四级写作讲义---周湘1.docx

四级写作周湘 (Olyea 新浪微博 周湘oleander 人人)一. 二英语句型特点分析1 中文模糊，英文精确(句型，a/an/the, in/on/of, 标点 I eat and drink. )2 中英文句型相同点：A 主系表结构主语+Be+名词/形容词/介词词组/副词 我很高兴。I am very happy.Envrionmental protection is so important that it requires the global endeavor to attain it.我在家。I am at home. Shopping online is at an advantage because it provides items at a lower price. I am of the opinion that .B 主谓宾结构主语+及物动词+名词宾语/to do/doing/宾语从句我爱你。 I love you. Je taime. Je te aime. 我想要大房子。 I want a large house. The government needs to implement the environmentally-friendly policies effectively. 我觉得你说的对。I think that you are right. 3 * 中英文句型结构不同点 A 名词的不同(带有动作修饰的修饰部分在名词之后，核心名词在前，且要考虑冠词修饰；考试中除了定语从句，分词短语做后置修饰之外，最常用的是介词短语如of/in短语 做后置修饰) A of B: B的A （of主要表示一种所属关系）举例：环境污染的严重性the seriousness of environmental pollution/degradationthe seriousness of polluting envrionement 保持健康的重要性The importance of keeping healthyThe importance of health and well-being A in B: B中的A (in 主要表示地理，方位，或在中)The differences in/between two cultures The rural/under-developed/poverty-stricken areas in the northwestern parts of China 定语从句：一个主谓句做修饰，放在名词后面，用连词连接我昨天在百货商场买的那个钱包The purse which I bought in the department store yesterday 名词词组The environmentally-friendly policies that the government implemented recently 那个被叫做约翰的男孩the boy who is called JohnThe boy who we call john The residents who are inhabited in the rural areas of the northwestern parts of China are living under the huge financial stress.坐在教室后面的学生The students who are sitting in the back of the classroom= students sitting in the back of the classroomB 谓语部分的不同 a. 主谓一致 单对单/s，复对复/原形，并列对复/原形，特例对特记考试中常使用的不可数名词：knowledge, information, advice, evidence; A student whois/does/has The students who.are/do/have Students and teachers are/do/have both 特例：United Nations is an organization that aims to Only one species is able to survive this disaster. All species are essential to the integrity of ecology.Any/Each/One species is There are two species that are useful for the treatment of this disease. PS: means等同于species方式，方法, the United States等同于United Nations 美国 b. 时+态 (现在分词doing, 过去分词done, 过去式did)时间：过去，现在，将来状态：一般simple，进行progressive，完成perfect，完成进行perfect progressive一般现在，一般过去，现在完成，一般讲来 一般对永久 进行对正在 完成对已经 将来对“会”“要”一般：长久状态 do, did进行：进行状态 be doing(某个时间范围内的动作延续，如sleep, eat, talk, negotiate)完成：已经状态(造成了某种影响，长跟for, since，already, yet)完成进行：从过去开始进行到现在(强调该动作的持续进行状态)I have worked for eight years. I have been working for eight years.不常用doing的动词瞬间动词：marry, leave等拥有类：own, have, possess容纳，包括：hold, involve, include情感类：love, hate, like, dislike等 C 状语的不同（程度，时间，地点，方式，原因，结果，目的，让步，条件） a. 位置 谓语动词之前/后，句末，句首 b. 类型 介词词组（in, on, at, from, between, by, among, of, over, beyond, because of, according to, due to, in spite of） I get up at six oclock.According to this theory, people will Under this circumstance, Because of the low price and cheap delivery, shopping online is at a advantage over shopping in stores. 分词（doing现在分词，done过去分词） Sitting in the back, I cant hear a single word from the teacher. Walking along the street, I came across a vintage clothing store. 副词 (ly类副词，表程度)Please speak loudly. Unemployment rate increased dramatically in the past three years.In the past three years, unemployment rate increased dramatically.I am positively fond of your response. Generally/Frankly/honestly speaking, most young people feel confused when choosing their majors or careers. 状语从句（连词引导的从句） When, while, before, after, since, until; if, as long as, once; because, for, as, since; although, even though, while; as if, as, as though;so; in order that状语：位置灵活数量多个类型清晰翻译动前动词：一看主语单复二看语境时间三看语境状态 名词：核心在前，修饰在后主语在前，谓语在后单可不孤，介词忌译 三. 四级写作的特点1. 语言以简洁的简单句为主.(名词精确，动词准确，状语正确)2. 内容以易于表达为主.(多用词条搭配) live in: be inhabited in want to: be desirous of know: gain an understanding of know: be aware of; be conscious of face: be confronted with overcome the challengeaddress the concern assume the responsibility 3. 话题以常见社会，文化，教育，科技类话题为主，远离热点和争议性话题。4. 语意以准确完整为主. 四. 四级写作命题规律 2012 on excessive packaging 2011 nothing succeeds without a strong will 2011 online shopping 2010 how should parents help children to be independent? 2010 due attention should be given to spelling 2009 create a green campus 2009 free admission to museums 2008 restriction on disposable plastic bags 2008 on green olympics 2007 on selective courses 2007 an announcement to welcome students to join a club 2006 on cctv spring festival gala 2006 an announcement for a voluntary program 2005 should the university campus be open to tourists 2005 teachers day 2005 a campaign speech 2004 a brief introduction to a tourist attraction 2004 a letter in reply to a friend 2003 an eye witness account of a traffic accident 2003 it pays to be honest 2002 student use of computers 2002 a letter to a school 2001 a letter to a schoolmate 2001 how to succeed in a job interview? 2000 is a test of spoken english necessary?2000 i finance my college education?社会类话题：social problems（侧重问题的原因层面分析）文化类话题：cultural activities/phenomenon （侧重文化现象的原因或者影响，多为积极层面）教育类话题：educational activites/programs/probems（侧重教育的问题，影响，措施等，可积极也可消极）科技类话题：techonological advance（侧重科技的双刃剑影响）品质人生观类话题：values and worldviews （侧重真善美的追求）五. 出题形式：信件：应用文，格式，内容的充实，开头结尾模板和固定词汇（感谢信，邀请函，咨询信，投诉信，建议信）说明文on the importance/effect/influence/reasons of.; why .; how.（意义，影响，原因）议论文Should.? Is it necessary for .to do.?what is your opinion?（观点加论证）图表分析（柱状图bar chart，表格table，饼图pie chart, line chart线图）- 说明文描述图表数据（有选择性的，以描述特征为主），说明原因或者影响数据类的固定表达（上升，下降，波动，占据）漫画分析-影射社会或文化现象-说明文-分析某个社会文化现象的特点（原因/影响）材料题-一段英文prompt和一个命题-议论文-根据命题内容进行议论分析（多针对抽象类话题如success, happiness, life attitude, honesty等）-模板，范文，抽象类词汇如何备考1. 重点准备话题词汇和句型2. 对掌握的句型和词汇结合话题进行句子练习3. 考前一个月左右进行完整文章写作练习（利用模板和准备好的话题词汇）4. 话题按照教育，社会，精神分类准备5. 练习数量在于“精”“准”，不在于“多”。zhouxiangxiang语言准备词汇的记忆的六步：1念 2拼 3变化 4拆 5分 6展开（Merriam Webster)1. 动词类保护：protect, shield, defend, guard抱怨：complain,make complaints about 避免：avoid, keep away from澄清：clarify, clear up, explain, define持续：last, endure, keep on打破：break, fall apart, smash, crack耽搁：delay, postpone, put off导致：result in, lead to, bring about, generate调查：examine, probe into, investigate 丢弃：abandon, discard, quit 发生：happen, take place, occur， break out, come about发现：discover, turn up, dig out察觉：notice perceive, detect反对：object to, disapprove of, protest against, oppose to反抗：resist, repel against 废止：abolish分配：share, distribute, allot 服从：obey, comply with, abide by 复制：copy, reproduce, duplicate 改变：change, vary, reform隔离：isolate, separate, set apart攻击：attack, invade 忽视：neglect, ignore, overlook 花费：spend, expend, consume唤起：evoke, awaken, call forth混合：mix, blend获得：acquire, gain, obtain 激发：arouse, stir, provoke加强：strengthen, beef up, reinforce假装：pretend,simulate 减少：decrease, fall off, dwindle讲述：report, portray教育：educate, train, enlighten揭露：reveal, uncover, unmask, expose 节约：conserve, cut back, economize解雇：fire, dismiss lay off解释：translate, reword, restate 集中：focus on, center on, concentrate on居住：inhabit, occupy, reside, dwell 拒绝：refuse,turn down 赠送：donate, contribute, grant 决定：decide, choose, opt 激励：activate, motivate, spur 开始：start, set about 夸奖：flatter, praise, compliment 描述：describe, picture, depict 例证：typify, stand for, represent 迷惑：puzzle, confuse, bewilder 明白：understand, make out 评价：evaluate, assess, estimate评论：comment, remark,criticize 破坏：destroy, wipe out, wreck 欺骗：mislead, deceive, trick 强调：stress, emphasize 强迫：force, oblige, compel 欣赏：admire, respect, worship限制：restrict, ban 取消：cancel, call off忍受：bear, tolerate, weather, put up with认出：recognize, spot, discern, identify 散播：broadcast, spread 六 范文分析（见讲义）education pays 七 衔接类的逻辑词类(逻辑词类的替换并不直接影响分数和作文的质量)顺序类首先,其次, 然后, 最后: firstly, secondly, thirdly; in the first place, in the second place, in the final place; first and foremost, moreover, additionally, furthermore, eventually, last but by no means least; to start with, to end with, on top of that, in addition to that, added to that, besides, finally, lastly.Initially, plus/also, ultimately. 转折类 However, otherwise, nevertheless, instead, notwithstandingIn contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, despite the fact that, in spite ofBut, yet, although, even though, while/whereas thoughAdmittedly, concededly.Albeit+形容词介词词组分词， 常位于句中 Your courage, albeit frail and faint, can still push me forward, continuously. 强调类of course, indeed, most important, certainly, in fact, obviously, clearly, surely, in particular, in this case, actually.对比类In comparison, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, identically递进类Furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, additionally, also.因果类原因 because of, owing to, due to, thanks toBecause of you, I failed.Because of you loved me, I remain single till today.Because of the fact that you loved me, I remain single till today.Because you loved me, I remain single till today.because, since, for, as, in thatmainly/merely/simply becauseMany Chinese students go to USA to further their studies in that they believe they can have more opportunities to live happily and freely.结果 therefore, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly as a result, as a consequence so八 名词的修饰方法 名词的正确形式和准确语意，单数可数名词不可以单独出现，必须加上冠词；复数名词和不可数名词可以单独出现，如果表示特指含义，则需加上the. eg: The study of literature works is very important to student. Practice makes permanence. 1. 冠词形容词名词(存在即可)Youthful, senior, aged. Junior great pressure intense pressure Merriam Webster 修饰人的形容词：褒贬(generous, miserly; selfish, selfless/altruistic; introverted, extroverted; sensitive, insensitive; ) 外表，性格，情感； 修饰事件：重要的 important to，必要的，普遍的，流行的，复杂的, 有好处的 beneficial to，有坏处的 detrimental to，伤害性的，破坏性的。2 冠词（形容词）名词定语从句定语从句就是一个带有动作含义的后置定语 which, that, who的引导词 which:指物，表示“具体的，可触的”物体，比如“桌子，电脑等”that: 指物，表示“抽象的，不可触的”没有生命的对象，比如“期待，假设，灵感，梦想，文化”等。Archeologist, sociologist, educator who: 指人，表示“具体的”各种人群，比如男人，女人，老人，小孩，学生，老师等。that: 指由人构成的组织或机构，比如“committee, government, commission, agency，band, troop, department”等。 those who 那些.的人those who have decided to emigrate to Canada 3 冠词（形容词）名词介词修饰 out of : 出于 The help out of compassion Passion out of curiosity from: 源于，来自于The culture from the west The information from the public news media The latest evidence from an official reporton/upon: 关于 Remarks on the importance of literature works are varied within different historical periods. 4 动作的名词化表达 （把一个以动作为核心的主谓句变成一个名词短语的表达提升精确性，因为名词可以被精确表达和修饰）If children spend much time in watching television, it will do some harm to their physical health. If parents do too much to manage their childrens lives, their children will ultimately lose the independence and competence. Too much exposure to television violence and pornorgraphy will somehow do harm to childrens physical and mental health. Bad content Unwanted content Parents over involvement in /interference with their childrens business will ultimately result in the loss of their childrens independence and competence. 九. 四级写作的得分要点1. 看上去像一篇标准的四级写作字数满足要求120/150/180)，作文有身材，字迹清晰整齐（第一印象不差，不至于跌破底线）三段式小大小结构一段见 关键词二段见 逻辑（firstly, secondly)三段 见语言2. 可以利用模板，但不要照搬模板，因为给分是global scoring (改卷老师认识什么是模板什么是你自己的语言，用模板不会得0分，不用也不一定会得高分，理性使用模板)3. 四级写作就是高考写作的升级版，也就是词汇和语法能够有合格高中毕业生的水平即可，不同点在于，翻译被自我构思取代。十. 四级写作攻略1. 破题的方法和思路的建立破题建立写作模型主题内容+模板+语言a. 确定关键词（即讨论对象）和 考察点（动词或状语部分）b. 确定文章结构（即三段的重点讨论内容和方向）c. 确定模板首段：谈现象（模板和关键词）中间段落：析原因利弊/意义（万能句式，逻辑，词汇的选择）结尾段落：给结果建议观点（常用的建议和结果类词汇，漂亮的词汇，观点总结）2 开头段的写法谈现象，不给观点hook + phenomenon（related to the topic） 方法：hook=background 1） 写“重要性，严重性，普遍性”升级版： 加时间，范围，人群， 条件句型1：, especially when/mainly because句型2时间/条件+三性+范围/人群时间： nowadays, recently, presently, in the past, in current days, over the past few decades, in the contemporary time, by the end of 20th century, till the end of last century. 范围：大范围：in students life, in peoples lives, in our neighborhood, in our modern life, in such a highly-commercialized society/community. (computerized, cyberized, urbanized, globalized)小范围：to social cohesion, to social stability, to social harmony, to social sustainable development; to childrens physical and mental well-being; to cultivating virtues社会，生活，社区，片区，圈子circle对象：人群：among university students, among the youth, among modern people, among different generations，post-eighties 教育：educator, educationalist 社会：scholar, expert, specialist, sociologist, psychologist, observer 经济：economist, researcher环境：environmentalist, volunteer科技：technician, inventor, scientistamong the younger generation, in particular/especially the post-nineties. People 是人的集合概念，没有peoples的形式，也不可以说a people. 条件：随着，伴随着社会：economic, cultural, environment, education, science and technological with the fast progress in technology (technological innovation), with the improvement of standards of living, with the speedy pace of modern life, with the increasing population and settlement, With the improvement of overall/general intellectual level, 举例：近日，随着技术创新的快速发展，电子商务已经变成了在高度商业化的社会里一个不可被忽视的商业类型。Recently, with the acceleration of technological innovation, electronic commerce has become increasingly prevalent in a highly-commercialized society. 一直以来，教育在人们的生活中都起着至关重要的作用。Always Through the river of human history, Invariably, Unchangedly, 大范围：Invariably, education has been playing an integral part in peoples life.小范围：Invariably, education has been widely recognized as one of the most important factos that contribute to a persons success and happiness.Invariably, education serves as a most essential and effective means for people to improve skills and expand knowledge. 随着社会整体文化水平的提高，教育越来越在人们的生活中起着重要的作用。With the improvement of the overall/general intellectual level in the society, 条件/时间关键词定性分析人群/范围各种性：重要性：(系表).is fairly essential/critical/significant/fatal/indispensable.fairly: considerably, extraordinarily, exceedingly （主谓/主语+不及物动词） .matters most/makes a huge/great/little difference when compared with other stuff/business/factors. （主谓宾/主语+及物动词+宾语） .plays a leading/pressing role/part.(必要性)：(系表).is fairly necessary/rudimentary雏形的/fundamental/imperative. 普遍性：(系表).is fairly familiar/common/prevailing/prevalent. （主谓） .has been penetrating into all walks of life. （主谓） .exists everywhere. 严重性：. is fairly severe, serious, grave 已经变得: has been increasingly popular has become has turned to besample:Presently, with the improvement of standards of living, television and movie play an increasingly leading role in peoples recreational/leisurely lives. 第二句话：However/Also, it is an interesting/intriguing phenomenon that people in growing numbers are voicing their opinions on .(提纲内容的第一部分）. 名词形式的宾语动名词替换句型However/meanwhile, it is interesting to note that a growing number of people are expressing their concerns aboutPeople: sociologist之类的名词environmentalist, educator, economist, psychologist, researcher, expert, specialist, scholar. 等Growing: increasing, expanding许多人/教育家：a large number of, a considerable number of, numbers ofVoice their opinions on this heated topic/issueEg: 12年12月题目It is interesting to note that a considerable number of people are expressing their concerns about the significance of receive higher education. expressing their concerns about the relationship between higher education and career success. *about higher education is so important to employment and career success. 第二句话的替换句2Plus/Meanwhile，there surfaced/emerged a trend that people in large population are paying/giving/pouring more attention to this issue of/about whether/how/what名词形式的宾语动名词People: 同More：adequate, due举例: 2013/6Plus, there emerged a trend that more people, especially the young, are pouring their attention to the issue of whether to engage in big events or trifles. 开头总结：方向在四性句型有两个简单加复杂名动不含糊尽量回避使用people, the society, we, you之类的名词和代词做主语。动词的替换：同意积累，短语和单独动词交替使用Spoil:pour too much love over sb Try: make great efforts to do, spare no efforts to do In current years, free admission to museums is excessively prevailing both at home and abroad. And it is interesting to notice that people in expanding numbers are voicing their opinions/expressing their concerns upon this issue. 35Over the past few decades, free admission to museums has been exceedingly prevailing both at home and abroad. To be specific, visitors of different nationalities are charged free when they intend to enjoy the art or history displayed in museums. (39)Many young people can not go abroad to study is attributed to they have no money. 精神品质类的开头写法很明显众所周知大家都接受的一个事实是毋庸置疑+ 主题名词/动名词/动词不定式+重要性+范围1) It is obvious/clear/unquestionable/doubtless that2) It is widely-accepted/widely-acknowledged/widely-recognized that（widely-generally, universally）3) There is a shared recognition that4) It goes without saying that/There is no denying the fact that主题词：persistence, being persistent, being strong-willed，altruism, integrity, empathy 范围：对于过一种健康，向上，乐观的生活来说：in leading a hea