翻译、写作应试技巧.doc

作文的命题范围1.主要是议论文结构的作文，题型主要分为五大类：My View on., Advantages and Disadvantages of. How to., A or B, Why.等。2.考生熟悉的，有话可说的内容，比如：社会热点My View on Job Hopping, Foreign Filmsand Domestic Films。3.还要和考生的文化背景有关，比如：The Teacher I Like Best，Why I Take The College English Test Band-4?4.考题还要考虑到考生的语言水平。总之，校园生活、社会热点、环境保护、科学技术、业余生活等都会是出题的范围历年作文题目：2006年6月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a poster recruiting volunteers. You should write at Least 120 words following the outline given below :1校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动，现招募志愿者2本次志愿者活动的目的、活动安排等3报名条件及联系方式2006年12月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes tow rite a composition on the topic Practice Makes Perfect. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1.许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会2.但是有些人提出取消春节晚会3.我的看法。2005年6月全国大学英语四级考试作文题For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay “In Honor of Teachers on the Occasion of Teachers Day”. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1向老师表达节日祝贺2从一件小事来回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3我如何回报老师的关爱2005年1月全国大学英语四级考试作文题A Campaign Speech1 你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作。2 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？2004年6月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction. You should write at least 120 words according to the following guidelines:Your role: a tour guide Your audience: a group of foreign touristsYour introduction should include:1. some welcoming words 2. the schedule for the day 3. a description of the place the tourists will be visiting(e.g. a scenic spot or a historical site, etc.) 4. You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everybody.2003年12月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1.建议报考的专业及理由2.报考该专业的基本条件 3.应当如何备考2003年9月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured). You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1.简单叙述一下这位同学生病(或受伤)的情况 2.同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的3.人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是2003年6月全国大学英语四级考试作文题假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：1、车祸发生的时间及地点 2、你所见到的车祸情况3、你对车祸原因的分析 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident2002年12月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1.当前社会上存在着许多不诚实的现象 2.诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实2002年6月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:1.上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间: 1990年(2 hours)、1995年(4 hours)、2002年(14 hours)，请描述其变化；2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明)；3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。Student Use of Computers2002年1月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼有而有之。2001年6月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. You should write a t least 100 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese.1. 表示欢迎 2. 提出对度假安排的建议3. 提醒应注意的事项2001年1月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1. 面试在求职过程中的作用2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是.How to Succeed in a Job Interview?2000年6月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 100 words, and base your competition on the outline given in Chinese below:1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是.2. 也有人持不同意见3. 我的看法和打算2000年1月全国大学英语四级考试作文题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 上大学的费用(tuition and fees)可以通过多种途径解决 2. 哪种途径适合于我(说明理由)How I Finance My College Education审题审题是写作成功与否的重要因素之一。所以,一定要在动笔之前花几分钟认真审题,仔细寻找题目提供的信息(包括中文的、英文的、画面的或数字的)。然后对这些信息加以认真分析,弄清题意,确定中心思想选词时应掌握以下原则:1. 选通俗易懂、自己有把握的词英语词语分正式词语和常用词语。英语中的正式词语主要用于学术和理论著作、政治和法律文件以及正式的信函等。常用词语则是广泛用于日常生活的口语和书面用语。英语写作初学者的作文选题大多是与一般常识有关,因此,在写作时应尽量避免使用大词(big words),而应首选常用词。像proposal, use , begin, enough, tell,就比proposition, utilize, commence, sufficient, inform更常用、更通俗易懂,自己使用起来也较为熟练。2. 选词应力求简洁在英语写作选词时应尽量避免使用冗词赘语。千万不要为了凑满字数而选用一些字多的表达法。如except, because, now, believe, before就比with the exception that, due to the fact that, at present time, be of the opinion that, prior to更为简洁,是我们在写作时应首选的。3. 选词要恰当英语中的同义词非常丰富,但彼此之间却存在着一定的差异,因而在英语作文时不要随便选用一个便完成任务,而要仔细分辨同义词的不同之处,尽量选用最恰当的一个。例如:small和little是同义词,经常可以换用,但两者仍有细微差别。small是指客观上的“小”,而little则含有“喜爱”的情感色彩;learn与study两词都可以作“学习”讲,但learn着重于学习的成果,指:学到、学会,有时用于表示学习的初级阶段,而study着重于学习过程及进行较深入的研究。4. 尽量选用具体的词在英语中,从语义上来说,有的词相对抽象,另一些词相对具体些。在我们初学英语写作时,应尽量选用具体的词以使表达能够较为确切。例如:professionals就比scientists, doctors, teachers, journalists, lawyers等更抽象。而kind, friendly, generous, skillful等就比good更具体。5. 选用一定的习用语习用语是一种固定的搭配,它不可以拆开来加以理解。英语中的习惯用语较为丰富,对它们进行适当和正确地运用,会使英语作文更加生动,更具有表达力。如:Many people think that radio has given way to television in popularity. We can get in touch with him by telephone.6. 适当选用某些修辞手段在英语作文中如果能恰当地使用一些修辞手段会使文章生动,给读者以丰富的想象,从而增强文章的表达效果。例如:The old mans hair is as white as snow.(明喻)He is the soul of the team.(暗喻)This time fate was smiling to him.(拟人)7. 选词要力求多样化英语作文有时需要在多处表示相同意义,此种情况下如一味地运用同一词语便会让人读起来单调乏味。这时恰当地使用同义词可给读者以清新的感觉,并能增强文章的可读性。如:Mr. Wang knew German very well. He also had a good knowledge of French and English.作文中常用的逻辑词1. 表示增补：and, too, in addition to, moreover, besides, furthermore, not only but also, above all, as well as, together, with, along with, next, whats more 等。2. 表示时间：after, before, soon, when, until, during, immediately, then等。3. 表示举例：for example, for instance, such as, that is, in other words, in fact等。4. 表示相似即第二个观点在某些方面和第一个观点相似。如：like, as, similarly, in the same way, as well, too, equally, likewise等。5. 表示不同：即观点和我们所期望的观点不同，读者需要对下一句的意思转换做好准备。如：unlike, in contrast with/to, whereas, on the contrary, on the other hand等。6. 表示因果：since, because, due to, owing to, for, as, because of, on account of, as a result等。7. 表示总结：in a word, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, to conclude, to sum up, finally, at last等。8. 表示顺序：first, then, next, after that, finally, last of all, at the beginning, one, another, still, soon, later, initially 等。9. 表示条件：if, unless, on condition that, as long as, in case, suppose 等。10.表示空间：above, across, beyond, in front of , next, adjacent to, to the left等。11.表示强调：chiefly, especially, indeed, in fact, actually等。12.表示目的：in order to, in the hope that, so as to, so that, in the hope of等作文常用句式一、 引出开头1. Its well-known to us that我们都知道2. Recently, the problem of has aroused peoples concern. 最近问题已引起人们的关注。3. Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题。4. Nowadays, has become a problem we have to face. 如今，已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。5. It is commonly believed that/It is a common belief that人们一般认为6. Many people insist that 很多人坚持认为7. With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that 随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为8. A lot of people seem to think that 很多人似乎认为二、 表达不同观点1. Peoples views on vary from person to person. Some hold that However, others believe that 人们对的观点因人而异，有些人认为然而其他人却认为2. People may have different opinions on人们对可能会有不同的见解。3. Attitudes towards vary from person to person. 人们对待的态度因人而异。4. There are different opinions among people as to 关于人们的观点大不相同。5. Different people hold different attitudes toward 对人们的态度各不相同三、 表示结尾1. In short, it can be said that总之，它的意思是2. It may be briefly summed up as follows. 它可以主要概括如下。3. From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that 从上面所提到的我们可以得出结论4. From the graph/table/chart listed above, it can be seen that从上面列出的图标我们可以看出5. Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that 把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论6. Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论7. Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that 因此，我们最好得出这样的结论8. There is no doubt that has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。9. All in all, we cannot live without But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 总之，我们没有就无法生活。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。四、 提出建议1. It is high time that we put an end to the. 该是我们停止的时候了。2. It is time to take the advice of and to put special emphasis on the improvement of 该是采纳的建议并对的进展给与特殊重视的时候了。3. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of 毫无疑问，对问题应予以足够的重视。4. Obviously, if we want to do something it is essential that 显然，如果我们想做些的事情，很必要的是5. Only in this way can we 只有这样，我们才能6. It must be realize that 我们必须意识到五、 预示后果1. Obviously, if we dont control the problem, the chances are that will lead us in danger. 很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险。2. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则很可能会3. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很紧迫的是，应该立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。六、 表示论证1. from my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second, 在我看来，支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。2. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that我无法完全同意这一观点3. Personally, I am standing on the side of 就个人而言，我站在的一边。4. I sincerely believe that 我真诚的相信5. In my opinion, it is more advisable to do than to do 在我个人看来，做比做更明智。6. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why 最后，坦率地说，还有另一个实际的原因七、 给出原因1. There are three reasons for this. 有三个原因如下。2. This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, Second, Third, 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的。第一，第二，第三，3. Why did ? For on thing For another Perhaps the primary reason is 为什么会？一个原因是另一个原因是或许其主要原因是4. I quite agree with the statement that the reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述，即其主要原因如下。八、 理出解决办法1. Here are some suggestions for handling这事如何处理的一些建议2. The best way to solve the troubles is 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是3. People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题。九、 批判错误观点和做法1. As far as something is concerned, 就某事而言, 2. It was obvious that 很显然，3. It may be true that, but it doesnt mean that 可能是对的，但这并不意味着4. It is natural to believe that, but we shouldnt ignore that认为是很自然的，但我们不应忽视5. There is no evidence to suggest that 没有证据表明十、 表示好处1. It has the following advantages. 它有如下的优势。2. It does us a lot of good. 它给我们带来很多好处。3. It is beneficial to us. 它对我们有益处。4. It is of great benefit to us. 它对我们有很大的益处。十一、表示坏处1. It has more disadvantages than advantages. 它有很多不足之处。2. It does us much harm. 它对我们有害处。3. It is harmful for us to. 做对我们有害处。十二、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1. It is important (necessary, difficult, convenient, possible) for sb. to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是很重要（必要，困难，方便，可能）的2. We think it necessary to do sth. 我们认为做某事是必要的。3. It plays an important role in our life. 它在我们生活总起到重要的作用。十三、采取措施1. We should take some effective measures. 我们应该采取些有效的措施。2. We should try our best to overcome (conquer) the difficulties. 我们应该尽最大的努力去克服困难。3. We should do our utmost（最大的，最远的，极度的） in doing sth. 我们应该尽力去做某事。4. We should solve the problems that we are confronted (faced) with. 我们应该解决我们面临的困难。十四、显示变化1. Some changes have taken place in the past five years. 在过去的五年发生了很多变化。2. Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications. 在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化。3. The computer has brought about many changes in education. 计算机给教育带来了很多变化。十五、表示事实、现状1. We cannot ignore the fact that 我们不能忽略这个事实2. No one can deny the fact that 没人能否认这个事实3. There is no denying the fact that 不可否认这个事实4. This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 这是一个大家都感兴趣的现象。十六、进行比较1. Compared with A, B 与A比较，B 2. I prefer to (read) rather than (watch TV). 我更喜欢（看书）而不是（看电视）。3. There is a striking contrast between them. 在他们之间有明显的区别。十七、数量变化1. It has increased (decrease) from to 它已经从增加（减少）到2. The population in this city has now increased (decrease) to 800,000. 这个城市的人口已经增加（减少）到80万。3. The output of July in this factory increased by 15%. 这个工厂7月份的产量已增加了15%。常见错误分析句子是文章的基础,完整正确的句子是写好段落和文章的基本要求。四级作文中如能按题意和段落主题句写好符合英语规范和明白通顺的扩展句,这种作文就基本成功了。写句子时,首先,要注意句子的完整性。完整句应具备两个基本条件,即要表达一个完整的思想和主谓齐全(祈使句除外)。要用能结束句子的标点符号,如句号、问号、感叹号等来结束句子,完整的英文句子是不能打逗号的。其次,要掌握好英文句子的基本句型、种类、词序、平行结构、主谓一致等。四级考试写作中,学生常出现的错误有以下几种情况:(一)错将从句当句子误I like living in Florida. Because we have good weather all year long.正I like living in Florida because we have good weather all year long.(二)错将同位语当句子误New problems face the woman entering college. Such as budgeting her money and her time for study.正New problems face the woman entering college, such as budgeting her money and her time for study.(三)错将短语当句子误I love to cook and eat Chinese food. Especially noodles and dumpling.正I love to cook and eat Chinese food, especially noodles and dumpling.(四)错将分词当谓语误The reason for Harrys disappointment being that his sister wasnt there to comfort him.正The reason for Harrys disappointment was that his sister wasnt there to comfort him.(五)从句中缺主语误The woman talked to you just now is our English teacher.正The woman who talked to you just now is our English teacher.(六)代词指代不清误My father was an artist; therefore, I have also chosen it as my major.正My father was an artist; therefore, I have also chosen art as my major.(七)结构不平衡误We leave for the beach at 8:00, swim from9:30 to 11:00, and lunch is eaten at 12:00.正We leave for the beach at 8:00, swim from9:30 to 11:00, and eat lunch at 12:00.(八)主谓不一致误 Bread and butter are what they usually have for breakfast.正Bread and butter is what they usually have for breakfast.(九)意义模糊误Yesterday my girlfriend waited for me in this room from America.正Yesterday my girlfriend from America waited for me in this room.(十)时态混淆误For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it.正For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it.(十一)连词位置错误 The school management not only bought paper, books, and pencils, but also large quantities of ink.正 The school management bought not only paper, books, and pencils, but also large quantities of ink.(十二)悬垂分词误Walking along the road, a rock cut my foot.正Walking along the road, I had my foot cut on a rock.(十三)主、从句人称指代混淆误When only five years old, my father taught me to play tennis.正When only five years old ,I was taught to play tennis by my father.(十四)错用从句误Smith, who believes that it is good to help someone with “so little trouble to himself”.正Smith believes that it is good to help someone with “so little trouble to himself”.(十五)时间关系不清误Television came along and children used to read after lunch.正Before television came along, children used to read after lunch.(十六)不定式逻辑主语错误To be a good student, it is necessary to study hard.正To be a good student, you must study hard.(十七)注意句子的统一性、简洁和多样性。统一指的是一个句子只表示一个完整的中心思想,它不包括与此中心思想无关的部分,句子的各部分之间的关系必须是清楚而又合乎逻辑的。误During Spring Festival I went back to the middle school, which was built in 1950 by the river, to visit my former teachers.正During Spring Festival I went back to the middle school where I had studied for six years to visit my former teachers.分析:原句错在“学校于1950年建在河边”与句子的中心思想无关,将定语从句改为“我曾在那儿念过六年书”则与中心密切相关,从而使句子有了统一性。(十八)注意句子的简洁和多样性。1. 冗赘I invited him because of the fact that he is such a good story teller.简洁 I invited him because he is such a good storyteller.2. 冗赘We decided that we would get an early start.简洁We decided to get an early start.3. Of all the means of transport, bicycle is the most popular one in China. As a Kingdom of Bicycles, China produces numerous bicycles every year to meet the needs of Chinese people. Chinese people like to ride bicycles because this two wheeled vehicle can offer great assistance to them. Not only do people ride bikes to go to work or school, but they also cycle to go shopping, outing or to carry things. Apart from their convenience, bicycles can be easily repaired and their price is lower than that of cars or motorcycles.本段长短句交替使用,简单句,并列句和复合句交替使用,使句子生动,并富有表达力。例文分析Title：Good HealthOutlin