现在完成时(1).doc

现在完成时( Present Perfect Tense)现在完成时是初中英语中最重要也最难掌握的一个时态，同时也是中考英语中一个最重要的时态考点. 一、 基本结构：“have / has+过去分词”(一)肯定句：主语have /has + PP I have already had lunch. 否定句：主语havent /hasnt +PP I havent had lunch yet. 疑问句： Have/Has +主语+ PP. Have you had lunch yet?回答： Yes ,主语+ have /has. No, 主语+ havent /hasnt.（二）总结：1.、谓语:_have / has 为助动词，助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。2、构成疑问句时，_；构成否定句时，_。(三)动词过去分词1）规则变化：动词过去分词+ed. playede结尾+d. skated辅音字母+y结尾 改y为i + ed. studied 双写最后一字母+ed. stopped ,preferred（以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词） 2）不规则变化：背、做练习二、标志： already (否定 yet) ever (否定never) just before for+段时间 since+点时间 so far twice，many times 等数词三、用法现在完成时主要有两种用法，一种是已完成用法，也叫影响性用法；另一种是未完成用法，也叫持续性用法。两种用法的特点是：1） 影响性用法：表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响，强调的是影响。这个动作在过去已经完成， 这个动作对现在有影响，常与already, yet（仍，还没，用于否定和疑问句），ever, never，the (last/past) few (years/days)，before，just等连用。 eg. I have already read this story.（对现在的影响或结果：我已经知道故事的内容） -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了） He has never driven a car before. 他过去从未开过车。Our hometown has changed a lot in the past few years. 我们家乡在过去的几年里变化很大。Have you ever been a teacher？ 你当过教师吗？already（”已经” 用于肯定句的中间和末尾处）never (“从不” 用于中间处)ever （”曾经” 用于疑问句和肯定句的中间处）just (“刚刚” 用于中间处)yet (“已经” 用于疑问句的末尾处 / “还” 用于否定句的末尾处)练习：( )1.Have you traveled on the train. Yes, I have.(A)never (B)ever (C)just (D)yet( )2.Have you finished your homework Not .(A)ever (B)already (C)yet (D)just( )3. We havent finished our homework .(A)already (B)ever (C)yet (D)never( )4.Have you learned English?Yes, Ive learned a lot.(A)never, ever(B)ever, never(C)ever, already (D)already. ever( )5.Have you finished your homework ?Yes, Ive done that (A)yet, already (B)already, yet (C)ever, never (D)still, just( )6.Johns father borrowed some pictures(A)have already （B)has just (C)have ever (D)has yet( )7.He finished his homework yet(A)doesnt(B)havent(C) hasnt (D) doesnt havejust ,just now：刚刚just ,“刚刚,恰好”，常用于现在完成时，放在句中。Ive just had lunch.just now,“刚才”，常用于一般过去时，放在句末。I had lunch just now.2） 持续性用法：表示过去已经开始的某一动作或状态一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去。从过去持续到现在 ，常有下列标志：for+时间段（ten years, a long time等）；since+时间点（two oclock, August 2003,I came here, two days ago等）；recently，so far, up to now等Eg.We have studied English for over 6 years. I havent seen her since last week.How have you been？ 你近来怎样？I have been very tired recently.How long have you been in Shanghai？ 你在上海已经多久了？since ,for 用于完成时态，since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度，时间点即你能够指出一个确切的时间。since+较为具体的时间1) since+时间点：Lucy has lived there there since 1955.since+时间段+ago:I have been teaching since 10 years ago.since+一般过去时的句子：We have known each other since we were young.2) for+时间段：We have studied English for over 6 years.练习：1、用since和for填空（用画线段的方法）1) _ two years2) _ two years ago3) _ last month 4) _ 19995) _ yesterday6) _ 4 oclock7) _ 4 hours8) _ an hour ago9) _ we were children 10) _ lunch time11) _ she left here have been to,have gone to, have been in 的区别have been to：曾经去过某地（已返回），通常可与表示次数的状语连用。Have you ever been to Shanghai? Yes.I have been to shanghai twice.have gone to:去了某地（还没回来）Where is Lucy? She has gone to the lab.have been in:去到或来到（一直呆在那儿）+一段时间练习：1、Susan isnt here now. She _ to England. She will come back next month.A. will go B. has gone C. goes D. went2、How long _Korean singer Jang Nara _China?Four years. She can speak and sing in Chinese.A. does; go to B./; was in C. has; been to D. has; been in3、Hello! Can I speak to Alice?Sorry she isnt here right now. She_ to the shop.A. goes B. will go C. has gone D. was going4、They_ China for two years . Ahave been to B.have been in c.have gone to D.have come to5、I _never _ England.A.have;been to B.have; gone to C. have;been in D.has; been in注：1.除以上用法外，现在完成时还可表示过去到现在重复的动作在时间或者条件状语从句中还可表示将来动作。如： He has always gone to work by bike. 他总是骑自行车上班。Ill go to bed when Ive finished my homework. 我做完作业后就上床睡觉。2.表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。It is +时间段+since+一般过去时态的句子。如： Its a long time since I met you last. 好久不见了。Its about six months since we arrived here. 我们到这里大约有半年了。3、表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词that” 后面用现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. That is the only book that he has written.This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.典型考例： 1）How long _ you _ England, Sue?Since two years ago.A. have, been to B. have, gone to C. have, been in D. have, moved to2）It _ two years since he _ the Party.A. is; has joined B. was; joined C. has been; joined D. had been; joined3）look!someone_(clean)theroomhowcleanitis! A. hascleaned B. iscleaning C. cleans三、 注意现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 现在完成时用法很容易与一般过去时相混淆，其区别是：（）现在完成时强调对现在的影响和结果，强调的是现在的情况一般过去时只强调动作并且这个动作发生在过去，与现在无关。Ive lived here for ten years. 我在这里住了10年。（现在仍住这儿）I lived here for ten years. 我在这里住过10年。（现在不住这儿了） Has he got up？ 他起来了吗？ （关注的是现在的情况） Did you get up very early？ 你起得很早吗？ （着眼动作本身）Ive seen this film.我已经看过这部电影了。（强调对现在的影响，电影内容我已知道）I saw this film yesterday.昨天我看电影了。（强调看的动作发生过了，不不涉及现在）（二）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 1、过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 2、现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, always, the past few years3、共同的的时间状语:today,this morning, tonight, this April, once，before, already, recently，lately 例：1. The teacher was already in the room when I arrived. 我到的时候，老师已经在屋里了。2. I have already waited two years. 我都等了两年了。3.I havent seen him recently. 我最近没有看到他。4. I recently moved to this area. 我最近搬到这一带来了。5.-Have you met him today? -No, I havent. 今天你见过他吗？我没有。6.How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？四、常见错误1)易丢掉have/has例：He taken (take) the medicine before.2)have与has易用混 I，you,they,we 例：I has never heard (hear) of that before.3)时态错用（注意时间标志）去年夏天我在这个旅馆住了一周。I stayed in the hotel for a week last summer.到现在为止，我已经在这个旅馆住了一周了。 I have stayed in the hotel for a week by now.下个月我会在这个旅馆住上一周。 I will stay in the hotel for a week next month.我从1985年起就在这所学校教书。 I have taught at this school since 1985.4)“点、段” 不清这台电脑我已经买了3年了。误 I have bought this computer for three years.正 I have had this computer for three years.她已经离开两个小时了误 She has left (离开) for 2 hours. 正 Shehas been away for 2 hours.解析：英语中动词有延续性动词与短暂性动词（点动词）之分。在有since ，for或how long提问的句子中，不能用点动词，而要用延续性动词。点动词不可以和一段时间连用。改正的方法有： （1）用表示“点”的时间状语与短暂性动词搭配。(2)将短暂性动词转换成相应的延续性动词。常见的转换有：buyhave; borrowkeep; becomebe; openbe open; closebe closed; leavebe away(from); diebe dead; finishbe over; get up be up;go(get) out be out come/get backbe back;begin/startbe on; end/finish /stop be over;put on wear/be on; catch a cold have a cold; marry be married; go to school be a student; begin to study study; come to workwork get to know know; come/go/arrivebe in/at+地点;fall ill/sick/asleep be ill/sick/asleep; arrive in(at)/get to/reachbe here/there;join the armybe in the army/be a soliderjoin the leaguebe in the league/ be a league memberjoinbe in+组织/be a member of +组织；如：1） 我们买这本书三年了。(点对点，段对段)We bought the book three years ago.We have had the book for three years.2） 我是上星期借的这本书。I borrowed the book last week.I have kept the book since last week.3)他爷爷去世两年了。His grandfather died two years ago.His grandfather has been dead for two years.3) Tom参军半年了。Tom joined the army half a year ago.Tom has been in the army for half a year.小结：点对点，段对段。例外：但如果现在完成时的谓语动词是终止性动词（点动词）的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，可以和表示一段时间的for短语连用。如：I havent bought clothes for one year.（点动词否定式+延续状态）练习( )1、_has Hanmei been in the library.(A)How long (B)How soon (C)How far (D)How often( )2、.How long _he_ the library book .( A)has, borrow (B)has, kept (C)has, bought (D)did, buy ( )3、.Her father in 1990 and her husband for more than five years(A)died ,dead (B)has died, dead (C)died ,has been dead (D)has died, has died( )4、.I have this nice watch for two years(A)had (B)bought (C)borrowed (D)lend( )5、.His father joined the party_.(A)for three years (B)since three years ago(C)three years ago (D)in two yearstime5) 忘记把already变成yet 例：I have already finished my homework.(变一般疑问句)误 Have you already finished your homework? 正 Have you finished your homework yet? 解析：现在完成时态中，肯定句中有already，变否定句或疑问句时通常要改yet另，already也可以用于疑问句中表示惊讶等感情。E.g. Has he done it already? 他已经做完了？6）在条件、时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来完成的动作。例：误 Ill go with you when I finish my homework. 正Ill go with you when Ihave finished my homework. 解析：在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完成的动作，用现在完成时。但注意，此时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，若两动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，则一般不用现在完成时。练习：一、用动词的正确形式填空1. We _(study ) in Little Star English since two years ago.2. -_Oxfam Trailwalker _(be) one of Hong Kongs biggest fund-raising events since 1981? -Yes , it_. 3. Tsunami _(not happen) in the south-east of China recently.4. She _ never _ ( be ) there before .5. The teacher _ just _ ( finish ) teaching us . 6. Half an hour _ (pass) since the train _ (leave).7. This is the nicest park I _(see).8. I _ (buy) a book just now.13. I _ (lost ) my watch yesterday.14. My father _ (read) this book since yesterday.15. The children _ (enjoy) themselves in the party last Sunday morning. 二、单选1、- _ the latest Time magazine _yet?-Sorry, its late. Maybe tomorrow. A. Will; arrive B. Has; arrived C. Do; arrive D. Did; arrive 2、Would you like to see the film with me?Im sorry I _ it twice.A. see B. am seeing C. will see D. have seen3、She_ that same song so many times. Im getting sick o