新编英语教程第三版第二册unit 3

Unit 3I Lead-inII Language Structures Modal auxiliaries1. would + perfect infinitive used to express “unfulfilled wish”e.g. I would have liked to sign up, but I sprained my ankle.2. should /ought to + perfect infinitive used to express “unfulfilled obligation”neednt + perfect infinitive expressing “unnecessary past actions”e.g. 1) She should/ ought to have had more oral practice during the term. 2) She neednt have learned all the dialogues by heart.3. may /might + perfect infinitive used to express “speculations about past actions”can /could not + perfect infinitive used to express “negative deduction about pastactions”e.g. 1)He may/might have gone to the library. 2) She cant/couldnt have gone to the library.4. must + perfect infinitive used to express “affirmative deduction about past actions”may /might as well used with the second person pronoun expressing “suggestions”e.g. 1) She must have gone to the language lab. 2) You may/might as well use my bike.Preparatory Questions Directions: Recast the following sentences using the following phrases:1. “would have liked to (do)” Notice:would have liked to (do)isused with the first person to express the speakers wish that was not fulfilled1) I intended to go skating with you yesterday but I couldnt because my mother didnt let me.(Response: I would have liked to go skating with you yesterday, but my mother didnlet me.)2) I meant to sit in on Professor Wangs class this morning but I didnt because I had an important meeting to attend.(Response: I would have liked to sit in on Professor Wangs class this morning, but I had an important meeting to attend.)3) I intended to take part in the basketball match yesterday afternoon but I couldntbecause I had a bad fall yesterday morning.(Response: I would have liked to take part in the basketball match yesterday afternoon, but I had a bad fall yesterday morning.)4) I planned to lend you my cassette recorder, but I didnt, because it was out of order.(Response: I would have liked to lend you my cassette recorder, but it was out oforder.)2. should/ought to + perfect infinitiveNotice:should/ought to + perfect infinitive, indicating a past obligation that was not fulfilled1) The exhibition was a good one. All of us visited it except John.(Response: : John should/ought to have come with us.)2) We all learned a lot from the lecture, but Li didnt attend it.(Response: : Li ought to/should have attended the lecture.)3) The engineer went to the research institute without an umbrella and was caught in the rain.(Response: : The engineer ought to/should have taken an umbrella with him.)4) They bought a book for Mary but she didnt like it.(Response: : They oughtnt to/shouldnt have bought the book for Mary.)neednt + perfect infinitiveNotice: neednt + perfect infinitive, indicating something that was unnecessarily done in the past1) I wrote a summary in more than five hundred words. But the teacher only asked for200 words.(Response: : I neednt have written such a long summary.)2) Lin answered all the ten questions in the test paper. But we were only required toanswer eight of them.(Response: : Lin neednt have answered all the ten questions in the test paper.)3) Mary went to the station an hour before the train started.(Response: : Mary neednt have gone to the station so early.)4) Yao carried all the parcels home herself. She didnt know they would deliver them if she asked them.)(Response: : Yao neednt have carried all the parcels home herself. They would havedelivered them if she had asked them.)3 may/might +perfect infinitive Notice: may/might +perfect infinitive, indicating speculations about past actions1) Where is Susan? I want to go to the canteen with her.(Response: : She may/might have gone there already.)2) Its a fortnight since Sun went to the South and we havent got a word from him. Iwonder if hes forgotten us all.(Response: : He may/might have been very busy with his work there.)3) Sid told me hed let me have the library book after hed finished with it. Its a weeksince he said that and he still hasnt given me the book.(Response: : He may/might have returned the book to the library. / He may / might not have finished reading it yet.)4) Ive been looking for my bicycle key for three days, and its still nowhere to be found.(Response: : You may/might have lost it.)cant/couldnt + perfect infinitiveNotice: cant/couldnt + perfect infinitive, indicating negative deduction about past actionsThe first part of the response can be given to the students as a prompt.1) Where is my typewriter? Someone must have stolen it last night.(Response: : It was here a moment ago. It couldnt have been stolen last night.)2) Keith ought to be here now. Perhaps hes lost his way.(Response: : I told him how to come and I even drew him a map. He cant have lost his way.)3) Who brought the refrigerator upstairs? Perhaps it was Tim.(Response: : Tims not that strong. He couldnt have brought it by himself.)4) A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband.(Response: : But her husband hasnt come back from abroad yet. It couldnt have been her husband.)4. must + perfect infinitiveNotice: must + perfect infinitive, indicating affirmative deduction about past actions1) The film he saw last night was wonderful.(Response: : He must have enjoyed seeing it.)2) He looks tired, doesnt he?(Response: : He must have worked hard. / He must have stayed up late last night.)3) The children were making a lot of noise until five minutes ago. Now it is so quiet.(Response: : The children must have gone away.)4) James has checked all the figures twice over, but he cant get the correct answer.(Response: : James must have made a mistake somewhere.)5. may/might as wellNotice: may/might as well, used with the second person pronoun to express the speakerssuggestion(s)1) I am so exhausted after work.(Response: : You may/might as well go to sleep.)2) Im not feeling well. I think Ive got a cold.(Response: : Being so weak, you may/might as well see a doctor.)3) It is too hot for Karen and me to go for a picnic.(Response: : Why dont you change it to another day? You may/might as well go to amovie today.)4) Nick wont take up the additional work. He just wants to do his part.(Response: : You may/might as well ask Lucy to do it. To get ahead on her job, she iswilling to try new things.)Dialogue Pollution Control A. Listening to the recording B. Questions on the dialogue1. Why is London no longer a city full of fog?2. What is the cause of air and water pollution in the city where A lives?3. What problems do car bring?4. What should be done to bring pollution in China completely under control?5. Do you think that environmental pollution in China has been effectively reduced? If so, please cite some facts or examples. C. Language Points1. It must be terrible living there. Living there must be terrible. The introductory it is a formal subject, whereas the -ing participle living is the real subject. Another example,e.g. It is great fun boating on the lake.2. the Clean Air Act This was the result of the recommendations made by the Beaver Committee which was set up to inquire into the question of urban pollution in Britain. The committee was so named because its chairman was Sir Hugh Beaver.3. enforce v .give emphasis or strength to sth.加强；make sth.(a law ) obeyed or effective by force强迫服从，实施；force or cause sth. to be done or to happen迫使（某事）发生e.g. 1) Mike must provide enough examples to enforce his argument. 2) You have no right to enforce your own views on me. 3) The government is unable to enforce its own laws and regulations.4. the Thames is swarming with fish the River Thames is full of fish that move about busily. The names of rivers are preceded by the definite article the, e.g., the Yangzi River, the Yellow River, the Hudson River, the River Mississippi.e.g. 1）Each summer the swimming pool swarms with people. 2) That town is always swarming with tourists from all over the world.5. double: twice as much or as many as usual; 成双的，双重的，两倍的a. n. v.a double bed/room at/on the double 迅速地，立即地；以跑步方式e.g.1) The boss will give him double pay for working overtime. 2) The date had a double significance. 3) Youd better be double careful when crossing the street. 4) The population of Japan doubles that of Canada. 5) The child birthrate in that area has doubled.6. torment n. extreme suffering, especially mental suffering; a person or thing that causes this.痛苦，折磨 v. e.g. 1) Love is a sweet torment. 2) David has never suffered the torment of rejection. 3)They never torment themselves or each other over imperfections.7.treatment devices devices used to treat smoke, dust, and water pollution 治理三废设备e.g. 1) The television receiver is an electronic device. 2) Sending advertising by email is very effective marketing device. 3) His illness is merely a device to avoid seeing his girlfriend.8. residential a. containing or suitable for private houses; connected with or based on residence住宅的，与居住有关的e.g.1) Gradually the surrounding farmland turned into residential areas. 2) It is a nice residential section, equipped with modern conveniences.resident a. 居住的；n.居民，居住者residence n. 居住，住宅reside v.居住，定居9.irritate v. make ab. angry, annoyed or impatient 激怒，使烦躁；cause discomfort to(a part of body)使不舒服，刺激e.g. 1) Our faults irritate us most when we see them in others. 2) Her effusive manner of greeting her friends finally began to irritate them. 3) These tight shoes irritate my toes. 10. more and more people have come to know how harmful . more and more people begin to know how harmful . The infinitive after the verb come expresses an action that takes place gradually over some time. e.g.After working with Mrs. Brown, who appeared quite hard-hearted, in the same office for many years, Ive come to see that she has a heart of gold.11. make stricter laws to that effect make stricter laws with the intention to forbid car horns blowing in the streets. The word effect refers to what B says in the preceding line “its against the law to blow car horns in any street in town.” to that effect: used to show that youre giving the general meaning of what sb. has said or written rather than te exact words表示那个/这个意思，大意如此e.g.1）He said he was greatly worried, or words to that effect. 2) Mary said she hated to see John, or hear of the words to that effect.to this/the effect 大意是说to good/great/ dramatic effect 产生好的结果to no effect 无效果，不起作用Expressions in Focus 1. “do away with.” terminate, get rid of; abolish sth. e.g. e.g. 1) Why not do away with all the junk in your room? It is getting more and more untidy!2) How could they do away with a lovely old building like that and put a car park there instead? 3) These ridiculous rules and regulations should have been done away with years ago. 2. “add to” increase or have an increased effect; “add sth. to sth.” put sth. together with sth. else so as to increase e.g.e.g.1) His words did nothing but added to my anger.2) The bad weather only added to our difficulties. 3) Teachers should exercise their imagination and add art to their teaching. 3. “bringunder control” subdue or master sth. e.g.1) To bring the noisy children under control, the teachers told them the story of “Buzzy Bees”. 2) Hundreds of firemen have brought a wildfire spread over nine square kilometers of land under control after battling to put out the flames for two days. 3) The Prime Minister said yesterday that the government is making all efforts to bring the high inflation under control.D. RetellingSample outline for retellingB, a student from England, is talking to A about the pollution problem.1. B tells A about London at present: the steps that have been taken by the government andthe change that has taken place.2. A and B talk about the pollution problem in China:1) air pollution in factory zones;2) noise pollution in city streets;3) A tells B that the Chinese government has taken some measures to control pollution.Reading I Environment PollutionA. Pre-Reading ActivityThe environmental pollution on our planet has caused undesirable change and harmfully affected health, survival and activities of humans and other living organisms. Now, please think about the following questions before you read the text.1. What are the major causes of environmental pollution?Sample: Development of industry and Urbanization. 2. Is the place where you live polluted or even seriously polluted? If so, describe to your partner.3. What can we do to reduce environmental pollution?Sample: We should curb the sewage and smoke from factories, perform garbage classification and recycle wastes.B. Background NotesParticle Pollution (PM10) and (PM2.5)1.Particle(n.颗粒，微粒；微量，极小量) pollution (also known as particulate matter) in the air includes a mixture of solids and liquid droplets（液体的小滴）. Some particles are emitted directly; others are formed in the atmosphere when other pollutants react. Particles come in a wide range of sizes. Those less than 10 micrometers in diameter直径 (PM10) are so small that they can get into the lungs, potentially causing serious health problems. Ten micrometers is smaller than the width of a single human hair.Fine particles (PM2.5). Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter are called fine particles. These particles are so small they can be detected only with an electron microscope. Sources of fine particles include all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes.Coarse（粗糙的，粗鲁的；粗野的，粗俗的）dust particles. Particles between 2.5 and 10 micrometers in diameter are referred to as coarse. Sources of coarse particles include crushing or grinding operations, and dust stirred up by vehicles traveling on roads.2. fog and haze 雾霾Fog and haze differ in that fog is a thick, opaque（不透明的，晦涩的；难以理解的） effect that lasts a short time, while haze is a thin, translucent (a.半透明的)effect that lasts a long time. Fog Whether created by nature or machine, fog consists of liquid droplets suspended（v.使悬浮；悬，挂；停止，终止；延缓，暂缓执行）in the air. Fog machines create fog by vaporizing（v.使蒸化，使汽发；吹牛，吹嘘） fog fluid that is, they convert the fog fluid from a liquid form to an aerosol（n.悬浮微粒，浮质；烟雾机，气雾剂）form. HazeLike fog, haze consists of liquid droplets, but the drops are very fine and are distributed evenly over a large area to form a mist. C. Questions on P35.D. Language Points1.surroundings the conditions, scenery, etc. around a person, place or thing; environment. The word “surrounding”, however, is generally used as an adjective. e.g. They make regular checks on the surrounding areas for pollution levels. 2. The adjective “dirty” and the noun “poison” are used as verbs here, which respectively mean “to makedirty” and “to put poison in” or “to cause poisoning”.3.pesticide n. chemical substance used to kill pests, esp. insects e.g.1)The biotechnology company is developing a range of new pesticide. 2)The insects have become resistant to the pesticide.4.ruin v. n. severe damage or destruction毁灭，破坏；废墟e.g.1) The most glorious city at the time was burned down to be fiery ruins. 2) Whom God would ruin, he first deprives of reason. 3)One indiscreet remark at the wrong moment could ruin the whole plan.若时机不当，一言不慎，可能毁掉整个计划。 5.junk things that are considered as useless or of little value. Do you know what junk shop, junk mail and junk food mean? Can you tell the difference between junk and litter?6.scatter v. throw or drop things in different directions so that they cover an area of ground; move or make people or animals move very quickly in different directions.使分散，散播e.g.1)Lily thinks love will scatter her concentration on work, so she pays zero percent to it. 2)The birds scatter at the sound of the gun. .7.the pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious the pollution problem is serious, it is complicated as well8.exhaust waste fumes, gases, steam, etc expelled from an engine or a machine. 9.lessen reduce or (make something) become less. The suffix “-en” can be added to an adjective or a noun and thus form a new verb, for example, worsen, strengthen, darken ect. “en-” can also be added before a noun as a prefix and form a new verb, for example, enforce, encourage, enrich etc.e.g.1)Keeping a balanced diet can significantly lessen the risk of heart disease. 2) Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat.less+en=lessen sharp+en=sharpensoft+en=soften deep+en=deepen 10.to persuade businesses to take action toward reducing pollution The preposition toward here means “for the purpose of”; it is often followed by the -ing form of a verb.11. in the 1700s and 1800s During the 1700s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. It started spreading to other parts of Europe and to North America in the early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution created an enormous increase in the production of many kinds of goods, which resulted from the introduction of power-driven machinery and the development of factory organization.12.steadily ad. at a steady rate or pace; in a steady mannere.g. 1) I had to level the tables legs to make it steady. 2) The girl had made a serious decision on her own about giving up a steady job. 3) My brother was steady fellow, who always brought hom