Unit_10_Diogenes_and_Alexander.ppt

unittendiogenesandalexander bygilberthighet partonebackgroundinformation hellenistic androman philosophy fromthe4thcenturybctotheriseofchristianphilosophyinthe4thcenturyad themainphilosophicalschoolsinthegreco romanworldwere cynicismepicureanismstoicismskepticismneoplatonism onthewhole thesephilosophicaltrendscontinuedtoworkwiththeproblemsraisedbysocrates plato andaristotle commontothemallwastheirdesiretodiscoverhowmankindshouldbestliveanddie theywereconcernedethics themainemphasiswasonfindingoutwhattruehappinesswasandhowitcouldbeachieved historicalnote hellenismreferstotheperiodofabout300yearsfromtheconquestofalexanderthegreat 356 323b c ofathensneartheendoffourthcenturyb c totheriseofromanempirearound50b c thetermhellenismreferstoboththeperiodoftimeandthegreek dominatedculturethatprevailedinthethreehellenistickingdomsofmacedonia syria andegypt however fromabouttheyear50b c romesecuredtheupperhandinmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs thenewsuperpowergraduallyconqueredallthehellenistickingdoms andfromthenonromancultureandthelatinlanguagewerepredominantfromspaininthewesttofarintoasia thiswasthebeginningoftheromanperiod whichweoftenrefertoaslateantiquity 1 cynicism thestorygoesthatonedaysocratesstoodgazingatastallthatsoldallkindsofwares finallyhesaid whatalotofthingsidon tneed thecynicschool foundedbyantisthenesinathensaround400b c whowasapupilofsocrates 2 diogenes thebestknownofthecynics apupilofantisthenes livedinabarrelandownednothingbutacloak astick andabreadbag describedbyplatoas asocratesgonemad forhisvagrantlifestyle diogeneswasnicknamed thedog fromwhichthename cynic isderived whywashecalledadog diogenes becauseifawnuponthosewhogivemeanything andbarkatthosewhogivemenothing andbitetherogues hewasalsodepictedintheschoolofathens byraphael diogenes doctrine personalhappinesscouldonlybeachievedbyliving accordingtonature i e itissatisfiedbymeetingone snaturalneeds whatisnaturalcannotbeshamefulorindecent thismeansoneshouldlivewithextremesimplicity inuredtowant andwithoutshame externaladvantages suchasmaterialluxury politicalpower orgoodhealth cannotleadtotruehappiness truehappinessliesinnotbeingdependentonsuchrandomandfleetingthings truehappinessiswithineveryone sreach moreover havingoncebeenattained itcanneverbelost thenudecynicfearsnofireforhistub ifbroken hewillmakehimselfanewhouseto morrow orkeepitrepairedwithclampsoflead juvenal satires xiv 308ff mostpeoplewereonlyhalf alive thedoglookingforaman hewasreportedaswalkingthroughthemarketplacecarryingalightedlampatnoonandinspectingthefaceofeveryonehemet whenaskedwhy heanswered iamtryingtofindaman seeingayoungmanblush heremarkedthatitwasthecomplexionofvirtue seeingachilddrinkingfromhishands diogenesthrewawayhiscupandremarked achildhasbeatenmeinplainnessofliving wheninvitedtothehouseofplato hetrampleduponhiscarpet sayingthathetherebytrampledonthevanityofplato toplato sdefinitionofamanasananimal bipedalandfeatherless diogenespluckedachickenanddeclared hereisplato sman 3 alexanderthegreat thekingofmacedonia 336 323bc andconquerorofasiaminor syria egypt babylonia andpersia hisreignmarkedthebeginningofthehellenisticage iamalexander thegreatking iamdiogenesthedog diogeneswasusinghisnicknametoshowhiscontemptforthetitlesothersvalued alexander isthereanythingicandoforyou diogenes yes standtooneside you reblockingthesunlight blockingthesunlight herehasbothaliteralandasymbolicmeaning whenalexanderaskeddiogeneswhethertherewasanythinghecoulddoforhim heofcoursewasthinkingofmoney power ajob adecenthouseorawarmgarment butdiogenesdidnotwantanyofthese whathewantedfromthekingwasnottoblockthesunlight nottointerferewithhislife nottostandinhisway nowadaystheterms cynical and cynicism havecometomeanasneeringdisbeliefinhumansincerity andtheyimplyinsensitivitytootherpeople ssuffering lesson10 diogenesandalexander plotofthestorysettingofthestoryprotagonistsofthestorythemeofthestory parttwotextanalysis plot descriptionoftwolegendaryfigures diogenesthebeggarandalexandertheconqueror andtheirencountersetting inalittlesquareincorinth greeceprotagonists diogenesandalexanderthemeofthestory lesson10 diogenesandalexander menshouldliveafreelife alifefreefromthedependenciesintroducedbyculture society civilizationandopinion menarefreewhentheystoptoilingandsweatingonlyforthemselves greatmenarefreeandtheyarefewinnumber thethemeissummedupattheveryend part1 paras 1 9 about part2 paras 10 11 about part3 para 12 about part4 paras 13 17 about lesson10 diogenesandalexander portrait diogenesthebeggar diogenes response ascomparedtotheotherpeople s tothecomingvisitofalexander portrait alexandertheconqueror alexander scallondiogenes partthreedetaileddiscussionofthetext 1 helookedlikeabeggaroralunatic 1 lunatic offensiveslangabbreviation loony aninsaneormadorcrazyperson someonewhoisextremelyfoolishorrecklesswordorigin insanitywasoncebelievedtobecontrolledbythemoonanditsphases lunaticliterallymeans moonstruck subjecttothechangesofthemoon andcomesfromthelatinwordluna moon part1 para 1 lesson10 diogenesandalexander topic supportingdetails appearanceofabeggar dailylifetypicalofabeggar attitude behaviorofabeggar sanityofaphilosopher diogenes abeggar notalunatic lesson10 diogenesandalexander 2 hehadopenedhiseyes donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside eatenthemsquattingontheground andwashedthemdownwithafewhandfulsofwaterscoopedfromthespring 1 liftedoutasifwithaladle hadanswerednature scalllikeadog lesson10 diogenesandalexander 3 everybodyknewhimorknewofhim 1 wasfamiliarwith wastoldorhadreadorheardabout noticewhenthesetwoexpressionsarecontrasted the of in knowof shouldbestressed lesson10 diogenesandalexander 4 sometimestheythrewbitsoffood andgotscantthanks sometimesamischievouspebble andgotashowerofstonesandabuse 1 contrast apebble asmallroundstone indicatingtheteasingmannerofthepitcher issharplycontrastedwithashowerofstones transferredepithet apebbleplayfullythrownbyanaughtyperson repetition thesecondisfollowedbyaparalleledstructure scant notenoughorsufficientthestoryhasreceivedscantattentioninthepress theyproducegoodswithscantregardforqualitybescant of in beshortof belackinginheis ofbreath 他在喘气thispaperis indocumentation 这篇论文缺乏文献上的证明 5 heknewtheyweremad eachinadifferentway theyamusedhim 1 para heknewthatotherpeoplewereallinsaneinthiswayoranother forexample someweremadaboutmoney someweremadaboutpower someweremadaboutsex etc theirfollywasfunnytohim amuse makesblaughorsmile makesbpasstimeinanenjoyableway amuseoneself by with 自娱自乐 消遣 解闷he dhimselfbyreadingmysteries 6 itwasnot evenasquatter shut 2 asquatterisapersonwholivesinanemptybuildingoronapieceoflandwithoutpermissionandwithoutpayinganyrent asquatter shutnaturallyisinapoorcondition 7 hethoughteverybodylivedfartooelaborately expensively anxiously 2 hethoughtthateverybody slifewastoocomplicated toocostly andthusgavethemtoomuchpressure hearguedthatpeopleshouldliveasimplestlifepossible 8 theanimalslivehealthylives 2 toliveahealthylife peoplemustgobacktonature likeotheranimals 9 hewasthefounderofthecreedcalledcynicism doggishness 2 cynicismoriginallymeantdoggishnessbecausediogenes philosophymadeitavirtuetolivelikeadog buttodaywhenwesaysomebodyiscynicalwemeanthatthispersonisnotwillingtobelievethatpeoplehavegood honest orsinceremotivesfordoingsomething 10 hespentmuchofhislifeintherich lazy corruptgreekcityofcorinth mockingandsatirizingitspeople andoccasionallyconvertoneofthem 2 hechosetoliveamongthewealthy lazyanddishonestcitizensofcorinthformanyofhisyears ridiculingandcriticizingthem andheoccasionallypersuadingoneofthemintoadoptinghisbelief toconvert tochangesomeone sreligiousorpoliticalbelieftosomethingelse it sinterestingtonotethathewasonlyabletoconvert oneofthem occasionally 11 hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice outofprinciple 3 hewasnotthefirsttoliveinacask yethewasthefirsttodosobecausehewantedto basedonhisprinciple notbecausehewasforcedtobynecessity moreexamplesoftheuseof bychoice ididnotbecomeateacherbychoice iwasassignedtobeateacheraswasthepracticeinourtime butsoonibegantolikemyjob outofprinciple basedonprincipleoutof becauseof motivatedby pandoraopenedtheboxoutofcuriosityandoutofitflewallevils idecidedtovisithimoutofrespect shebegantolearnhowtocookoutofinterest notoutofnecessity mainideaofpara 2 3 diogenes doctrineonhouse thereasonhechosetoliveinacask 12 buthetaughtchieflybyexample 4 diogenessometimestaughtbytalkingtopeople buthemainlytaughtbysettinganexampleforotherstofollow 13 theypossesshim heistheirslave 4 topossess tocontrol e g whatpossessedhimtosayastupidthinglikethat sheseemedpossessed nobodycouldtalkheroutofit 14 livewithoutconventions whichareartificialandfalse escapecomplexitiesandextravagances onlysocanyouliveafreelife 4 onlywhenyougetridofthoseman imposedandfalseconventionsandavoidlivingcomplexandluxuriouslivescanyouliveareal freelife 15 inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue lastinggood hisownindependence 4 peoplealltoiltogetonlythosematerialthingsthatarefalseandfleeting butatthesacrificeoftheirowneverlastingindependence procure obtainsomething especiallywitheffortordifficulty acquire mainideaofpara 4 diogenesisaphilosopher whopreachedhisphilosophyoflifebyhispersonalpracticeofdoggishness 16 hewasamissionary 5 missionary originallyapersonsentbyachurchtoaforeigncountrytoconvertlocalpeopletochristianity here apersonwhofeelsthathehasamissionorsacreddutytodosomething cf socrates mission toexposetheignoranceofthosewhothoughtofthemselveswise 17 hislife saimwascleartohim itwas torestampthecurrency totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues 5 diogenesandhisfather abanker wereonceconvictedforadulteratingordefacingthecoins i e counterfeiting lifeislikeametalmarkedwithfalseandconventionalvalues hislifetaskistoremovethosefalsemarkingsandimprintatruevalueonit lesson10 diogenesandalexander 18 diogenestookhisoldcaskandbegantorollitupanddown whenyouareallsobusy hesaid ifeelioughttodosomething 9 whenthecorinthianswerebusypreparingforthecomingwar diogenesrolledhiscaskupanddowntoridiculetheirsillybehavior sharpcontrastbetweendiogenesandthecorinthianpeopleinattitudesandbehavior mainideaofpara 5 9 diogenes amissionary anactualpublicpractitionerofcynicism whowasdifferentfromhermitsorothergreatphilosophersofhistime 19 nowhewaslyinginthesunlight contentedandhappy happier hehimselfusedtoboast thantheshahofpersia 10 shah usedformerlyashereditarymonarchofirancontent contented adj satisfied happysheiscontentwithverylittle hecontentedhimselfwithonepieceofcake iamcontenttogoasfarasicould mainideaofpara 10 diogenes inhisnaturalstateofafreeman wouldreceivehisvisitor noticethatthissentenceservesasthetransitiontothesecondhalfofthearticlewhichdescribestheotherchiefcharacter alexander mainideaofpara 11 thepreparationforthearrivalofalexanderbyhismyrmidons 20 onlytwenty alexanderwasfarolderandwiserthanhisyears 12 alexanderlookedfarolderthanamanofhisagenormallydoes andwasmuchwiserthanamanofhisagenormallyis thanhisyears thanhisagewouldsuggest 21 likeallmacedoniansheloveddrinking buthecouldusuallyhandleit andtowardwomen hewasnoblyrestrainedandchivalrous 12 restrained controlled moderate temperate disciplined22 toseekemploymentwithhim 13 toaskforanappointmentfromhim tobegthekingtoassignthemtoacertainposition tolookforajobfromhim mainideaofpara 12 13 greatnessofalexander ayoungbutpowerfulandwiseconqueror whodeterminedtovisitdiogenes 23 withhishandsomeface hisfieryglance hisstrongbody hispurpleandgoldcloak andhisairofdestiny hemovedthroughthepartingcrowdtowardthedog skennel 14 fieryglance burningorpassionatelook airofdestiny theairofsomeonewhohasthepowertodeterminethecourseofeventsinfuture kennel doghouse thehumorousreferencetodiogenes cask 24 yes saidthedog standtooneside you reblockingthesunlight 16 blockingthesunlight herehasbothaliteralandasymbolicmeaning whenalexanderaskeddiogeneswhethertherewasanythinghecoulddoforhim heofcoursewasthinkingofmoney power ajob adecenthouseorawarmgarment butdiogenesdidnotwantanyofthese whathewantedfromthekingwasnottoblockthesunlight nottointerferewithhislife nottostandinhisway 25 theytookitasaparadox 17 theyregardeditasaparadox tobealexanderisnottobediogenes paradox 悖论 astatementthatseemsimpossiblebecauseitisself contradictory e g timelessaging themorehaste thelessspeed peopleoftensaythatmanyhandsmakelightwork buttheparadoxis insomecases toomanyhandsspoilthebroth 26 heunderstoodcynicismastheotherscouldnot 17 whileordinarypeoplethoughtthatdiogeneswaseitheralunaticorabeggar alexanderunderstoodhimbecausehewasalsoaphilosopherinaway andthatwaswhyhelatertookoneofdiogenes pupilsalongwithhiminhisexpeditiontoindiaashisphilosophicalinterpreter noticehowtheauthormakesacontrastusingtheword as whichmeans while 27 hewaswhatdiogenescalledhimself a citizenoftheworld likediogenes headmiredtheheroicfigureofhercules wholaboredtohelpmankindwhileallotherstoiledandsweatedonlyforthemselves 17 acitizenoftheworld amanwhosemissionistohelphumanity amanwhoseconcernisthewelfareoftheworldratherthanofindividuals toilandsweat toworkveryhardforalongtime cosmopolitanism theword cosmopolitan whichderivesfromthegreekwordkosmopolit s citizenoftheworld hasbeenusedtodescribeawidevarietyofimportantviewsinmoralandsocio politicalphilosophy thenebulouscoresharedbyallcosmopolitanviewsistheideathatallhumanbeings regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliation do oratleastcan belongtoasinglecommunity andthatthiscommunityshouldbecultivated differentversionsofcosmopolitanismenvisionthiscommunityindifferentways somefocusingonpoliticalinstitutions othersonmoralnormsorrelationships andstillothersfocusingonsharedmarketsorformsofculturalexpression thephilosophicalinterestincosmopolitanismliesinitschallengetocommonlyrecognizedattachmentstofellow citizens thelocalstate parochiallysharedcultures andthelike heracles heracles greeknameh rakl s fromh ra hera andkleos glory adivineheroingreekmythology thesonofzeusandalcmene asherafedhimwithhermilk hepossessedextraordinarystrength courageandingenuity now thenameheraclesmeansamanofmight amanofmuscle orastrongman samson laborsofheracles tokillthenemeanlion捏死涅墨亚的狮子todestroythelernaeanhydra消灭九头蛇许德拉tocapturetheceryneianhind生擒刻律涅亚山上的牝鹿tocapturetheerymanthianboar活捉厄律曼托斯山上的野猪tocleantheaugeanstables清洗奥革阿斯的牛圈tokillthestymphalianbirds驱逐斯延法洛斯湖的是人鸟tocapturethecretanbull捕捉克里特疯牛toroundupthemaresofdiomedes把色雷斯人狄俄墨得斯的一群牝马赶回迈肯尼tostealthegirdleofhippolyte夺取亚马孙女王希波吕忒的腰带 征服亚马孙人 toherdthecattleofgeryon牵回巨人革律翁的一群壮件 tofetchtheapplesofhesperides摘取赫斯珀里得斯的金苹果tocapturecerberus从冥王那里牵回地府的看门狗 刻耳柏洛斯 besidesthetwelvelabors heraclesalsorescuedprometheus killthestymphalianbirds stealthegirdleofhippolyte mainideaofpara 14 17 evenwithasharpcontrastbetweentheasceticphilosopherandtheall powerfulking thetwofigureshadsomethingincommon theireyesarebothonthefreedomandhappinessoftheworld lesson10 diogenesandalexander partfourwritingdevices 1 polysyndeton hewasaphilosopherwhowroteplaysandpoemsandessaysexpoundinghisdoctrine hespentmuchofhislifeinthe mockingandsatirizingitspeople andoccasionallyconvertingoneo