人教版高中英语必修1Unit 5 Nelson Mandela-a modern hero (B 1).doc

Unit 5 Nelson Mandela-a modern hero (B 1)Section 1 Warming Up, Reading & Comprehending重点知识精讲一、重点单词1. quality n. C 特质；品质；特性This shirt is made of cloth of a poor quality. 这件衬衫是由品质低劣的布料制成的。One quality of wood is that it can burn. 木材的一个特性是可以燃烧。The boy has many fine quality 这男孩有许多好品质。 n. U 质量；性质He has a watch of good quality. 他有一块质量很好的手表。【辨析】quality与characteristic两者都含“特点；特性；特征”的意思。quality是常用词，指“某人或某物与其他的人或物不同的特质或特点”。characteristic指“特殊的；易于辨认的特征或特点”。She shows qualities of leadership. 她表现出领导才能。An elephants trunk is its notable characteristic. 大象的鼻子是它的显著特征。【知识拓展】quality adj. 优质的；高质量的；极好的quality goods 高级商品quality leather 优质皮革quality of life 生活质量【注意】不要与单词quantity混淆。quantity意为“量；数量”。2. mean adj. 吝啬的；小气的（+about/ over/ with）Her husband is very mean about money. 她的丈夫在金钱上很吝啬。 adj. 卑鄙的；心地不好的That was a mean trick.! 那是一个卑劣的诡计。 v. （言辞等）表示的意思（+that）What does the phrase mean? 这短语是什么意思？ v 意指；意谓（+ that/ wh-）I realized what he meant. 我明白他的意思了。By “the cities” I mean the big cities in particular. 我所说的“城市”主要是指大城市。Dont think I am joking; I mean business. 不要以为我是在开玩笑，我可是当真的。 v. 意欲；意图；打算I mean her no harm. 我无意伤害她。Do you mean to go without money? 你想身无分文就走吗？ vt. 意味着；有的意义（+ that/ v-ing/ to）To a certain extent, to raise wages means increasing purchasing power. 在一定程度上，提高工资意味着增加购买力。 vt. 指定；预定The apartment was originally meant for five. 这套房间本来是准备给五个人住的。【知识拓展】by all means 当然；当然可以；尽一切办法；一定by any means 用尽各种可能的办法；无论如何by means of 用；依靠by no means 绝不mean to do (=make a plan to do)将要做；打算做mean doing sth. 意思是；意味着They succeeded by means of patience and sacrifice. 他们靠耐心和牺牲取得了成功。This remark by no means should be taken lightly. 这次讲话绝不能等闲视之。3。 active adj. 积极的；活跃的；起作用的；活动（性）的；畅销的；现役的She is very active. 她非常活跃。The market is active. 市场活跃。He has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive. 比起任何活着的人来说，他能告诉我们更多的关于活火山的情况。She is an active member of the club. 她是俱乐部的积极分子。【知识拓展】actively adv. 活跃地；积极地activist n. 积极分子activity n. 活跃；行动；活动性；活动力take an active part in 积极参加be active in work 工作积极an active demand for such a dictionary 对这种字典的巨大需求the active voice 【语】主动语态social activities. 社会活动4. generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的It was generous of to offer to pay for us both. 他主动为我们俩付钱，真是大方。 丰富的；充足的；大的a generous increase of salary 工资的大幅度增加The car has a generous amount of space. 这辆汽车的空间很大。 宽厚的；宽宏大量的；仁慈的a generous mind/ spirit 仁慈的心；高尚的精神He wrote a generous assessment of my work. 他给我写的工作评价多有赞誉之词。【知识拓展】generously adv. 慷慨地；大方地generosity n. 慷慨；大方；宽宏大量5. devote vt. (与to连用)献身；专心于She devoted herself to her work. 她致力于她的工作。I devoted two hours to doing my homework yesterday. 昨天我花了两个小时做作业。【知识拓展】devote oneself to devoteto 献身于；致力于；把专用于（to是介词，后接名词或动名词）be devoted to下面词组中to是介词，所以其后须跟名词或动名词。look forward to 期待lead to 导致pay attention to 注意stick to 坚持object to 反对devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的；献身于的Tom is a devoted friend. 汤姆是一位忠实的朋友。They are devoted to their children. 他们深爱着自己的孩子。6. principle n. 法则；原理；原则The principle behind it is very simple. 其中的原理十分简单。【知识拓展】in principle 原则上；大体上on principle 根据原则；按照原则a man of high principle 一个原则性很强的人stick to ones principle 恪守某人的原则。7. peaceful adj. （指时间和地点）和平的；平静的；安宁的；（指人）安详的They hope for a peaceful settlement of the dispute. 他们希望和平解决争端。Its so peaceful out here in the country. 这里的郊外一切都是那么宁静。【辨析】peaceful与peaceablepeaceable，“和平的；爱好和平的”；主要指人的性格、气质等peaceful，“和平的”。就人而言，是“爱好和平的”，就物而言，是“和平的；促进和平的”。The aims of the organization are wholly peaceful. 这个组织所追求的目标是完全和平的。A peaceable settlement has been reached. 已经达成和解。【知识拓展】peace n. 和平；平静；安宁peacefully adv. 安静地；平静地；宁静地、peacefulness n. 宁静；安静；平静make (ones) peace with 与讲和（言归于好）a peaceful demonstration 和平的示威游行。8. stage n. 舞台The audience threw flowers onto the stage. 观众把鲜花抛上舞台。 n. 阶段；时期The children are at different stages of the development. 这些孩子处于不同的成长阶段。 vt. 上演；演出；组织；举行stage a one-act play 演出一场独幕剧。stage strikes 组织罢工【知识拓展】on the stage 在舞台上；当演员bring/ puton the stage 上演set the stage for sth. 使某事成为可能；为某事铺平了道路。9. vote n. 投票；选票；表决The results of the vote were surprising. 投票结果令人惊讶。 vt. & vi. 投票；选举vote (for/against) sb./ sth或vote on sth. 投票（赞成/反对）某人或某事；表决（支持/不支持）某人或某事Did you vote for or against her? 你投了她的赞成票还是反对票？Parliament has voted the town a large sum of money for a new road. 议会已通过投票决定拨巨款为镇上修建一条新公路。Well listen to the arguments on both sides and then vote on it. 我们将先听取双方的论点，然后在表决。vote sb. in或vote sb. into/ onto sth. 投票选出任职He was voted in as treasurer. 他当选为财务主管。She was voted onto the board of governors. 她被选入董事会。vote sb. out或vote sb. out of/ off sth. 投票免去的职务He was voted out of office. 经投票他被免去了职务。【知识拓展】voter n. 选举人；投票人；有投票权者take a vote on sth. 对进行表决10. attack vi. （用武力）攻击；进攻；袭击It was shortly before midnight when the terrorists attacked. 就在午夜来临前不久，恐怖分子发动了袭击。We began to attack under cover of darkness. 我们趁着黑夜开始攻击。 vt. 猛烈抨击；责难Parliament has been attacked for failing to take action. 议会未能采取行动而受到抨击。 vt. 侵害（蚀）；侵袭The virus attacks the bodys red blood cells. 这种病毒侵害身体内的血红细胞。 vt. 干劲十足地开始（做）We need to attack the problem now before it gets worse. 我们必须现在就花大力气解决这个问题，以免事态恶化。 n. U,C 攻击；进攻；袭击Attack is the best form of defense. 进攻乃是最好的防御。【知识拓展】attack sb. with sth. 用某物攻/袭击某人attack sb./ sth. for sth. 因某事而抨击/责难某人/物attack sb./ sth. from behind 从背后攻/袭击某人/物be / come under attack 遭受攻击attacker n. 攻击者；进攻者；袭击者11. equal adj. 相等的；平等的 be equal to sb./ sth 或be equal to doing sth. （大小、数量、价值等）相同的；同样的；相等的；等于；能胜任One unit of alcohol is equal to half a pint of beer. 一单位酒精等于半品脱啤酒。This is equal to saying that hes cheat. 这等于说他是个骗子。Im not equal to anything 我不能胜任任何工作。 be equal with 与平等In the sight of God, the rich are equal with the poor. 在上帝眼中，富人和穷人是平等的。【辨析】equal与sameequal是指“（大小、数量、价值等）相等的”。same是指“相同的；同一的”。of equal importance 同等重要的We were born on the same day. 我们是同一天出生的。【知识拓展】equal n. （地位、成就或某种品质）相同的人；相匹配者equally adv. 同等地；相等地；平等地equality n. 同等；平等equalitarianism n. 平均主义inequality n. 反义词不平等（的事情）equal pay for equal work 同工同酬on equal terms 在对等的条件下equally important 同等重要的be on an equality with 与平等12. willing adj. 愿意帮助的；乐于的；自愿的They are willing to do their bit. 他们愿意做贡献。【知识拓展】be willing to do sth. 愿意去干某事unwilling adj. 反义词不愿意的willingly adv. 欣然地willingness n. 愿意will n. 意志；决心；意愿；遗嘱have a strong will 意志坚强against ones will 违背某人的意愿at will 随意of ones own (free) will 自愿Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。二、重点短语1. worry about 烦恼；操心；忧虑；发愁 worry about/ over sb./ sth. 担心；担忧；发愁Dont worry about me. Ill be all right. 别为我担心。我会没事的。He is always worrying about his weight. 他总是为自己的体重发愁。Theres no point in worrying over things you cant change. 对改变不了的事情担心也没用。 worry ab./ yourself (about sb./ sth.) 使担心；使担忧；使发愁Hes worried himself sick about his daughter. 他的女儿可把他愁坏了。【知识拓展】Dont worry ! 别发愁！/别担心！look worried 看起来焦虑a worried look 担心的神色worry sb. with sth. 麻烦/打扰某人2. out of work 失业He has been out of work for a year and now hes looking for a job. 他失业已经一年多了，现在正在找工作。【注意】用英语表达“失业”时，work和job这两个词都可以用，但是如果用job就必须用不定冠词a，如果用work，则不用冠词。He is out of a job./ He is out of work. 他现在失业了。【知识拓展】job作为“工作”解，有两层含义：一个是“干活”的“活”，一个是作为职业的“事”。job作“干活”的“活”解时的同义词有task，duty等，作为职业的“事”解时的同义词有：position，place，occupation，post，profession，vocation等。一旦你开始了一项工作，就得持之以恒。It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. 修理自行车就是他的工作，而且那时他常常一天干14个小时。Im not going to wash the dishes, thats your job. 我不洗那些盘子，那是你的事。3. as a matter of fact 事实上；确实；不瞒你说It was cold. As a matter of fact, it was freezing. 天气冷。事实上，简直冷得要命。I like him very much, as a matter of fact. 事实上，我很喜欢他。I thought the lecture would be boring, but as a matter of fact, it was rather interesting. 我原以为这次演讲很沉闷，其实很有趣。【知识拓展】in fact 事实上in actual fact 事实上actually adv. 事实上；实际上；竟然4. blow up 爆炸；炸毁；使充气；爆发 sth. blow up 爆炸；被炸毁；爆发The bomb blew up. 炸弹爆炸了。A police officer was killed when his car blew up. 一名警官在其汽车爆炸时遇难。A storm was blowing up. 狂风大作。 blow sth. up 炸毁；给（某物）充气；夸大；夸张The tyres on my bike need blowing up. 我的自行车该打气了。The police station was blown up by terrorists. 警察局被恐怖分子炸毁了。The whole affair was blown up out of all proportion. 整个事件被渲染得太过了。 blow up at sb. （对某人）发火；动怒Im sorry I blew up at you. 对不起，我对你发脾气了。【知识拓展】blow out （被）吹灭；（车胎）破，爆blow over （一阵）过去；（风波）停息5. put in prison 把关入监狱He was put in prison. 他被关进了监狱。【辨析】prison与jail两者都有“监狱；监禁”的意思。jail既作名词，又作动词。而prison的动词是imprison。He was imprisoned for life. 他被判终身监禁。He went to jail for dangerous driving. 他因驾车鲁莽而进了监狱。【知识拓展】take sb. to prison 把某人送进监狱throw / cast sb. into prison 把某人投进监狱send sb. to prison 把某人投进监狱be in prison 坐牢go to prison 去坐牢get into prison 入狱come out of prison 出狱break (out of) prison 越狱【注意】prison指“监禁”时其前面不加冠词，指“监狱”这个场所时应加冠词。The pickpocket was sent to prison for a year. 那个小偷被判处一年监禁。He broke prison and went abroad. 他越狱逃到国外去了。Tom hates school; its a prison to him. 汤姆讨厌上学，他觉得学校就像监狱一样。6. in trouble 处于不幸中；处于困境Were in trouble; there is no time for contention. 我们处境很困难，现在不是争论的时候。The boy caused a lot of trouble to his parents; he was always in trouble. 这个男孩给他的父母招来很多麻烦，他甚为苦恼。【知识拓展】ask/ look for trouble 自找麻烦；自讨苦吃get into trouble 招致不幸；陷入困境get sb. into trouble 使某人陷入困境；给某人惹事put sb. to trouble 给某人增添麻烦；劳烦某人make trouble 闹事；捣乱take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地去做take trouble 费神；不惜辛苦【辨析】go to the trouble，get into trouble，be in trouble，have trouble in doing sth. 与have trouble with sb./ sthgo to the trouble (+ of短语或动词不定式)，“不辞劳苦地做某事”；指主语主动地承担麻烦。get into trouble指使自己陷入困境或难看的境地或被捕、入狱等。be in trouble，“处于不幸、苦恼、困境之中”。have trouble in doing sth.，“做某事费劲”have trouble with sb./ sth，“在对付某人或某事时有困难”。She went to the trouble of going there. 她不辞劳苦地去那儿。He got into trouble. 他招惹了麻烦。He is always ready to help anyone who is in trouble. 他总是乐于帮助有麻烦的人。I have some trouble in translating the article. 我在翻译那篇文章时有点费劲。Do you have any trouble with the student? 对付这个学生你有什么困难吗？7. turn to 求助于；致力于She has nobody she can turn to in this city. 在这座城市里她没有人可以求助。If you meet with any new words when you are reading, you can turn to your dictionary. 阅读时碰到生词你可以查字典、【注意】turn to中的to为介词，其后不能跟动词原形。三、 重点句型1。 The time when I first met Nelson Mandala was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到纳尔逊曼德拉的时候，是我一生中非常艰难的时期。句中when I first met Nelson Mandala是定语从句，修饰先行词the time。I shall never forget the day when we first visited the beautiful island. 我永远也忘不了第一次参观那座美丽的小岛的日子。He came at a time when we were badly in need of help. 正当我们急需帮助的时候，他来了。【注意】当先行词是表时间的名词时，定语从句常用when来引导。We will put off the picnic until nest week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能转好。（关系副词when的先行词是next week）。2。 The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. 我仅仅在那里读了两年的那所学校有三公里远。 句中where I studied only two years是定语从句，修饰先行词the school.There can be few streets in London where you cannot buy books. 在伦敦几乎没有哪条街是买不到书的。The house where my grandfather once lived is not far from here. 我祖父从前住的屋子离这儿不远。 where引导定语从句在从句中用作地点状语时，其先行词必须是表地点的名词。The place where Macbeth met the witches was a desolate heath. 麦克白遇到那些女巫的地方是一片荒野。Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years. 我又一次来到了波士顿，我有十年没有到这里来了。3。 “The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.” “过去三十年来所出现的大量的法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天，我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。”本句是一种拟人化的句式，以物作主语，此句的主语是the last thirty years。Dusk saw a little boy crying in the street. (= A little boy was crying at dusk in the street.) 黄昏时刻，一个小男孩在街上哭。The following years saw her act in many plays. 随后几年，她在多部剧中扮演角色。Summertime brought out her beautiful skirt. 夏天，他找出美丽的裙子。【知识拓展】see除了用来表示“看见”以外，还可表示“遇见；会晤；理解；发觉；经历”等意思。在上句中，它的意思是to be the time whenhappens, witness，意为“在（某事）发生之时目睹；目击”。This year sees the hundredth anniversary of the composers death. 今年是那位作曲家逝世一百周年。4. we were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government. 我们被置于这样一个境地；要么被迫接受低人一等的现实，要么跟政府作斗争。 本句中in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government是定语从句，修饰先行词position，关系代词which用作介词in的宾语。通常介词既可置于关系代词前（比较正式），也可以置于定语从句的末尾（非正式）。但是，who和that不能用在介词后面。The official to whom we applied for a visa was very kind. 我们向他申请护照的那位官员非常友善。He was respected by the people he worked with. 他受到与他一起工作的人的尊重。 当先行词是stage，situation，occasion，society，atmosphere，case等词时，定语从句常用where或in which来引导。At that time we had reached a stage where we had more black readers than white ones. 那时候我们已经到了黑人读者比白人读者还要多的阶段。Increasing poverty has led a situation where the poorest openly admit that they cannot afford to have children. 日益严重的贫困出境使得最贫穷的人公开承认他们养不起孩子。 “less +形容词（副词）原级 + than”是形容词（副词）比较级的一种，表示前者不及后者。In his life, he has always tried to help those who are less fortunate than himself. 在他的一生中，他总是设法帮助那些比他不幸的人。This truck is running less smoothly than it used to. 这辆卡车不如以前跑得那样稳了。【知识拓展】原级比较“甲方不如乙方”还可以用以下句式：not so/ as +原级形容词/原级副词 + as从句。 He is not so/ as tall as you. 他不如你高。5. only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. 只有到了这个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。这是一个倒装句。一般句子的结构是珠玉在前，谓语在后，但在这种倒装句中，句子的结构是部分谓语在前，主语在后。Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 知道那时我才认识到我错了。【知识拓展】当only修饰状语置于句首时，句子要部分倒装。only出现在句首修饰介词短语时应使用部分倒装结构。【注意】如果only不修饰状语，而修饰主语或宾语，即使在句首也不倒装。Only a doctor can do it. 只有医生才能做这件事。 not onlybut also连接两个分句时，not only放于句首，第一个分句用部分倒装，第二个分句不用倒装。Not only does he like English, but also he learns it well. 他不仅喜欢英语，而且学得好。 not onlybut also连接主语时，虽位于句首也不用倒装语序。Not only I but also she likes English. 不仅我而且她也喜欢英语。例题点津例题 1. （单词拼写）We aim at _ (质量) rather than quantity.答案 quality点拨 要对词义牢固掌握。quality意为“质量”；quantity意为“数量”。例题 2. （用适当的介词填空）We accept the suggestion _ principle but not in detail.答案 in点拨 in principle为固定短语，意为“原则上”。例题 3. The Five Principles of _ Coexistence was just forward by China. A. Peaceful B. Careful C. Lovely D. Active答案 A点拨 the Five Principle of Peaceful Coexistence指“和平相处五项原则”。peaceful，“和平的；平静的”。例题 4. I hope I will not be called on in class as Im not yet _ prepared. A. attentively B. readily C. actively D. adequately答案 D点拨 句意：我不希望在课堂上被叫到，因为我没有做好充分的准备。A项意为“专注地”；B项意为“欣然地；毫不困难地”；C项意为“积极地；活跃地”；D项意为“充分地；足够地”。例题 5. _ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. A. As B. That C. This D. It答案 D点拨 句意：我们相信医疗保健方面的改善可以使经济更加繁荣昌盛。that后引导的句子为真正的主语， it为形式主语，所给四个选项只有D项it可作形式主语，故D正确。例题 6. I dont think _ necessary for you all to come. A. that B. this C. it D. one答案 C点拨 考查it作形式宾语的用法。it用作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式短语。例题 7. （词语辨析）Im _ (will, willing) to admit that I have hurt her, but I didnt mean to.答案 willing点拨 be willing to，“乐意干某事”。例题 8 （根据汉语提示完成句子）He _ _ _ (索价5英镑)the book.答案 asked 5 for点拨 ask some money for sth. 意为“要价；索价”例题 9 （用适当的介词填空）Ill never forget the day _ which I went to college.答案 on点拨 在具体的某一天应用介词on。例题 10 （完成句子）_ _ you reach 18 years old _ you join the army答案 Only when；can点拨 “Only + 状语”位于句首时，句子用部分倒装语序。例题 11 Only then _ how much damage had been caused. A. she realized B. she had realized C. had she realized D. did she realize答案 D点拨 句意：仅仅在那个时候她才意识到所造成的危险是那么严重。当“only + 状语”位于句首的时候主句要用倒装结构，then是过去的时间，故主句应该用一般过去时。例题 12 Franks dream was to have his own shop _ to produce the workings of his own hands. A. that B. in which C. by which D. how答案 B点拨 in which to produce相当于in which/ where he could produce。in which =in the shop。例题 13 Nowadays many school children _ too much time _ playing computer games. A. spend; on B. devote; to C. take; to D. cost; in答案 B点拨 表示“花费”时，“take”和“cost”不能用sb.作主语，排除C、D项；spend用法是sb. spend time in doing sth. 或sb. spend time on sth. 所以A项中的on应改为in；devote to + n./ doing，故B项正确。例题 14 -I didnt intend to join Tom in attending the coming sports meet. -Really? _ , Tom is eager to do so. A. In the end B. As a matter of fact C. On purpose D. Generally speaking答案 B点拨 考查短语意义。A项为“最后”；B项为“实际上”；C项为“故意地”；D项为“一般说来”。只有B项能使句子句意通顺。例题 15 They are of _ height, but I think Mary _ the job. A. equal; is equal to B. equally; is equal C. equal; equals D. equally; is equaled答案 A点拨 考查equal的用法。equal可以作形容词，修饰名词height；be equal to the job意为“称职”，其中to是介词，故A项正确。例题 16 （完成句子）Mary _ _ _ Bill in brains答案 is equal to点拨 be equal toin指“在某方面与是相同的；一样的”。例题 17 （根据汉语提示完成句子）She has nobody _ _ _ _ (她求助无门)。答案 she can turn to点拨 turn to sb./ sth，“向求助/寻求指教”。例题 18 （翻译）He is in trouble with the police._ .答案 他犯事落入了警察的手里。点