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初中英语语法-宾语从句及练习重点知识归纳及讲解概述1在复合句中作主句及物动词的宾语的句子叫宾语从句。它一般是由从属连词,连接代词或连接副词来引导。它可以作动词,介词或某些形容词的宾语。例如:He said that he knew you.他说他认识你。He asked me why I had come here.他问我为什么来这里。I asked him what he wanted.我问他要什么。Could you tell me if/whether they are all League members?你是否能告诉我他们都是团员吗?Im interested in what he has said.我对他说的话很感兴趣。2宾语从句中的谓语动词的时态常受到主句中谓语动词时态的影响。因此,要注意保持主句和从句间时态的一致。当主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句的谓语动词可用所需要的任何时态。例如:He says that Lily is(will be/ was) a doctor. 他说莉莉是(将要成为/过去是)医生。Ill tell you what I am doing (did/shall do). 或将要告诉你我正在做(过去做/将要做)什么。如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,宾语从句的时态就比较复杂。在这种复合句中,宾语从句的时态可以有:1)从句的谓语动词表示与主句同时发生的动作,则用过去时或过去进行时。例如:I thought he was old. 我认为他老了。He wanted to know who she was waiting for. 他想知道她在等谁。2)从句的谓语动词表示在主句动作之前完成的动作,则用过去完成时。例如:He said that he finished reading the book. 他说他看完了这本书。3)从句谓语动词表示在主句动作之后发生的动作,则用过去将来时。例如:She said that she was going to buy a new bike next week. 她说她下个星期要去买一辆新自行车。I wasnt sure if it would rain. 我没有把握是否会下雨。4)从句表示普通真理时,其谓语动词用一般现在时。例如:The teacher told us the moon travels round the earth. 老师告诉我们,月亮绕地球转。初中阶段学习的宾语从句在带宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句前面一般要有连词(有的可省略)引导。由that引出的宾语从句相当于陈述句;由whether/if引出的宾语从句相当于一般疑问句;由连接代词或连接副词引出的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句。但应该注意的是它们的语序都是陈述句语序。主句是陈述句时,句末不用问号。1由从属述连词that 引导的宾语从句。在口语和新正式文体中常省略that。例如:He said(that) he would be back. 他说他将回来。We knew (that) he had made a mistake. 我们知道他犯了一个错误。在某些be+形容词的结构后面也可以跟that引导的宾语从句。例如:I am sure that I have posted the letter. 我的确把那封信寄了。I am afraid that you are right. 恐怕你是对的。2由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句,例如:Did you ask the teacher when we would have a test? 你问老师我们什么时候进行测验了吗?Do you know whose child he is? 你知道他是谁的孩子吗?I cant find out why the machine doesnt work well. 我不能找出这台机器为什么动转不灵。Do you remember what the teacher said at the class meeting yesterday. 你记得老师昨天在班会上说的话吗?Could you tell me how long it will take me to get to the hospital from here? 你能告诉我从这里到医院需要多长时间吗?I want to know which medicine he has taken. 我要知道他服了哪种药。Please tell me who called me just now. 请告诉我刚才谁打电话给我。I dont know whom they are speaking to. 我不知道他的在跟谁讲话He asked me where they were born. 他问我他们出生在哪里。Do you remember how much you paid for the coat? 你记得你买这件外衣付了多少钱吗?3由从属连词whether 或if引导的宾语从句,在口语中常用if。例如:I dont know whether/ if this bike is hers. 我不知道这辆自行车是否是她的。Can you tell me whether/ if your father joined the Party in 1990? 你能告诉我你父亲是不是1990年入党的?宾语从句应掌握的要点1在三种类型的宾语从句中必须用陈述句的语序,即主语+谓语动词+其它成分,句末用句号;但主句为疑问句时,句末用问号。2在带有宾语从句的复合句中,要注意主句和从句的时态的呼应。1)当主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句的谓语动词可用任何需要的时态。2)当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时,从句的谓语动词只能用过去时态范围内的某一种形式。3)从句表示普遍真理时,即使主句的谓语动词是过去时,从句的谓语动词也须用一般现在时。4)在think, believe等动词引起的宾语从句中,如果否定的是后面的从句,一般要将主句动词改为否定形式,而从句仍然用肯定式。例如: I dont think you are right. 我认为你不对。I dont believe she will take part in the English evening. 我相信她不会参加英语晚会。初中英语语法-从属连词&状语从句及练习重点知识归纳及讲解(一)从属连词从属连词是引导状语从句,宾语从句及其他从句的连词。1引导状语从句的从属连词有:1)when, while, before, after, as soon as, until, since等,引导时间状语从句。2)because, as, since等引导原因状语从句。3)if, as long as等引导条件状语从句。4)though, although引导让步状语从句。5)sothat, suchthat等引导结果状语从句。6)so that引导目的状语从句。7)asas;than等引导比较状语从句。2常用从属连词的辨析1)when, as, whilewhen, as, while都表示“当的时候”,但when引导的时间状语从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时发生,也可以先后发生,when既可指时间点,也可指一段时间,所以既可引导一短暂动作动词,也可引导持续性动作的动词。用as作从属连词引导时间状语时强调主句和从句的动作并行发生,不指先后,尤指短动作或事件同时发生。如:As I looked, someone came near.(正当我看的时候,有个人走上前来。)as还可说咱两种正发展或变化的情况,意为“随着”。如:As spring warms the earth, all flowers begin to bloom.(随着春回大地,百花开始绽放。)表示主从句动作同时,as意为“一边一边”。如:He hurried home, looking behind as he went.(他匆匆忙忙跑回家,一边走一边回头望。)while只指一段时间,从句中的谓语动词不能用终止性动词,强调某一段时间内主从句动作同时发生,常对同类的动作进行对比。如:While we were waiting for a bus, it was raining hearily.(我们在等车时,天正下着大雨。)2)till和untiltill和until都表示“直到为止”。主句用延续性动词,主句和从句都用肯定式:意为“直到才”。主句用终止性动词,从句用肯定式,主句用否定式。until较till正式,until引导的时间从句可以放在句首。例如:She wont go away till you promise to help her. 直到你允诺要帮助她,她才走开。Until you told me, I had heard of nothing what happened. 直到你告诉我,我才知道发生了什么事。3)sincesince引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时,其主句一般使用现在完成时。例如:Jim has been in the factory for two years since he left school. 从吉姆毕业起,他在这家工厂工作两年了。(二)状语从句修饰主句中的谓语动词,形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。例如:He didnt go to school yesterday because he was ill.(修饰动词go)昨天他没去上学,因为他病了。We must study so well as our teacher hoped.(修饰副词well)我们应该学得你我们老师希望的那么好。Lucy is younger than Jim(is)。(修饰形容词younger) 露茜比吉姆年轻。状语从句的语序应是主语+谓语+其他成分,即陈述句的语序。状语从句的位置,可以放在主句前面或后面,但是若放在主句前面,要用逗号与主句分开;主句若是疑问句,那么时间状语从句只能放在主句的前面。1)时间状语从句时间状语从句由when, while, after, before, since, as soon as, till, until等连词引导。例如:I went to bed after the TV play was ever. 电视剧完了以后我上床睡觉。Could you look after her while were away? 我们不在时你能照顾她吗?She has taught in this school since she came to this city in 1989. 自从一九八九年她来到这座城市以来一直在这所学校教书。 Wait until I come back. 请你等到我回来。注意:如主句是一般将来时,则表示将来的时间状语只用一般现在时。例如:Ill write to you as soon as I get to Beijing. 我一到北京就将写信给你。It will get warmer and warmer when spring comes. 春天来临时,天气将变得越来越暖和。2)原因状语从句原因状语从句由because, as, since等连词引导。例如: He sold the car because it was too small. 他卖掉那辆小汽车,因为它太小了。Since you wont help me, I must do the job myself. 你既然不帮我忙,我必须自己做这项工作。As my mother is away at this moment, I have to look after my younger sister. 由于我的妈妈现在不在,我不得不照顾我的妹妹。注意:a)because, as, since, for的用法辨析because, as, since, for都是表示各种理由的连词,但because多表示所叙述的理由是本句的重点,故because所引导的从句常放在句末。例如: Why was he absent? Because he was badly ill. 他为什么缺度?因为他病得很重。as, since用于表示理由是已知,而理由以外才是叙述的重点,两者皆多用于句首,但要注意since重形式,as多表示理由以外的才是重点。例如: As it is raining, lets stay as home. 因为下雨,我们就留在家里吧。Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive. 因为你没有驾驶执照,所以你不可以开车。for不用于句首,而用于主句之后,补充说明理由;主句表推测时,用for说明原因。例如: Ill follow his advice, for he is a doctor. 我会听从他的劝告,因为他是医生。b)because of也是表示原因状语,但后面只能跟短语。例如: I stayed at home because of the bad weather. 因为天气不好我留在家里。3)比较状语从句比较状语从句由than或as来引导。例如: I feel better now than (I was) before. 我现在觉得比以前好了。He writes as well as you (do). 他写得和你一样好。This problem is more difficult than that one (is). 这道题比那道题难。4)条件状语从句条件状语从句由if, unless(= if not)算连词引导。条件从句中的动词多用一般现在时表示将来。例如: I shall go if he asks me. 如果他请我,我就去。 I shant go unless he asks me. 除非他请我,否则我是不去的。I shall go, whether he asks me or not. 不管他请不请我,我都要去。Come with me if you have time. 如果你有时间请跟我来。I want to watch a basketball match if Im well tonight. 如果今晚我好了的话,我要看一场篮球赛。由and连接的简单句,可以用条件状语从句来改写。例如:Run faster and youll catch up with him. 跑快点儿你就会赶上他。=If you run faster, youll catch up with him. 如果你跑得快点,你就会赶上他。5)结果状语从句结果状语从句由so that, so that引导。例如: He has lost his bike so that he cant come to school on time.(结果状语) 他去了自行车,所以不能准时到校。Your shirt were so dirty that you must wash it.(结果状语)你的衬衣这么脏,你应该把它洗洗。注意: 由sothat引导的状语从句若是表示否定意思,可以用tooto(太而不能)来替换。例如: She was so angry that she could not say a word. =She was too angry to say a word. 她气得说不出话来。6)让步状语从句让步状语从句一般用though(虽然)、although(虽然)、even though(即使)引导。例如:Though/Although he tried hard, he was not successful. 他虽然努力尝试,但没有成功。He went on working though it was very late. 虽然很晚了,他还在继续工作。注意:1汉语中的“虽然但是”在英语中用连词though就可以了,或单独使用but连接两个并列句也可以,但不能在一个句子中同时用这两个连词(主句前不用连词)。例如:“虽然我很喜欢照顾我姐姐的婴儿,但她不让我干”。这个句子我们可以用下面两种方法来表达。Though I like looking after my sisters baby, she doesnt let me do it.I like looking after my sisters baby, but she doesnt let me do it.=though可以与yet连用,这里yet虽然意思与but相同,但yet不是连词,而是副词。例如:Though it was cold, yet he went out without a coat. 虽然很冷,但他没穿外衣就出去了。初中英语语法-冠词及练习重点知识归纳及讲解(一)概说1冠词是一种虚词,不能独立担任一个成分,只能附着在一个名词上,帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词:1)定冠词the 2)不定冠词a/an定冠词the通常读作,在元音前读作i,特别强调或单念时读作i:。不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式,读作n;在其他情况下则使用a,读作。2冠词的基本意义不定冠词a/an与数词one同源,表示“一个”的意思,用在可数名词单数前。例如: She is a nurse. 她是个护士。He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife. 他是一位英国人,有一个爱尔兰妻子。定冠词the,与this同源,有“这(那)个”的意思,但比较弱,表示一(几)个特定的人或东西,有时可译作“这个(些)”或“那个(些)”。例如:Thats the book you want. 这就是你要的那本书。 Whos the young man over there? 那边那个年轻人是谁?但在很多情况下,“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。例如: Put it on the table. 把它放在桌上。 Shut the door, please. 请把门关上。3特指和泛指一般来说,名词有特指和泛指两种情况,请比较下面的句子:A gentleman is asking to see you. 有位先生要求见你。(泛指)Ask the gentleman to come in. 请那位先生进来。(特指)在特指时一般前面要加定冠词,而泛指时则有三种情况:1)在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。例如: She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。2)在可数名词复数前可不加冠词,可使用some, any这类词。例如: These are new words. 这些是生词。 She sent me some flowers. 她送给我一些花。3)在不可数名词前多不加什么,有时也可加some, any等。例如: Its lovely weather. 天气真好。 Do you want any sugar in your tea? 你茶里要放点糖吗?Give us some help. 给我们一些帮助。(二)不定冠词的基本用法1泛指某一类人或事物中的一个,代表某一类别(不一定译为“一”)例如: His father is a doctor. 他父亲是医生。2代表某一类人或事物,相当于any(+名词)(不必译为“一”,但必须用a,表示类别)例如: A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。3指某人或某物(不是指某一类),但不具体说明何人或何物(一般译为“一”)例如: This book was written by a worker. 这本书是一位工人写的。4表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈(一般译为“一”)例如: Wait a moment. 等一下。5表示单位,相当于“每”的意思例如: We have three meals a day. 我们每日吃三餐。6用于某此固定词组中例如: a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。(三)定冠词的基本用法1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物例如: Give me the book. 把那本书给我。2指谈话双方都知道的人或事物例如: Where is the doctor? 医生在哪儿?3再次提到上文提到过的人或事物例如:I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home. 昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。4用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物例如: The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. 地球比月亮大,但比太阳小。5用在序数词和形容词最高级前例如: Mr Wang teaches the first class. 王先生上第一节课。Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. 在所有的恒星中,太阳离地球最近。6用在单数可数名词,表示某一类人或事物例如:The horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。7与下列专有名词连用1)在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前例如: the Changjiang River, the Great Lake2)在姓氏的复数名词前,表示夫妇二人或全家人例如: The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table. 格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。8和某些形容词连用,表示一类人例如:the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人9在一些习惯说法中the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right) in the end go to the cinema(四)不用冠词的几种情况1在专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前例如:Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你到过上海吗? We love science. 我们爱好科学。2在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前例如: Girls can be scientists. 女孩子可以当科学家。3在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前例如: It is hot in summer. 夏天天气热。Its Tuesday, August the 22nd. 今天是八月二十二日,星期三。Have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭没有?4称呼语或表示头衔,职务的名词前 例如:Whats the matter with you, Mike? 怎么啦,迈克?He is headmaster of our school. 他是我们学校的校长。5学科和球类运动的名称前例如:We study English. 我们学习英语。 Do you like to play football? 你喜欢踢足球吗?6名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时,不用冠词例如:That is her bike那是她的自行车。Each student in his class studies hard. 这个班的每个学生都努力学习。7在某些固定词组的名词前例如: at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。八年级英语上册期末复习资料1、 易混词组1. health健康(名), healthy健康的(形), healthily健康地(副) Drinking milk is good for our health. A healthy lifestyle can help us keep healthy. I am going to eat healthily this year.2. may,(情动) maybe(副), may be(谓动) 可能 He may know the answer. = Maybe he knows the answer. He may be at home. = Maybe he is at home.3. be good for 对有利, be good at 擅长于, be good with 与某人相处好, be good to 对某人友好4. think(认为) /hear (听说) /because(因为)+从句 think of /hear of / because of+名词5. forget/remember to do sth 忘记/记着去做某事 forget/remember doing sth 忘记/记着做了某事6. stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth停止做某事7. take, spend, pay, cost花费例:我买这件外套花了100元钱. It took me 100 yuan to buy this coat.(it作主语) I spent 100 yuan on/buying this coat.(人作主语) I paid 100 yuan for this coat.(人作主语 This coat cost me 100 yuan.(物体作主语)8. sometime某时, some time一段时间, soemtimes有时, some times几次9. few(几乎没有), a few(一些)+复数名词 little(几乎没有), a little(一点儿)+不可数名词10. a (large) number of(许多) a small number of(少量的), the number of 的数量 A number of students are in the classroom. 许多学生都在教室里. The number of the students in the classroom is 30. 教室里学生的数量是30.11. both(and)(两者)都 all (多者)都 the other(两者中的)另一个another(多者中的)另一个 between(and) (两者)之间 among (多者)之间neither(两者)都不 none(多者)都不12. 赢: win+比赛/奖 beat+某人/某团体 13. 参加:join+某人/组织 take part in+活动14. in the south of, to the south of, on the south of 在的南方Hainan is in the south of China.(海南在中国范围之内)Hainan is to the south on Hubei.(海南在湖北范围之外,且不接壤)Hunan is on the south of Hebei.(湖南在湖北范围之外, 但接壤)15. 太多: too much+不可数名词, too many+复数名词; 太: much too+形容词或副词16. too, also, either, so 也 I like English, too. =I also like English. I dont like English, either. You like English, so do I.(你喜欢英语,我也喜欢.)17. so, such 如此 She is so clever that everyone likes her. = She is such a clever girl that everyone likes her. 她如此聪明,每个人都喜欢她.二、重点词组句型1. better and better越来越好, more and more beautiful 越来越美丽2. 10 minutes walk= ten-minute walk=10 minutes on foot 十分钟步行的路程(表示路程,用来回答how far)3. ss +原级as像一样, not as/so +原级as 不如 He is as tall as you. He is not as/so tall as you.= He is shorter than you.=You are taller than him.4. somewhere interesting有趣的地方 something importan

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