词的疑问句的回答:1.对may引出的问句，可以有下列回答方式：Yes,you may. Yes, of course.Yes, certainly.Sure .No, you mustnt. No, you cant.2.对must引出的疑问句，回答方式为：Yes, must. No, neednt/ dont have to.3.could在疑问句中，表示委婉的语气，此时could没有过去式的意思。如:Could you do me a favour?Could I use your pen?Yes, you can.（注意回答）4. shall引出的疑问句用于第一人称，表示征求对方意见或客气的请求。其回答方式有以下几种：Yes, please.All right.No, thank you.5.would you的回答方式有以下几种：Yes, I will. (No, I wont.)Sure . (Im sorry , I cant.)All right/ OK/ With pleasure.Certainly. (No, thank you .)Yes, please.考点三:不同情态动词的否定意义也不同：1.1）.cant可译为“不会”，如：I cant play basketball.2）.当句子表推测时，用cant表达不可能，如：He cant be ill. He is playing chess with Tom.3）.cant还可用来回答“ May I ? ”这样的问句。如：May I come in ? No, you mustnt. / cant.4）.cant还可用于固定习语中。cant help doing禁不住，情不自禁cant wait to do something迫不及待地要做2. may的否定式为may not，译成“可能不”，如：He may not be at home.3. 1）.mustnt表示不许，不可。如：He mustnt leave his room.2) .mustnt也可用于以may表示要求时的否定回答中。如：May I stand here?No, you mustnt (cant).4. 1）.neednt意为“不必”。如：You neednt meet him unless youd like to.2）.neednt + have+动词的过去分词，表不需要完成但已完成的动作，暗含时间或精力上的浪费。如：You neednt have bought it.你没必要买它（但你却买了）。5. shouldnt表示不应该。如：You shouldnt feel so unhappy over such little things.情态动词练习1. - Where is Mary? - She _ in the library. A. should be B. must be C. can be 2. His room is dark. He must _ to bed. A. go B. be going C. have gone 3. “Will your father stay home tonight?” “Im not sure, He _to work.” A. must go B. can go C. may be gone D. may be going4. “I think Helen is at home.” “ No, she _ be at home, for she phoned me from the airport just five minutes ago.” A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant 5. “ _ he be watching TV now?” Yes, he _ be watching TV now.” No, he _ be watching TV now.” A. Must; can; mustnt B. Can; must; cant C. Must; must; cant D. Can; can; mustnt6. You must be a writer, _ you? A. mustnt B. are C. must D. arent7. You must have seen her yesterday, _ you? A. mustnt B. havent C. didnt D. dont8. You must have seen her, _ you? A. havent B. didnt C. dont D. A or B9. “Must he do it?” “No, he _.” A. mustnt B. neednt C. doesnt have to D. B or C10. “Need you go now?” “Yes, I _.” “No, I _.” A. need; neednt B. must; neednt C. may; mustnt D. can; neednt11. “May I borrow your bike?” “No, you _.” A. mustnt B. may not C. had better not D. cant12. I missed the last bus, so I _ go home on foot. A. must B. have to C. may D. had to13. We _ hurry if we want to arrive in time. A. must B. need C. may D. have to14. My brother _ be very naughty, and my sister _ like reading. A. used to; would B. would; used to C. used to; used to D. would; would15. _ we set off now? A. Shall B. Will C. Would D. ought16. “_ he open the window?” Yes, please.” A. Does B. will C. Shall D. Would感叹句感叹句巧解：感叹句要看后面，即看形容词后的东东，1) 若形容词后紧跟可数名词单数，就用what a/an；是不可数名词或可数名词复数，只用what。2）若形容词后后紧跟a/an/the/my/your/this/that/Toms等等乱七八糟的东西，想都不用想，直接用how就OK了。如： 例句1：What a good boy he is! 他是个多么好的男孩啊！ / 形容词 单数名词 例句2：What good boys they are! 他们是多么好的男孩啊！/ 形容词 复数名词 例句3：What cold weather it is! 多么冷的天气啊！/ 形容词 不可数名词 例句4：How good the boy is! 这男孩多好啊！/ 形容词 乱糟糟 若没有形容词，而出现副词或是句子，直接用how.例：How well he plays the guitar! 他吉他弹得多好啊！ / 副词 （what不可以修饰副词，看到副词直接用how） How time flies! How fast Liu Xiang runs 打油诗一首: 感叹句往后看 形容词后是名单 就用what a或what an 形后若是不可数或名复数 只用what就可以 形容词后乱糟糟 只写how就OK了感叹句练习1. _ fast the boy ran!A. How B. How an C. What D. What an2. _ well you sing but _ badly he dances!A. How, howB. What, whatC. How, whatD. What, how3. _ delicious the soup is! Id like some more.A. How B. How an C. What D. What an 4. _ fools they were! They believed what the man said. A. How B. How an C. What D. What an5. _ foolish they were! They believed what the man said.A. HowB. How an C. WhatD. What an6. _ difficult questions they are! I cant answer them.A. How B. How an C. What D. What an7. I miss my friend very much. _ I want to see her!A. How B. How an C. What D. What an8. _ lovely weather we are having these days!A. How B. How an C. What D. What an9. _ beautiful your new dress is!A. How B. How an C. What D. What an10. _ interesting work it is to teach children! A. How B. How an C. What D. What an定语从句1.定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。如：1).Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.2).YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when、why关系词常有三个作用：（1）引导定语从句（2）代替先行词（3）在定语从句中担当一个成分2.关系代词引导的定语从句1).who指人，在从句中做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2).whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedabout.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(2)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3).which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语)(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)4).that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(1)Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语)(2)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?(在句子中做宾语)5).whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(4)Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthe color of whichisyellow?注意：1.关系代词引导定语从句时，可作主语、宾语、定语等句子成分。如：代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhowhichthat定语whose（ofwhom）whose（ofwhich）1).ThisisthedoctorwhocamefromLondon.2).Thebookwhich/thatIamreadingiswrittenbyThomasHardy.3).Thedeskwhoselegisbrokenisveryold.4).ThisistheroomthatwhichShakespearewasbornin.2使用关系代词时应注意以下几点：1).如果先行词是all，anything，something，nothing，everything，little，none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：Allthatarepresentburstintotears.2）如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first，last，any，only，few，much，no，some，very等词修饰，关系代词常用that，不用which。例如：ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.3）which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思与andthis相似。例如：Hesucceededinthecompetition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.4）先行词中既有人又有物时，关系代词应该用that。例如：Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.定语从句练习()1.-Doyouknowtheman_istalkingwithyourfather？-Yes，hesourheadmaster.A.heB.whoC.whichD.whom()2.Thegirl_isreadingunderthetree_mysister.A.which；isB.whom；wasC.who；isD.who；was()3.HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic_actorsareveryfamous?AwhoBwhoseCthatDwhom()4.Annaskedthepoliceman_heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.AwithhimBwithwhomCwhoDwhom()5.Achild_parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.AwhichBhisCwhoseDwith()6.Thisisthereason_hetoldme.A、thatB、whyC、onwhichD、forthat()7.Doyouknowthescientist_gaveusatalkjustnow?A.whoB.whomC.whichD.whose()8.Thisisthedictionary_Mumgavemeformybirthday.A.whichB.whatC.whoseD.whom()9.ShaolinTemple_liesinthewestofZhengzhouwelcomesthevisitorsbothathomeandabroad.A.whereB.whichC.whoD.what()10.Doyouknowthegirl_isstandingunderthetree?Sheismylittlesister.A.whoB.whomC.whose D.which()11.Beijingisthe29thcity_holdstheOlympicGames.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.what()12.Haveyoureadthebook_Igaveyouyesterday?A.thatB.whenC.where()13.Theman_cametoourpartywithapresentismyoldfriend.A.whenB.whichC.Who()14.Ilikewriters_writeshortstories.A.whichB.whatC.whomD.who()15.Thisisthequestion_wearetalkingaboutnow.A.thatB.whoC.whereD.when()16.Whatareyoulookingfor?Iamlookingforthebook_Iboughtyesterday.A.whoB.whichC.whose()17.Jack,thereissomeoneintheoffice_wouldliketospeakwithyou.A.whoB.whichC.whom()18.Ifabagisfilledwithbooksandpens,itmustbelongtosomeone_worksh