实用业务教案第四册

实用业务教案第四册 1个Unit1Part1Practical ReadingPreface toAir PollutionControl EquipmentI.Difficult sentences(20)1.(Para.1)It was at theIndian Institutewhere the first namedauthor got,who turned out to be1)This is a cleft/emphatic sentence(强调句)with a relative clauseintroduced bywho.2)Aording toQuirk etal(A ComprehensiveGrammar of the EnglishLanguage,p1387):wh-forms arerare in cleft sentence in parisonwith that and zero.Although whoseis allowedincleft sentences(Its UncleBill whoseaddress Ilost),whom andwhich areonly marginallypossible,and it is virtuallyimpossible to use whomor whichpreceded by a preposition.Thus:It was the dogto whichI gave the waterCan beread onlyas a sentence containinga postmodifyingrelative clause(pare She wasthewoman towhom I gavethewater),and notas a cleft sentence.Characteristic intonationis alsodifferent.It wasthe DOGI gavethe WATERto(cleftsentence)It/That wasthe dogIgavethe WATERto.(SVC sentence,where Cis theitalicized nounphrase incorporatingarelativeclause)From theabove wecould seethat thetypical cleftsentence patternwhich is used toemphasize anadverbial isIt is/wasthat,and notIt is/waswhere/when.The lastsentenceinthis passageis alsoacleftsentence introducedby It isthat.2.(Para.2)This book is addressedprimarily toengaged in the designaddressed to here meansdirected to,aimed at.Here be engaged inmeans bespecialized in,modifyingengineers.e.g.The scientistsare engaged in thedesign of the newsystem.3.(Para.2)But it will certainlybe helpfulto chemists and physicistsconfronted with the solutionofConfronted withis apast participialclause modifying the nounschemistsandphysicists.e.g.I amconfronted withthe taskof designingthe bridge.4.(Para2)Furthermore,it is intended as a textbookforIt is intended(as)for a person or a purposemeans it is plannedor made(as something)for the person or the purpose.e.g.The bookis intendedas ahandbook forfrequent reference.5.(Para.3)The goalof this bookis the presentationof knowledgeon designand operationof equipmentapplicable to the abatementofApplicable tois anadjective phrasemodifyingtheantecedent equipment.Applicable to a particularsituation or apersonmeans berelevant and useful to the situationor the person andcould be translated as适用于.e.g.The followingspecial regulationsare applicable to overseasstudents.6.(Para.4)A shortreview of the developmentof environmentalconsciousness andof legalactionsis presented.This sentence has a very longsubject,but a short predicate(is presented),which isof typicalscientific style,especially monin scienceabstracts.For detailssee Unit9,Science2Abstracts.However,an Englishsentencehas its semanticand structuralend-weight,i.e.the endingpart of asentenceshould belonger andbear thesemantic focus.Thats whythis sentencecould berewritten as:A shortreview ispresented of the development,thus formingan unusualkind ofpostmodifier which is separatedfrom itsantecedent by the predicate.7.(Para.4)The appropriatetechnology was,when legislationimposed severe restrictions on harmful emissions.Imposeon:If youimpose somethingon people,you useyour authorityto forcepeople to aept it.e.g.She was a harshmother andimposed severediscipline onher children.Here imposedsevererestrictionsonharmful emissions meansharmfulemissionsare severelyrestricted.8.(Para.6)Special mentiondeserves Dr.Ing.R.Spilger,who relievedme ofmuchThe normalorder of the sentenceshould beDr.Ing.R.Spilger deservesspecial mention,who relievedme ofmuch of the dailyroutine work:If someoneor somethingrelieves youof anunpleasant feelingof difficulty,they causeyou tono longerhave it.e.g.The newsrelieved himof some of hisembarrassment.II.Structure(20)1.本书读者对象This bookis addressedto.This bookis writtenfor.This bookhas beenproduced orthose who.This bookwill beof invaluableassistance to.This bookisintendedfor.2.本书的目的宗旨The goal/purpose/aim/objective ofthisbookis.This bookaims to.3.各章节内容The chapterdeals with.The chaptergives asurvey/review of.The chapteris devotedto.The chaptercovers/describes/concludes.4.感谢Particular thanks are due to/go to.I wishto thank.for.I amindebted to.for.I ammost grateful/thankful to.for.I shouldlike tothank.for.I wishto acknowledgethe assistanceof.for.I wishto expressthanks to.III.Language points(50)1.arise:to einto beinge.g.Resentment canarise betweentwo menwho wantthe samejob.3Aidents canarise fromcarelessness.2.deliver: (1)to give(a lectureoracourse)e.g.The congressmandelivers hisspeech tomorrow. (2)to takesomething tosomebodys houseor officee.g.He deliverednewspapers asa boy. (3)to handover,give overe.g.I deliveredthe checksto thebank.3.in contact with:和有接触（联系）e.g.We must keep incontact withthe masses.There Icame in(to)contactwiththe finestcraftsman Ihave evermet.4.turn out:to happento bein theend结果，原来（是）e.g.I amafraid thingswerent going to turnout smoothfor you.He mademany glowingpromises ofreform,but nothingturned outright.It hasturnedoutthat themethod doesnt work.5.be engaged in;to bespecialized in/busy with从事，忙于e.g.It isa longand hardstruggle weare engagedin.He wasbusily engagedin writingletters.At that time,he wasengagedin averyviolent argumentwith someone.6.be confrontedwith/by:to faceboldly面临，面对，正视e.g.November washere,and wewere confrontedwith a long winterbefore us.As heentered theroom,hewasconfronted bya sceneof end for:to meanto be以为对象/目标，打算给（某人），适合e.g.The parceldid notreach theman forwhom itwas intended.His sonisintendedfor themedical profession.8.applicable to:suitable fore.g.Yesterdays solutionsare notalways applicable to todays problems.Your criticismsare notapplicableto the subject.Newtons thirdlam ofmotion isapplicabletothis example.9.due(to) (1)adj.owed owingasadebt orright;proper/suitable/enough;supposed to bee.g.Great dealof moneyis due to you.Our particularthanksaredue toyou.The nexttrain toLondon isduo hereat4oclock.I amdue to an increase in paysoon. (2)prep.because ofe.g.Due torepairs,the garagewill beclosed nextSaturday.10.invest:to usemoney to make moremoney;to usetime orenergy intrying to make ita suesse.g.Many businessmenare investingin farming.They havefailed toinvest injob creationin thecities.Everyone shouldinvest sometime inmunity service.11.impose on:to forceaeptance on把强加于e.g.Dont tryto imposeyour wisheson others.Oupation does not givethem theright toimpose theirwill onus.The presenttrouble wasimposed onhim.12.disperse:(cause to)scatter indifferent directionsor spreadover awide area4e.g.After school,children dispersed them homes.The winddispersedthesmoke.Most of the pieceshave dispersed.13.relieveof:to takefrom(someone)(something heavyto carryor hardto do);or dismiss(someone)from(a position)e.g.Dr.Ing.R.Spilger relievedmeofmuch of the dailyroutine work.He wasrelieved ofhis duties.So Iasked to be relievedof myjob andreturned toLondon.Let merelieve youof thecase;it looksterribly heavy.14.figure: (1)a drawingoradiagram that isusedto explainor illustratethe informationthat isbeing given and with its firstletter capitalizede.g.Figure10shows theplace wherethe bodywas found.The originaldesign wasmodified,as isshown inFigure/Fig.4. (2)any of the numbersigns from0to9(数码，数字)e.g.Write thenumber inwords and in figures.A six-figure numbercould give you someidea of the size. (3)a particularamount expressedasanumber,especially one thatisgiven asa statisticinapiece of information e.g.Recent governmentfigures showthat thereare135000families withfour orfive children.The figureof1983was aslow as23per cent.15.Words likelyto getconfused: (1)arise/rise/raise/arouse arise:to einto being;happen;appear出现，发生e.g.Difficulties willarise aswe dothe work.A strongwind arouseand blewour boatinto therocks.rise:to goup,get up上升，升起e.g.The sunrises in the east.Food costsrose sharply.raise:to lift,push ormove upward举起，使升高e.g.She raisedher fingertoherlips assign forsilence.The carpenterraised theshelf abovethe reachof children.arouse:to cause to wake/to beeactive唤醒，唤起，引起e.g.We arousedhim fromhis soundsleep.His unusualbehavior naturallyaroused suspicion. (2)due/owing/thanks toAs dueis anadjective,it seemsthat dueto shouldreally be used onlywith nouns.e.g.His absencewas dueto the storm.His mistakeis dueto hiscarelessness.Losses dueto frictionour inevery machineandinevery organization.But educatedspeakers arenow beginningto useduetowith verbs,thus treatingdueto like owing to orbecause ofe.g.He arrivedlate dueto/owingto thestorm.Due to/Owing to a traffichold-up,I missedmy fight.5Thanks tomeans somethingisthecause of something else.e.g.Thanks tohim Ibegan tolearn totrust myfeelings.Thanks toJohn wearrived threehours late.Conclusion(8):conclude whatwe havelearned todayHomework(2):1.finish theexercises inText A2.Be readyfor theapplied writing6Unit1PART2.Applied Writing:Application LetterI.General IntroductionA letterof applicationis essentiallya salesletter.An applicant is marketinghis/her skills,abilities,and knowledge.The immediatepurpose of an application letter isto getthe attentionof theperson whoscreens andhires jobapplicants.The applicants ultimategoal isto obtaina jobinterview.The suessfulapplication lettedoesth reethings:Catches the readers favorableattention,convinces thereader thatyou arequalified for the consideration,and requestsan interview.It shouldbe conciselywritten.A letterof applicationshould providethe followinginformation:1.State aspecific jobtitle.2.Point outyour sourceofinformationabout the job.3.Summarize your qualifications for the job,specifically education,work experience,and activitiesshowing leadershipskills.4.Refer thereader toyour resume.5.Ask for an interview,stating whereyou canbe reachedand whenyou willbe availableforaninterview.In writingan applicationletter,its necessaryto useplain whitepaper ofhigh quality,with amatching envelope.II.Constituent partsof anapplicationletterA letterof applicationusually consistsof the following sixstandard orpulsory parts:1.Heading orletterhead(Senders addressand dateof the letter)The senders address is writtenon thetop right-hand side of thepaper.The dateis writtenbelow thesenders address,sometimes separatedfrom itbyaspace.Aeptable expressionsof dates:1)11th January(,)20002)11January(,)20003)January11(,)2000Unaeptable expressionsof dates:11.1.2000(which means11th January2000in theUK but1st November2000in theUSA)2.Inside(or receivers)address This is writtenbelow thesenders addressand on the oppositesideof the page.Order of the insideaddress:Name of thepersonand/or panyreceiving theletter Name of houseor buildingNumber of the buildingand nameof streetor roadNameoftown orcity andpostcode Nameof thecountry Punctuation:If thepunctuation isused,each lineof theaddressisfollowed bya maexcept thelast line.3.Salutations Dear Sirto aman whose name you do not know Dear Sirsto a pany7Dear Madamto awoman,whether singleor married,whosenameyou dont knowDear Siror Madamtoaperson ofwhom youdontknowboth the name and the sexIf youdo knowthe nameof theperson you are writingto,the formof thesalutation wouldbe:Dear+courtesy title+thepersons surname:Dear Mr.Smith(Dear Mr.J.Smith or Dear Mr.John Smithare notgenerally used.)Note:1)The maafter thesalutation is optional(DearSir,orDearSir).2)In theUSA aletter toapanyusually openswithGentlemen:instead ofDear Sirs,4.The bodyoftheletter Thismay beindented(首行缩进式)，as inSpecimen ofUnit1,or blocked(齐头式)，which isa matterof choice.But whicheverstyle youuse,you must be consistentandusethat styleall throughtheletter.5.Complimentary closeIf theletter beginswith DearSir,Dear Sirs,Dear Madam,DearSiror Madam,it willclose withyours faithfully.If theletter beginswith(Dear+)the receivers name,e.g.Dear David,Dear Mr.Smith,itwillclose withYours sincerely,which isless formaland oftenused betweenacquaintances orfriends.Yours sincerely/faithfully couldalso beSincerely/Faithfully yours,which isless monthan Yours sincerely/faithfully.Your sincerely/faithfully Notes: (1)The maafter theplimentary closeisoptional(yours faithfully,or Yoursfaithfully). (2)Americans tendto closeeven formalletters withYours truly/Truly yours/Yourssincerelyor simplyTruly insteadof Yoursfaithfully.6.Signature Alwaystype yourname afteryour handwrittensignature.Even thoughyou maythink yoursignature iseasy toread.III.Listening part(40)1.listen tothis part2.check theanswers3.explain thedifficulty andsum upthe mainsentences usedin eachlistening materialsConclusion(8):conclude whatwe havelearned todayHomework(2):1.finish theexercises2.Be readyfor unittwo,part one8Unit2Part1Practical ReadingIntroduction toPhysical ScienceI.Difficult sentences(20)1.Physical sciencein thetitle meansnatural scienceand shouldnot betranslated as物理科学，but as自然科学。 2.(Para.1)This explorationwill enrichyour perspective on how scientific knowledge,how scienceinfluencesand how it could1)Perspective meansa particularway ofthinking aboutsomething,esp.ohatis influencedby ones beliefsand experiences.This wordis oftentranslated as观点，认识.2)perspectiveonhowscientificknowledge,how scienceinfluences,howitcould:the threeparallel how-clause areall theplement ofthe prepositionon.3.(Para.3)The appreciation ofthe physical sciencesdates backtothebeginning ofthe humanrace.1)Appreciation heremeans judgment,as ofthe quality,worth,or factsofsomethingand shouldbetranslatedas认识，理解.2)date backto:If somethingdates backtoa particular time,it startedor wasmade atthattime.e.g.The presentcity halldates backtothe1880s.4.(Para.3)Although theearliest humansdid nothave sophisticatedtools withwhich to view the universe,they didhave a curiosity aboutthe worldand apelling need to survive1)Sophisticated toolsrefer tothose toolsthat aremade usingmore advancedand plexmethods.2)With whichtoviewtheuniverse:which canbeusedto introducean infinitiveclause to modify anantecedent noun.3)Curiosity heremeans thedesire toknow orlearn.4)A pellingneed is an indispensableand urgentneed.5.(Para.3)The movementofthestars,the passingof,and the need to make tools,create fireand predictthe weatherusing theclues ofgrew outof suchacuriosityand was addressed1)The sentencehas threeparallel subjects:the movementof,the passingof,and theneed to2)The thirdS has alongpost-modifier:theneedto maketools,create fireand predictthe weatherusing theclues ofthe windand theclouds3)The sentencehas twoparallel predicatesthat aregrew outof()and wasaddressed through(通过解决),which meanoriginated inand solvedthroughrespectively.6.(Para.6)The scientificmethod isno magicformula,but rathera formulationofthethought processesthat carryone fromquestionsto solutions1)No usedbefore anadjective givesthe oppositemeaning tothe phrasecontaining theadjective.e.g.They hadno smallpart(+had alarge part)in itssuess.9Thisisa questionof nogreat significance(=of littleimportance).2)that carryone from:one referstoaperson oranybody.II.Structures(20)1.the firstedition2.the focusof ChapterX is.3.This providesa backgroundfor.4.attempt toresolve theproblem of.5.conclude that.6.describe7.discuss the following major topics8.be dividedinto.main parts9.thereaderwill discover.10.explore thesubject11.systematically observethe factsthat.12.gather data13.much ofthe texthas beenwritten about.14.throughout thebook15.in thenarrow/broad sense16.traditional/conventional theory17.Section Xexamines.18.We weleyour mentsand suggestionsfor furthereditions.III.Language points(50)1.discipline1)a subjectof learning学科，科目e.g.You aregood atmathematics,so youd betterchoose oneoftheother disciplines.2)control gainedasa result ofthis training纪律e.g.The teachercantkeepdiscipline inher classroom.2.exploration/explore explore:1)to travelinto orthrough(a place)for thepurpose ofdiscovery e.g.To explore the moonis oneofthechallenging tasksof scientists.Every part oftheisland hasbeen explored.2)to examinecarefully(esp.a subjector question)e.g.We mustexplore allpossible waysto increasefood production.Stop thetape andexploretheimplications of what youhave heard.exploration:an actorthe action ofexploring e.g.He madea journeyof explorationinto CentralAfrican in the40s.There wasa fullexploration of all the reasons forand againstclosing therailway.3.appreciation/appreciate appreciate:1)tobethankful orgrate fore.g.I appreciateall youhave donefor me.10Well,thanks,I reallyappreciate that.2)to realizethe worthof,hold inhigh regarde.g.Van Goghs paintingswerent appreciateduntil afterhis death.He appreciatedthe beautifulthings3)to understand,be consciousof,recognize.e.g.I appreciatethereasonsfor youranxiety.Many mendont appreciatehow muchwork ittakes tokeep houseand cookthree meala day.appreciation:1)recognition ofbeauty andgood quality.e.g.He hadlittle appreciationof greatplays.2)gratitude e.g.its justa littlesomething toshow myappreciation.3)increaseinvalue升值e.g.There hasbeen anappreciationof31.2per centin theseshares.4.approach1)v.to enear ornearer走近，靠近e.g.We approachedthe campwith care.The timeis approachingwhen wemust leave.2)v.to beginto consideror dealwith e.g.He approacheddifficulty with great thought.Approach eachnew job withgreatenthusiasm.3)n.a manneror methodof doingsomething e.g.The players approach tothemusic isquite differentfrom anyoneelses.We needa nowapproachtothis problem.5.Interms/in termsof:with regardto在方面，就而言e.g.In moneyterms,they arequite rich,but notin termsof happiness.Life isgoingtobe alittle easier,in economicterms.A puteris powerfulin termsof capacityand speed.6.formulation/formulate formulate:to workout orexpress inashort,clear form用简明公式表示，公式化e.g.We haveformulated ourown strategy.Public affluenceand privatesqualor,was howhe formulatedit.formulation:e.g.They wereengagedinthe formulationofthepanys strategy.May Isuggest theformulationCan weto order,persons?cf.formula n.公式(pl,-las orlae读作/li:or li/)7.generalization/generalize generalize:tomakea generalstatement(about)概括，归纳e.g.It ispossible togeneralize fromall theinformation giventous and tomake variousdecisions.I dont thinkyou cangeneralize that.generali