时态和语态讲解.doc

动词的时态的基本用法英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常性或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time, usually, regularly, every morning/night/evening/day/week, sometimes, occasionally, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month等时间状语。He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning. 他每天早晨常常七点去上班。She has a brother who lives in New York. 她有个住在纽约的哥哥。The earth goes around the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 广州位于中国南方。1）表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 我上小学的时候知道了地球围绕太阳转。Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。2）在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；即主将（祈使句）从现（一般现在时或现在完成时）。常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day； 条件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 如果他接受了这份工作，他会很快挣到更多的钱。When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 贝尔来点时候，叫他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我一到那儿就给你写信。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 你离开房间之前一定要关上窗户。主将从现，（10四川）现在完成时16一When shall we restart our business? w_w w. k#s5_u.c o*m 一Not until we our plan Awill finish Bare finishing Care to finish Dhave finished答案：D w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_o m解析：考查动词时态。在状语从句中，经常用一般现在时表将来时，用现在完成时表将来完成时。此处为until引导的时间状语从句，故用现在完成时，选D。意为“直到我们完成我们的计划，我们才重新开始我们的生意。”w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_o m3）在make sure (certain), see (to it) that（留意，负责，务必，照料）, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Make sure (that) you pick me up at five. 你一定要在5点来接我。See to it that you always carry your passport. 你得常带着你的护照。So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。4）在the more the more (越越) 句型中，若主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study, the better results you will get. 你学习越刻苦，你就会得到越好的结果。5）表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事，常用于时间表中的安排。The train starts at 10 oclock in the morning. 火车将在早上10点开出。这类用法限于表示“移动”的动词：go去，come来，leave离开，start出发，begin开始，arrive到达，take off起飞，等。2、现在进行时表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。We are having English class. 我们正上英语课。We are making model planes these days. 我们这几天正制作飞机模型。The mothers now are always sending their child to all kinds of classes after school. 母亲们总是把她们的孩子放学后送进各种学习班。Listen! It _ outside. Lets go out and collect our clothes in.A. rains B. rained C. is raining D. has rained 注：1）表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多没有表示将来的时间状语，内涵表示马上要发生的动作）。Marry is leaving on Friday. 玛丽周五离开。Are you meeting her at the station? 你要到车站接她吗？Supper is ready. Im coming. 晚饭准备好了。我来了。例题：1. My grandfather _ to see us. He will be here soon.A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. has come2）在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. 过路口的时候要小心。Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 如果他明天早晨7点还在睡觉就不要叫醒他。3、现在完成时1）表示动作发生在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。I have lost my wallet. 我丢了我的钱包。(含义是：现在我没有钱花了。) Jane has laid the table. 琼已经摆好桌子。(含义是：已可以吃饭了。) Michael has been ill. 米切尔病了。(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。) He has returned from abroad. 他已经从国外回来。(含义是：现在已在此地)2）现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如already, yet, just, before, recently, still, lately等。He has already obtained a scholarship. 他已经获得了奖学金。I havent seen much of him recently (lately). 我最近没怎么见到他。We have seen that film before. 以前我没看过那部电影。Have they found the missing child yet? 他们还没有找到那个丢失的孩子吗？ 3）现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等。Have you ever been to Beijing? 你去过北京吗？ I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. 我从来没听到过邦妮说反对她的话。I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. 这支钢笔我只用过三次，它仍然很好。George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 在好几种场合下乔治见到那个绅士。4）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的，持续到现在的情况，常与for, since,连用。 Mary has been ill for three days. 玛丽病了3天了。I have lived here since 1998. 自从1998年我就住在这儿。注：since+延续性动词表示主句动作从延续性动词结束开始。It is two years since I smoked. 自从我戒烟有两年了。5）现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等：Peter has written six papers so far. 到目前为止彼得已经写了六个论文。Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. 人类已经学会了释放原子核的能量。There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. 今年洛杉矶的雨水太多。The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. 在过去的几年里我们两国的友谊及合作得到进一步加强。Up to the present everything has been successful. 到目前为止一切都很成功。6）表示“第几次做某事”，或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. 这是我第一次访问中国。This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。That is the only book that he has written. 那是他写的唯一一本书。7）现在完成时还指动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)8）现在完成时只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词（短暂性动词或瞬间动词），这类动词有：close关，die死，arrive到达，post邮寄，come来，fall落下，leave离开，go去，break打破，lose丢失，give给，join加入，receive接收buy买，borrow借，become成为，start开始，happen发生，begin开始，finish结束，marry娶、嫁等。那么，如何使瞬间动词与表示一段时间的状语连用呢？此时，我们可以将这些词转换成意义相近的延续性词（组），从而间接表示其中的意思。 这里就常见的一些词及替换词作一简要小结：瞬间动词延续性动词diebe deadopen (动词)be open （形容词）close (动词)be closed（形容词）get upbe upfall asleepbe asleepfinishbe overleave/gobe awaystart/beginbe onbuyhaveborrowkeepcatch a coldhave a coldfall illbe illjoinbe a + 成员；职业be in+ 集团；组织；单位marrybe marriedHe has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。He has been dead for three years.或He died three years ago.或It is three years since he died.他死了三年了。He came here five days ago.或He has been here for five days.或It is five days since he came here.他来这儿五天了。9）现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作, 但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系, 如对现在产生的结果、影响等，而一般过去时则表示动作发生在过去，一般不表示和现在的关系。试比较：He has lived in Beijing for 8 years. 他在北京住了 8 年。（可能还会继续在北京住下去）He lived in Beijing for 8 years. 他在北京住过 8 年。（现在已经不在北京了。）4、现在完成进行时表示过去的动作或状态从过去某个时间开始一直持续的到现在，并且还要持续下去。They have been practicing this piece of music for two hours. But they are not tired. 他们已经练习这首曲子两个小时了，但是他们并不觉得累。5、一般过去时1）表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。与表示过去的时间连用，如：yesterday, last week, in 1945, at that time, once, during the war; before, a few days ago, when等。（例题见过去进行时）Lu Xun wrote many famous book. 鲁迅写了许多著名的书。Yang Jiang is known for translating famous works. She has also written many book of her own. 杨绛以翻译外国文学而著名，她也写了许多自己的书。I read this book last night. I have finished it.I was reading it last night. But I havent finished it.2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常在街上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.布朗访问期间无论他们走到那儿，都会受到热烈的欢迎。此时虽然与for或since等表示一段时间的时间状语连用，但与现在无关，故用一般过去时。如：（2012天津）He learned English for half a year when he was seven. 他在七岁的时候学过半年英语。6、过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work. 当他父亲下班回家的时侯，男孩正在做作业。He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. 他正在湖边悠闲地散步，突然听到有人喊救命。What were you doing at nine last night? 昨晚九点你正在干什么？The radio was being repaired when you called me. 你给我打电话的时候收音机正在被修。常用句型be doing when正在做突然be about to do when 正要做突然表将来 be on the point to do when正要做突然表将来题干中有all day yesterday时间状语，常用过去进行时。如：（10全国）21. Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No, I _ my homework all day yesterday. A. was doing B. would do C. has done D. do21A 。句意：你读完了Jane Eyre吗？没有，我昨天一直做作业。解答：根据选项此题考察时态，此题可以根据句意解答，也可以使用排除法。A表示一段时间内持续进行且未完成的动作使用进行时。题干中有all day yesterday时间提示为过去，应该选择与过去相关的时态，排除D。B为过去将来时不符合题意，C过去完成时是过去的过去，使用过去完成时题目中需要有一般过去时，题干中没有一般过去时因此也排除。6、过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。如：By the end of last term we had finished the book. 到上学期末，我们已经读完了这本书。They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们比我们预想的要提早完成。1）用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思是“不等就”“刚刚就”。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. 我刚完成工作他就进来看我了。I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow. 我刚进屋天就下雪了。No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）2）表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 那时她第二次见她的祖父。It was 3 years since we had parted。我们分手有三年了。3）动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job. 我原希望我能做这份工作。I had intended to see you but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave. 我本打算去看你，但是我刚想走的时候有人来看我了。7、过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由助动词should/would+动词原形构成。（第一人称常用should, 其他人称用would）1）过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如：She told us that she would not go with us, if it rained. 她告诉我们，如果下雨，她就不和我们一起去了。They never knew that population would become a big problem. 他们从没想到污染会成为一个大问题。2）过去将来时也可以用was/were going to +动词原形来表示。如： I wasnt sure whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我不确定她是否会在会上发言。3）从过去某时看将来要发生的事，还有一些其他的表达形式。The teacher said that we were having a holiday next Monday. 老师说我们下周一放假。注意：（下面would表示过去常常）Whenever he had time，he would do some reading. 他一有时间，总是看书。 I would play with him when was a child. 当我还是孩童时，总是和他一起玩。8、一般将来时表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或存在的状态。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2011等表示将来的时间状语连用。如：He will graduate from Harvard University next year. 明年他将从哈佛毕业。Will所表示的句子，具有客观性，比如：I will be 28-year-old next year. Will 还表示临时决定，如：Susan, you forget to turn off the light.Oh, I will go and turn it off.Will 还用来表示意愿。如：Dont be late again. Oh, I wont.表示将来的句型还有：1）“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或根据迹象表明可能要发生的事。2）“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。句中一般不出现表示未来的时间状语，但可以和when引导的时间状语从句连用。如：I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正要走，这时电话铃响了。3）“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。如：They are to be married in this May. 这个五月他们要结婚。4）现在进行时表将来。某些动词的现在进行时可以表示按计划或安排将要发生时事。常用的词有join, play, work, return, take, meet, stay, leave, arrive, start, come等。如：The 29th Olympic Games are coming. 29届奥运会就要到了。5）一般现在时表将来。有些词如：come, go, begin, leave, sail, arrive, return, start, stop, end, open, stay等的一般现在时表将来要发生的事。这种情况指根据规定预计要发生的动作或事态。如：The term starts on 18th February. 这学期二月十八开学。6）用于“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”。这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way. 动动脑子，你会想出办法的。将来时态练习题1. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _. A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off2. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _off at 18:20.A. takes B. took C. will take D. has taken3. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _off in half an hour.A. takes B. took C. will take D. has taken4. Please go and find out when our plane to Beijing _.A. take off B. will take off C. takes off D. is about taking off9、将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 总统将在机场接待外国使团。例题：Did you write to Mary last summer?No, but Ill _ her over Christmas vacation.A. be seen B. be seeing C. have seen D. have been seeing10、将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 到下月末，他将徒步旅行1000英里。By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. 你到车站的时候，火车将会已经离开了。By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams. 到下周二我就会为考试做好准备。例题：He will have learned English eight years by the time he _.A. will graduate B. will have graduated C. graduates D. is to graduate动词的语态的基本用法一、 被动语态各种时态1、一般现在时You are wanted on the phone. 有你的电话。2、一般过去时The railway was built in 1998. 这条铁路建于1998 年。3、现在进行时 A new railway is being built in this city. 这个城市正在修建一条新的铁路。4、过去进行时The railway was being built this time last year.去年这个时候这条铁路正在修建。5、现在完成时The new railway has already been built.新铁路已经建成了。6、过去完成时The new railway had been built by the end of last year.这条铁路在去年年底前已经建成了。7、一般将来时A new railway will be built in this city next year.这个城市明年将建一条新的铁路。8、过去将来时He told us that the new railway would be built the next year.他告诉我们新铁路将于第二年建成。9、含情态动词的被动结构 含情态动词的句子其被动语态形式是“情态动词+ be+过去分词”。 The trees should be watered every day. 这些树应每天浇水。 This word can be pronounced in two ways. 这个单词可以有两种发音。My advice is that the problem (should) be settled right away. 我的建议是这个问题马上解决。10、短语动词结构 相当于及物动词的短语动词也可以有被动语态，如 look after, give up, take care of, pay attention to, make use of , put off, wake up, put out 等。The children must be taken good care of. 这些孩子必须得到好的照顾。The big fire has been put out. 大火已被扑灭。二、动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。1不及物动词或短语不能用于被动