开题报告最终稿范文.doc

开题报告最终稿范文 华中师范大学汉口分校本科毕业论文（设计）开题报告表院（系）名称外语学院专业名称英语年级xx级学生姓名学号指导教师姓名填表时间年月日填表说明 1、本科生原则上应于第七学期结束之前完成毕业论文（设计）的选题和开题工作。 2、本表由学生在开题报告经指导教师指导和指导教师小组集中开题指导并修改后填写。 指导教师和指导教师小组在学生填写后，应在本表相应栏目里填写确认性意见。 本表最后由院（系）盖章备案保存。 3.学生应执行本表撰写毕业论文（设计），不得作实质性改变。 学生须在所在院（系）规定的时间内完成毕业论文（设计）并参加答辩。 4.毕业论文（设计）的具体要求请参阅华中师范大学教学管理规章制度(xx年版)之华中师范大学本科毕业论文（设计）工作条例及其附件1华中师范大学本科毕业论文（设计）写作与排版打印规范。 5、学生可用蓝色或黑色水笔认真填写，做到填写整洁、正确。 拟选题目The Changeof EnglishWord Meaning:Factors andTypes选题依据及研究意义English neverceases tochange sincethe dayit cameinto being,which allchanges the lexical onesare themost abundant.New words and innovative expressions enterEnglish withnew thingsand newconcepts whichare beingeither discoveredor inventedwith eachpassing day.It seemseasy for people tounderstand,but it is hardforpeople to aeptthat a meaning maychange anda sensemay shift.Semantic changeplays avery importantrole inwidening thevocabulary of a language.It makes the existingwords multi-semantic,that is,we alwayshave togive somany newconcepts to an oldformation that the meaningof aformation ismultiplied.Though changein meaning is anongoing processand pervasive,we couldstill findsome rulesin semantic change.There aremany kinds of semantihanges.There areboth linguistic forces andextra-linguisticforcesbehind semantihange.This thesis briefly focuseson theword meaning change,which isregarded asa nexusor transitionbetween theorigin of English andfuture ofdevelop.Change is a process of progressand plex.It isobvious that the gradualchange ofmeaning inwords isa monfeature ofhuman language.From thelinguistic pointof view,we knowthat meaningnot onlychanges butalso changesquickly.选题的研究现状“A language is neverin astate offixation,but isalways changing.We arenot lookingat alantern slidebut ata movingpicture.”(Arthur LloydJames,1935).As we know,word meaningis dividedinto reference,concept andsense threecategories,Reference is the conventionalor arbitraryrelationship betweenlanguage and the world.Concept,which isbeyond language,istheresult ofhuman cognition,reflecting theobjective worldin thehuman mind.Sense denotesthe intrinsicsemantic relationshipinside the language.it is not concernedwith the connection betweenwords andwhat thesewords indicatein theword.The senseof anexpression isits placein asystem of semantic relationshipswith otherexpressions in thelanguage.Tracing backthe history of someactive wordstill theirpresent usage,There werea largeof thedramatic differencesbetween the English languagein currentuse andin the past.Some languagesresist theintroduction ofnew words.Others,like English,seem towele them.“When lookingatthehistoryof English Ie to the conclusionthatthetolerance forchange deeplyrooted.”(Robert Mackneil,1999)the ideaof freedom.Language neverdevelops independently,it isclosely linkedto thepopularity anddecline of the peoplewho speakit.The spreadof Englisharound the world hasgiven riseto theemergence ofnew varietiesof English.Opinions nowdo notvary asto theway ofclassifying peoplewho useEnglish today.Indeed,the English isnotthe specialpreserve ofgrammarians,language police,teachers,writers andintellectual elites.Englishis,and alwayshas been,the tongueof monman.They canbe groupedunder threeheading:Native speakersof English,Official languagespeaker ofEnglish andForeign languagespeaker ofEnglish.Showing anoutstanding performancein polysemy.“New words and innovativeexpressions enterEnglish withnew thingsand newconcept whichare beingeither discoveredor inventedwith eachpassing day”(蔡昌卓，xx).People cannot avoidmeeting newthings orconveying newinformation,science andtechnology werethe mainsupplier ofnew vocabulary.In recentforty yearsor so,Owing to the giganticdevelopment ofgeics,fresh andnew wordsand expressionsare gettingmore andmore popular.Social changeshave alsoprovided peoplewith horizonto form new wordsand innovativeexpressions.Although wordmeaningisstable within a certainperiod oftime,it changes,even radically,after thousandsof years.The developmentofEnglish has gohrough threestages:Old English period,Middle Englishperiod,and ModernEnglishperiod.The influenceof thevocabularies ofFrench,Latin,Greek,and Scandinavianand soon enrichesthe English vocabulary.In thecourse of the developmentof language,old wordsdie out,new wordsare addedand existingwords changetheir meanings.So thevocabulary oflanguage isinastate of almost continuouschange.Innovations,which changethelexicalmeaning rather than thegrammatical functionofaformation,are classedas“change ofmeaning”or“semantihange”.From linguisticpoints ofview,weknowthat meaningchanges andits change is remarkable.The mostoutstanding featureofsemantihangeisthe phenomenonof multi-semantics Inmost cases,when aword acquireda newmeaning,the oldmeaning becameout-of-date aordingly.Now we can finda wayto classifythe greatvariety ofchanges inmeaning sand shiftsof senses.Linguists andlexicologists in the Englishspeaking worldhave alreadymade severalattempts inthis respect.Adrian Rooms classificationset forthintheintroduction ofhis NTCs Dictionaryof Changesin Meaningis exceedinglyilluminative.“There areeleven catagories,stating representativeexamples of words undereach category.”(Adrian Room,1972)Social changeshave alsoprovided peoplewith widehorizen toformnew wordsandinnovativeexpressions.Nowdays,most educatedpeople inChina sharea monidea thattheEnglishlanguage andputer aretwo thingsthat cannever bedispensed with.Some technicaltermsjargon orslang,have emergedaordingly.“Some familiarwords keyboard,memory,terminal haveacquired newmeanings whenthey areused inconnection withputers”(余杰，xx).Since theinvention ofthe methodof broadcastingstill andmotion picturesand soundover adistance bymeans ofelectronic waves,we havehad aseries ofnew wordsand expressions:television,soaps,the boobtube,to air,etc.Another importantsense inreference withthis termis someonewho triesto gainunauthorized aessto aputer system,possibly forillegal activities.We seethat lexical changes areexceedingly abundant.We aregoing todeal withthem indetail inthe followingfour aspects:new vocabulary,changes inmeaning,substitution and the tendencyof choosingcandid wordsto callthings bytheir names.Tremendous asthey are,lexicalchangeshave neverdeparted fromthe traditionalways offorming newwords,A confidenceman meaninga swindlerisapound.A conman isa clippingof confidenceman.To canmeans toswindle,a goodexample ofconversion froma nountoaverb,this isthe reasonwhy we have toprobe into them alongthe trackof traditionalword formation.Why hasameaningbeen sochangeable anda senseso fluid?This isa questionthat mustbe answered.We livedin anevery changingworld.The Englishlanguageisabsolutely asinseparable fromit asshadow frombody.The meaningofaword changesas resultoftheway werun overour dailylives.There areten kindsto generatenewwords:New pounds,conversion,affixation,suffixes,new blends,new clippings,back-formation,new initialsand acronums,new borrowings.Englishhasreally amust,not onlyin sogreat acountry likeours,but allover theworld aswell.To sumup,language thatcan preservethepastand explorethe futurehas thedouble-function.Just becausethe richofwordmeanings,we canattribute itto theircontinual changing and plement.Specific meaningmust dependon the context andwriters desireratherthana simpledictionary.With regardtothecurrent researchon thistopic,most ofthem onlyconcentrate on the changes,but notto explorethe influencethat changesmake ortheconnectionwith otherelements,such asreligion,politics andglobalization.Even thoughall ofresearches focuson the academic study,there isnothing novelto explore.They allpay moreattention tounilateral aspect-theacademicitself,thus theyneglect theenvironment ofEnglish developmentandtheinfluence.拟研究的主要内容和思路The meaningofEnglish words isnot astate offixation,the scopeof changingis broad.The meaningisbrieflyrelying onthecontextwith lessindependence.During the processofintegrating withother languages,English wasregarded asthe plexto absorbthe essencesof others,which includescertain rulesand factors.This thesismainly involvesin followingtopics:1.Introduction onEnglishwordsintegration inhistory1.1The historicalbackground ofEnglishvocabularydevelopment.1.2The influenceof politicsto languageindependence.1.3The effectof culturemovement onEnglish development.1.4English intheprocessof innovatingand developing.1.4.1The socialenvironment effecton languageinnovation.1.4.2The developing of slangenrich Englishcontent.2.Types ofword changing2.1Extension ofmeaning2.2Narrowing ofmeaning2.3Elevation ofmeaning2.4Transfer ofmeaning2.5Euphemism2.6Substitute2.7Conclusion3.Factors ofchanging3.1Extra-linguistic factors3.1.1Historical reason3.1.2Social reason3.1.3Psychological reason3.2Linguistic factors3.2.1Shortening3.2.2Red visionfrom Borrowing3.2.3Analogy3.3Conclusion4.The Contrastbetween Chineseand Englishin MeaningChange4.1The Differences4.2The Similarities4.3Summary5.Conclusion研究的创新点及重、难点The thesislays theemphasis onthe understandingto slangand dialecttothechanging ofwordsandthe branchesinthetypes,even theirminor disparities.In addition,there beamount ofetymology tograsp.Most importantin analysis on factorswhich dividedas professionaland non-professional acquireenormous backgroundknowledge tomaster.Meanwhile,itisarduous topick out the rulesof allchanging typesand integratethem together.At thesame time,wehaveso muchhardness tounderstand themthat wecan summarizethe monrule andhelp usto findoutthetrend ofchanging.The thesisisonthe uniqueposition toreflect thewords cha