句子基本结构.doc

I. 句子的成分与结构：1. 英语中的主要语法成分：词性 (parts of speech)名词：Noun代词：Pronoun数词：Numeral动词：Verb助动词：Auxiliary 及物动词：Transitive verb 不及物动词：Intransitive verb形容词：Adjective副词：Adverb冠词：Article 定冠词：Definite article 不定冠词：Indefinite article 零冠词：Zero article介词：Preposition连词：Conjunction感叹词：Interjection2 句子成分 (members of sentence)主语：Subject谓语动词：Predicate verb表语：Predicative宾语：Object定语：Attributive补语：Complement状语：Adverbial同位语：Appositive插入语：Parenthesis主S、谓V、宾O、定ATT、状AD、补C（表P）,同位语APP除谓语外的其他成分都可能从单词 词组 从句I like music.I like the interesting filmI like the film which I saw yesterday. I like what interests me.*主语：是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）*谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.动词主要分为： 系动词He looks energetic. 行为动词He is playing football. 表状态 表动作*表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词后（系表）系动词belook, feel, sound, taste, smellbecome ,get, grow, come , turn (若跟名词不加冠词) ，fall (asleep, ill, silent)等，后面大多数接形容词作表语（become, turn亦可接名词作表语）表示主语的持续时，系动词用remain, stay , keep, continue 表语都是主语补足语，但主语补足语不是表语（补语：是用来补充主语和宾语的意义，一般着重说明主语或宾语的特征，与被修饰的词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。常有名词或形容词担任。）cf: The bottle is empty/ The bottle is found empty.*宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday. He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）*宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词+宾语+宾补。His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）We saw her entering the room.（分词）We saw her enter the room. （不定式）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）*定语：是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的词。常有形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。 形容词常置于名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句常置于名词之后。John had a great desire to travel.Children who are above 6 should go to school.*状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的。常有副词或相当于副词的短语或从句担任。修饰动词时，可置于动词之前，亦可置于动词之后，修饰形容词或副词时，常置于他们之前。I simply cant believe him.He performed well in the exam. Mother is listening to music while Father is watering the flowers.Hearing the good news, a lot of Spanish football fans rushed to Lisbon to watch the final.Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys.l 句子的基本结构有下列五种：1 主语+谓语Day breaks. He came in.2 主语+谓语+宾语James speaks English.3 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语He told us the whole story.4主语+（连）系动词+表语表语：就是位于（连）系动词之后的主语补语。Toms father is a professor.He seems young/in a good mood.5 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语We found William intelligent.We painted the door green.He asked his sister to keep the secret.6 主语+谓语+主语补足语 The door was painted green.He died a hero.He was born rich.II. 句子的种类：简单句( simple sentence ) （由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成）1 He went to Pudong yesterday. 2 Water and oil does not mix . （并列主语）3 Einstein took a seat in the audience, listened to Hans give his lecture perfectly, and joined in the applause at the end. (并列谓语)并列句(compound sentence ) (由两个或两个以上的分句组成) 由并列连词（and, so, but, yet, or, otherwise, for，nor）连接 fanboys1 She likes reading, and she also enjoys watching films.2 John is ill, so he cannot come today.3 I came home early, but she remained to the end of the concert.4 It must have rained yesterday, for the ground is wet. 复合句 (complex sentence )（由主句和从属分句组成）由从属连词连接1 He said that he would come in the evening.2 That No.1 High School attached to ECNU has won the championship of the world OM is very encouraging for all the students and teachers.3 He is the boy who got the first prize in the reading competition last week.4 We chatted as we walked along.并列复合句( compound complex sentence )1 The ad said that the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.2 The rain continued to fall, and the river, which was well above its normal level, rose higher and higher.3 I asked the man who has a wife and three children who did cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.l More about simple sentences! 短语+主句1 Walking along the street, we found a lot of interesting shops.2 Built in 17th century, the tower is still in good condition.3 Having been shown the lab, we went to visit the working site.4 To get the information of the development of the world, we should read newspaper every day.5 Spring coming, the leaves are turning green. (独立结构)独立结构- ing It being Sunday, I dont have to go to school.- edAll the jobs done, the garden looks attractive.- adj.The windows (being) open, in came the fresh air.逻辑主语 + -advThe meeting over, all the students rushed out. -prep.Tears in eyes, the girl looked at her loving cat. - toA lot of homework to do, I cant watch TV.III. Exercise：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He managed to finish the work in time.8. Tom came to ask me for advice.9. He found it important to master English.10. Do you have anything else to say?11. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.12. Would you plea