定语从句--详细讲解定语从句.docx

定语从句模块一:限制性定语从句一. 定义：1.名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句。2.被修饰的词叫做先行词The boy who is reading is Tom. 关系代词Hospital is a place where a doctor works. 关系副词二. 关系词的分类1.关系代词关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose2.关系副词关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有：when, where, why三. 关系代词的基本用法和注意点 1. who and whom who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.A person who steals things is called a thief. 作宾语时，可用whom, that替换, 可以省略。 whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。 The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li. 先行词必须是人，作宾语。 2. which 先行词必须是事物，作主语和宾语 This is the book which / that was written in easy English by our English teacher. 作主语时，关系词不可省略。The pictures (which / that) he drew in the 1980s are on show.作宾语时，关系词可以省略。注意：which and whom 1. whom & which做介词宾语时，介词常可提前，即介词+whom/which+从句，此时whom & which不能由who或that代替，不能省略。 e.g. This is the man from whom your son always begs money. The chair on which she is sitting is made of wood. 2.但当介词置于从句末尾时，whom可以由who或that代替，which可由that代替，都能省略。 e.g. This is the man (whom / that / who) your son always begs money from. 3. 有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可拆开，一般还是放在动词之后，不提前。 He is the student who the teachers are looking for. The number of the children who she takes care of is 30. 动词短语是否可以拆分，关键看拆分后与拆分前的意思是否相同。如果意思不变，可以拆分，否则不行。3.that的用法 1)that可作定语从句中的主语（取代who或which），宾语（取代who或whom或which） 2)关系代词作表语，必须使用that，指代人或物，可以省略。 e.g. My father is no longer the man (that) he was. My hometown is not the small town that it used to be twenty years ago. 3)that的特殊用法必须使用that的五种情况。 先行词是人+事物时。 e.g.They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited. The police had great trouble in diverting the men and the cars that had blocked the way. 当先行词跟在系动词be后作表语，或关系词本身作定语从句的表语时，关系代词必须用that，但也可以省略 e.g.My father is no longer the man (that) he was. He thought his daughter would be the dancer (that) she always wanted to be. Its a book (that) will help you a great deal. 当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词如the first, the last 等词修饰时。 e.g. This is the best film that I have ever seen. This is the first choice that I have made. She is the most careful girl that I have ever known. This is the last letter that I received from him. 当先行词前面有the only, the very, one of, any, no, every, few, little等词修饰时。 e.g. The only person that seems to know the truth is Doctor Brown. Any person that wants to succeed must work hard. There is no difficulty that we can not overcome. I have read all the books that can be borrowed here. 当先行词本身为不定代词如anything, something, nothing, everything, all, much, few, little, none, the one时。 e.g.All that I want is peace and stability. There is little that I can do. There is nothing that I can tell you. I have tried everything that I can think of. 注意：anybody, nobody, everybody等不在此列。 不能使用that的五种情况。 定语从句前有介词时，关系代词不能用that。 that不能用于非限制性定于从句。 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, those, 指人时，用who。 e.g.Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed. 当先行词是he时，用who。(多谚语) e.g.He who plays with fire gets burnt. He who laughs at last laughs best. 当先行词本身是that时，用which或who避免重复不能用于非限制性定于从句。 e.g.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?4. whose的用法 whose作定语从句中的定语，表示所修饰的“某（些）人的”或“某物的” 。 e.g.The boy whose name is Tom is the top student in my class. Look at the house whose roof is red.注意： 当whose指代物时，whose+从句结构 =of which+从句 =of which the+从句 e.g. Look at the house whose roof is red. Look at the house, the roof of which is red. Look at the house, of which the roof is red.5. as的用法 1)as用于限制性定语从句 so as；suchas；the sameas； 2)as用于非限制性定语从句。代表所修饰的句子，作用相当于which，但比which多一层“正如”的意思。 e.g.She is very careful, as (= which) her work shows. It is like a snake, as (= which) anybody can see. 但要注意，当as从句置于句首时，as不能由which取代。 e.g. As he had hoped, he saw the play. 注意：从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如： Those who are against the plan put up your hands. Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday. Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday. 定语从句中主谓一致的问题 Jeff is one of the students who _ punished. Are Jeff is the only one of the students who _ punished. Is I, who _ a senior high student, should learn hard am四关系副词的基本用法 Where, why 等跟在先行词的后面，指代先行词，引出定语从句分别表示时间、地点和原因。在从句中充当状语的作用。 1)when 在定语从句中作时间状语 用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：when代替at / in / on / during/since which等，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when (= on which) I first came to Nanjing.My father was born in the year when (= in which) World War broke out. 2)where 在定语从句中作地点状语 用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语，where可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：where代替at / in / to which等，在定语从句中作地点状语。 This is the farm where (= on which) we worked when we were young. The school where (= in which) his mother teaches is in the west of the city. 3)why 在定语从句中作原因状语 用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语从句中作原因状语，why可换成“介词+关系代词”。why引导从句作reason的定语，可以用for which取代，充当原因状语。There are several reasons why (= for which) the boys should be punished.Tom couldnt give the teacher the reason why (= for which) he was late for school.注意：关系副词的用法注意点(1)当先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系词that 或省略。如：This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country.(2)当point, situation, case等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，where在句中作状语。如：Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空1) October 1, 1949 was the day_ (_ _) China was founded. When on which2) Beijing is the place _ (_) I came where from where3) Is this the reason _ (_ _) he didnt want to see me? Why for which4) The room _ he once lived is still there. Where in which5) The room _ I have to clean every day belongs to my mother. That which五先行词为the way，关系词的使用 先行词是the way，意为“方式，方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词用that/ in which或省略。 The way _he teaches English is interesting.I didnt like the way _ she talked to me.难点一：as的用法asthatwhich1. It is such a big stone _ nobody can lift. As2. It is such a big stone _ nobody can lift it that3. _ is known to all, he is the best student. As4. Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. Which归纳：as引导限制性定语从句先行词前常被such, the same, so, as 修饰，即构成suchas , the same as, soas, 结构，做题时容易忽略。as在定语从句中应充当成分如：主语、宾语或表语。as 与which引导定语从句都能指代整句内容，但定语从句位于句首时，只能用 as, 意为“正如、恰如”1. He is such a lazy man_ nobody wants to work with_. （04 模拟训练） A. as; him B. that; / C. as; / D. whom; him2. Mrs. Black took the police back to_ place _ she witnessed the robbery. A. the same; as B. the same; where C. the same ; that D. as the same; as难点二：一些特殊词之后的where where引导的定语从句先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词，但也有特殊情况。 1. Ive come to the point where I cant stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。 2.The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time. 国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。 归纳：如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中” 。1.We are trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. （06山东） A. which B. that C. where D. when2. -Do you have anything to say for yourself? -Yes, theres one point _ we must insist on . （06江西） A. why B. where C. how D. /难点三.综合考查近年来，高考对定语从句和其它从句如：强调句、名词性从句和状语从句等的综合考查越来越多，这就要求考生有扎实的基础知识和较强的综合分析能力。综合考查一：定语从句与强调句 1.This is the library_I borrowed the book. Where2.It is from this library_I borrowed the book. that 3. -Where did you last see Mr. Smith? -It was in the hotel_ I lived. A. that B. whichC. where D. when综合考查二：定语从句与同位语从句 1. We all have heard the news_ our team won. That2. We dont believe the news _ he told us yesterday. That which综合考查三：定语从句与表语从句 The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be_ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. （05 江苏） A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which 模块二:非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定的作用，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整，不明确或不合逻辑。这种定语从句和主句之间不能用逗号隔开。 非限制性定语从句和先行词关系松散，只是对先行词作附加说明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。这种定语从句和主句之间须用逗号隔开。如： My watch, which is very old, stopped again.比较: This is the best book that I have read. This is a good book, which is easy to understand.注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that，指人时用who(主语),whom(宾语)，指物时须用which.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1.限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词as或which引导。 2.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：He has two daughters, the elder of whom is married.3.在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。He is ill, in spite of which he keeps on studying.例题:1.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy(嫉妒) him. (2004, 天津卷) A. who B. that C. what D. which 2.Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally(就我个人而论) I doubt(怀疑) very much. (1999) A. it B. that C. when D. which 模块三:定语从句专项练习题 1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues.A. running; that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen.A. when B. where C. that D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where B. when C. which D. how4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ .A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him toC. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him5. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephone number is provided.A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose6. October 15th is my birthday, _ I will never forget.A. when B. that C. what D. which7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely.A. when B. where C. which D. whose8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied.A. which B. where C. when D. what9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all.A. which B. what C. that D. when10. The time is not far away _ modern communications will becomewidespread in Chinas vast countryside.A. as B. when C. until D. before11. _ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.A. It B. As C. Which D. What12. I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou V was launched, _ has a great effect on my life.A. when, which B. that, which C. which, that D. when, that13. The bread my wife makes is much better than _ you can buy at a store.A. that which B. one that C. that of which D. this of which14. There is no such place _ you dream of in all this world.A. that B. what C. which D. as15. The people, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A. all whose homes B. all of whose homesC. all their homes D. all of their homes16. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. who B. when C. on which D. which17. Is this research center _ you visited the modern equipment last year?A. where B. that C. the one that D. the one where18. Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old _ they swam in it.A. when B. that C. who D. where19. The man showed us so heavy a stone _ no man can lift.A. that B. as C. which D. and20. He stayed there for quite a long time, during _ time he learned much spoken English. A. that B. this C. which D. same答案与解析：1. A. 主语与run(延伸)是主动关系，所以用现在分词。Those指街道，所以不用who而用that来引导定语从句。2. B. 因为在此题中where引导定语从句，表示“在这种种况下”，与in which相当。3. A. 因为先行词是Beijing而不是this autumn所以用where引导定语从句。4. B. 答案B是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，另外，to后还省略了动词原形paint。5. C. 因为of which引导定语从句，并在从句中作定语。of which the telephone number = whosetelephone number。6. D. 因为这是个非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面一句话的内容。7. B. 因为表示“阶段、程度、地步”的the point在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导定语从句。8. B. 因为先行词是research centers并在定语从句中作状语，所以用where。9. C. 因为当先行词是表示事物的all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing等时，多用that引导定语从句。10. 因为先行词是the time，且在定语从句中作状语，所以用when引导。此题的先行词与定语从句被主句谓语分开了，要善于辨别。11. B. 先行词是Taiwan is a part of China整个主句，一般由as或which引导定语从句，但which引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后，另外，as有“正如”之意，而which没有，所以用as。顺便说说，原句改为：It is known to everybody that Taiwan is= What is known to everybody is that Taiwan is12. A. 两空都是考查定语从句，先行词分别是the day和Shen Zhou V was launched, theday在定语从句中作状语，用when引导；后句是非限制性定语从句，不能用that，要用which。13. A. 因为替代不可数名词 (the bread) 只能用that，排除B和D；又因为先行词that (the bread)在定语从句中作buy的宾语，用which，所以选A。14. D. 当定语从句的先行词前有such, so, as等词语时，由as引导，并且as在定语从句中作主语或宾语，as在此题中作dream of的宾语。注意：在表示“如此以致”的such /sothat结构中，that不作任何句子成份。15. B. 考查非限制性定语从句，all of whose homes = all of their homes他们所有的房子。16. D. 因为先行词是前面整个句子，且在从句中作主语，所以用which。of course是插入语。17. D. 将疑问句改为陈述句：this research center is显然缺少先行词，必须加上代词the one来作先行词，又因定语从句不缺主语或宾语，所以用关系副词where。假若在this后加the，就选where，请想想这是为什么。18. A. 因为先行词是the days，并在定语从句中作状语。19. B. 当先行词前有so时，用as引导定语从句，as在从句中作主语或宾语。假若在lift后加上it，答案就是that了，请想想这是为什么。20. C. 因前后均的句子，必须要选连词，排除B和D；又因在介词后不能用that来引导定语从句，所以选C。during which time在那段时间里。 模块四:定语从句历年高考题解析1. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. (NMET 1996)A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when2. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. (NMET 1999)A. itB. thatC. whenD. which3. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy. (NMET 2000)A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what4. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET 2001)A. It B. AsC. ThatD. What5. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (NMET2001)A. untilB. thatC. whenD. where6. _ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing. (1994上海卷)A. WhichB. AsC. ThatD. It7. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have got home. (1995上海卷)A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which8. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest. (1997上海卷)A. once they grewB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew9. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science. (1998上海卷)A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think is10. He was very rude to the Customs officer, _ of course made things even worse. (1999上海卷)A. who B. whomC. what D. which11. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. (2000上海卷)A. which priceB. the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose12. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. (2001上海卷)A. whereB. whichC. whileD. why13. I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. (2003上海卷)A. whyB. whichC. asD. where14. The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. (2000上海春)A. whoB. about whomC. whom D. with whom15. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. (2000北京春)A. thatB. whileC. whichD. when16. The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expect. (2000北京春)A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what17. Have you seen the film Titanic, _ leading actor is world famous? (2001上海春)A. itsB. itsC. whose D. which18. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. (2001北京春)A. heB. thisC. whichD. who19. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春)A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained20. The famous basketballer, _ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (2002北京春)A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who21. We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer. (2003北京春)A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. when22. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go. (2002北京)A. what B. whichC. whereD. when23. York, _ last year, is a nice old city. (2003北京)A. that I visitedB. which I visitedC. where I visitedD. in which I visited24. Luckily, wed brought a road map wi