英语学习_TEM8改错_必备.doc

弃我去者，昨日之日不可留乱我心者，今日之日多烦忧校对与改错是英语专业学生高年级考试（TEM-8）的第二部分。该部分采用主观测试题型。该项目包含两个部分：答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答题要求部分说明修改短文的三种方法：加入、删去和改动某一单词，并举例说明。要求修改的短文长度为200字左右。短文的体裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围。短文内含10个错误；错误都出现在标有题号的行内。错误一般涉及单个词；每行只出现一个错误。要求修改的单词既有功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词（动词、名词等）。错误既涉及句内也涉及句际。? 校对与改错部分的测试目的是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的能力。该项目考查学生的语法和词汇知识，但更侧重评估学生的综合语言能力。校对改错部分要求学生在15分钟内找出10个错误，并根据要求用三种方法之一改正错误。?这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：?(1.)语法知识众所周知，英语语言能力包括众多因素，其中之一是语法知识。没有系统的语法知识，学习者就很难全面、准确地以口头或书面的形式表达思维或意念。对于把英语作为外语的学生来说，语法知识的掌握尤为重要，因为它有助于提高语言的准确性、逻辑性。鉴于此，校对改错项目的一个测试点是检验高年级学生语法知识的掌握程度及其运用能力。一般地说，该项目中要求改正的错误里包括一些语法错误。校对改错项目要求学生运用已学过的语法知识，来判断句子的正误，找出语病，并作修正。这里要强调的一点是，TEM-8考试的这个项目不是孤立地测试学生的语法知识；它更偏重学生运用语法知识的能力，即怎样把书本知识转化成实际能力。因此，对于学生来说，在平时一要巩固已学过的语法知识，理清概念；二要注重提高运用语言知识解决具体问题的能力。(2.)词汇与搭配校对改错项目的另一测试点是学生对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用。比如：外层空间应为outer space，而不是out space（1996年第 5题），做动作应为 perform an act，而不是make an act（1997年第 8题），姿式应为posture，而不是post （1997年第10题），站起来应为 get to their feet，而不是get on their feet（1998年第 4题），等等。词汇测试面涵盖各类词性的词，同时侧重考核它们的搭配与用法。归根结底，词汇测试部分主要是检验高年级学生在词汇方面是否达到英语专业高年级教学大纲所规定的要求。词汇的积累不是一朝一夕即可完成，它需要在平时的学习过程中逐步积累，积少成多。因此，对于学生来说，平时自己在学习中要注意扩大、巩固已有的词汇量，这点是非常重要的。同时，在学习、掌握词汇的过程中，特别要注意提高自己灵活运用词汇的能力。(3.)篇章结构在第1、第2点中我们提到校对改错项目的两个测试点：语法和词汇。同时我们也再三强调，这个项目尽管涉及以上两点的评估，但它不是简单、孤立地检验学生的语法词汇知识。该项目仍着眼于语言的运用。也就是说，该项目旨在测试在具体语境或上下文中使用语法或词汇的能力。在校对改错这个特定的考试环境中，它所提供的具体语境或上下文是一篇200来字的短文。这篇短文由十来个在意义上相关联的句子构成；而需要修改的语病都出现在 这些在意义上是有机组合的句中。鉴于这个特点，学生就要从篇章结构这个角度去判断句子的正误。也就是说，学生要跳出单句的框架，从语段（表达一相关层次意思的句子组合）的角度来进行判断。从语篇角度看，校对改错项目内的错误可大致分为两类：1）句内错误：一般对此类错误的判断无须超越句子本身。如：1996年试卷的第6题：water rising away from the depths of the earth during（6）（删去away）?1999年试卷的第4题：hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories（4）（把in 改成 on）?2）句际错误：对此类错误的判断要基于上下文之上，也就是牵涉到句与句之间的关系了。如：1997年试卷的第5题：departure. This is what his body wants to do，therefore（5）（把therefore 改成加but）1999年试卷的第5题：as an hour of gathering produces 240（5）（把as改成while）?对第二类错误的判断要求学生从篇章角度出发，把文中的句子看作表达一完整意思的有机体。只有这样，学生才能找出错误所在。在历年的考试中，学生大都能判断出第一类错误，而对第二类错误（句际错误）的判断准确率就相对较低。历年试卷中难易度系数偏低的题目也大都为此类错误。因此，学生平时要加强对篇章的理解能力的训练，了解、熟悉篇章结构的特点：语段内句子之间的关系、语段之间的关系；它们的类别；各种不同关系的表示法，等等。只有在此基础上，学生才能灵活正确地使用语言知识，做到准确答题。校对改错答题要点做题时千万不要拿起来就改。正确的做法是先从头到尾通读全文，在正确理解或大致正确理解甚至在猜想原文的前提下，再仔细推敲需要改正或增添的内容。此时，考生必须充分调动所掌握的语法和词汇两方面的知识，发挥自身领会、推理，判断乃至猜想的能力，并利用以往的学习经验做起题来才能游刃有余。 找出错误并改正后，还要注意通读全文。从词汇和语法两方面来检查被改正后的短文的意思是否通顺，逻辑概念是否严密合理，结构是否正确，完整。因为要求考生指出和改正的错误往往是考生在英语学习中常犯和易犯的错误，不易察觉。这就要求考生在学习时不能一知半解、似是而非，而必须十分仔细、认真并多做这类改错练习，而且每次练习都要遵照正确的方法和步骤久而久之就能容易地发现和改正语病，答对率也会逐步提高，从而会增强信心，考出最佳成绩。为了能使考生较为彻底地把握解决错误、识别语病的钥匙，为了避免“知其然而不知其所以然”的现象，我们首先从错误类型归类着手，介绍易于记忆的、起关键作用的要点、标记，并以此作为钥匙去开启识别、改正短文的语病之大门。具体地讲，错误类型有以下几种：1主谓一致2动词时态3动词语态：主动被动语态4连接词并列句从句5比较级6虚拟语气7非谓语动词8代词与先行词的一致9倒装句语序10赘述11增添词12易混淆的词校对与改错（Proofreading and Error Correction）是英语专业学生高年级考试（TEM-8）的一个部分。该项目采用主观测试题型，包含两个部分：答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答题要求部分说明修改短文的三种方法：加入、删去和改动某一单词，并举例说明。要求修改的短文长度为200字左右。短文的体裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围。短文内含10个错误；错误都出现在标有题号的行内。错误一般涉及单个词；每行只出现一个错误。要求修改的单词既有功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词（动词、名词等）。错误既涉及句内也涉及句际。?校对与改错部分的测试目的是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的能力。该项目考查学生的语法和词汇知识，但更侧重评估学生的综合语言能力。校对改错部分要求学生在15分钟内找出10个错误，并根据要求用三种方法之一改正错误。?这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：?1.语法知识众所周知，英语语言能力包括众多因素，其中之一是语法知识。没有系统的语法知识，学习者就很难全面、准确地以口头或书面的形式表达思维或意念。对于把英语作为外语的学生来说，语法知识的掌握尤为重要，因为它有助于提高语言的准确性、逻辑性。鉴于此，校对改错项目的一个测试点是检验高年级学生语法知识的掌握程度及其运用能力。一般地说，该项目中要求改正的错误里包括一些语法错误。例如：定语从句（1996年第三题）；情态动词（1997年第一题）；?冠词（1997年第九题）；介词（1998年第四题）；反身代词（1998年第六题），等等。?校对改错项目要求学生运用已学过的语法知识，来判断句子的正误，找出语病，并作修正。这里要强调的一点是，TEM-8考试的这个项目不是孤立地测试学生的语法知识；它更偏重学生运用语法知识的能力，即怎样把书本知识转化成实际能力。因此，对于学生来说，在平时一要巩固已学过的语法知识，理清概念；二要注重提高运用语言知识解决具体问题的能力。2.词汇与搭配校对改错项目的另一测试点是学生对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用。比如：外层空间应为outer space，而不是out space（1996年第5题），做动作应为perform an act，而不是make an act（1997年第8题），姿式应为posture，而不是post（1997年第10题），站起来应为 get to their feet，而不是get on their feet（1998年第4题），等等。词汇测试面涵盖各类词性的词，同时侧重考核它们的搭配与用法。归根结底，词汇测试部 分主要是检验高年级学生在词汇方面是否达到英语专业高年级教学大纲所规定的要求。词汇的积累不是一朝一夕即可完成，它需要在平时的学习过程中逐步积累，积少成多。因此，对于学生来说，平时自己在学习中要注意扩大、巩固已有的词汇量，这点是非常重要的。同时，在学习、掌握词汇的过程中，特别要注意提高自己灵活运用词汇的能力。篇章结构在第1、第2点中我们提到校对改错项目的两个测试点：语法和词汇。同时我们也再三强调，这个项目尽管涉及以上两点的评估，但它不是简单、孤立地检验学生的语法词汇知识。该项目仍着眼于语言的运用。也就是说，该项目旨在测试在具体语境或上下文中使用语法或词汇的能力。在校对改错这个特定的考试环境中，它所提供的具体语境或上下文是一篇200来字的短文。这篇短文由十来个在意义上相关联的句子构成；而需要修改的语病都出现在这些在意义上是有机组合的句中。鉴于这个特点，学生就要从篇章结构这个角度去判断句子的正误。也就是说，学生要跳出单句的框架，从语段（表达一相关层次意思的句子组合）的角度来进行判断。 ?从语篇角度看，校对改错项目内的错误可大致分为两类：?（1）句内错误：一般对此类错误的判断无须超越句子本身。如：?1996年试卷的第6题water rising away from the depths of the earth during（删去away）?1999年试卷的第4题hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories（把in 改成 on）?（2）句际错误：对此类错误的判断要基于上下文之上，也就是牵涉到句与句之间的关系了。如：?1997年试卷的第5题departureThis is what his body wants to do，therefore（把therefore 改成加but）?1999年试卷的第5题as an hour of gathering produces 240（把as改成while）?对第二类错误的判断要求学生从篇章角度出发，把文中的句子看作表达一完整意思的有机体。只有这样，学生才能找出错误所在。?在历年的考试中，学生大都能判断出第一类错误，而对第二类错误（句际错误）的判断准确率就相对较低。历年试卷中难易度系数偏低的题目也大都为此类错误。因此，学生平时要加强对篇章的理解能力的训练，了解、熟悉篇章结构的特点：语段内句子之间的关系、语段之间的关系；它们的类别；各种不同关系的表示法，等等。只有在此基础上，学生才能灵活正确地使用语言知识，做到准确答题。1The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical _1_words have “less meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them _2_ “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. But this is a rather _3_misled way of expressing the distinction. Although a word like the is not the name _4_of something as man is, it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a _5_sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile” and “the man is vile”, yet theis the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words _6_differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they have even in _7_the lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been “little words.”But size is by no mean a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words.” _8_of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. _9_Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say:we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them. This is _10_illustrated not only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose of telegramsand newspaper headlines. 参考答案及解析:1 删掉the此处的most并不表示obvious的最高级，而是用作副词修饰obvious，表示程度很高，因此前面不能加the。2 将but改为and根据文章的意思，这里要用并列关系的and。3 将in改为to as apposed to 是固定搭配，意思是“与相比”。4 将misled改为misleading5删掉away此处考查固定用法。 far from being.意思为“远非”“远远不怎么样”，符合这里的意思。而far away from 表示离某处很远。6 将single改为only或者sole这里要表达“唯一的”。7 在as后面加to或者将as 改为in联系上下文，此处的意思是“grammatical words 本身在某某方面也有相当的差异，”as to 有“关于”或者“在某某方面的意思”；将as改为in，用differ from something in也可表达这个意思。8 将mean改为means9 将as改为like，或者在as前面加such10 将number改为deal或者amountobscurity是不可数名词，不能用a number of 来修饰。 About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries couldbe avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk _1_pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking _2_University.The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternalDeaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children _3_within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their _4_families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by _5_the United Nations Childrens Fund and the US Centers for Disease Controlrespectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high _6_risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of _7_maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of _8_pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the _9_mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than _10_two years apart.参考答案及解析:1 将had used 改为 used。因为此句是虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反，故条件从句中应使用一般过去时。例如：Many would be wise if they did not think themselves wise. 许多人原本会成为聪明人如果他们不自以为聪明的话。2 将publishing改为published report和publish时逻辑动宾关系，故应使用publish的过去分词短语来修饰report。例如：Any discovery that we may make, however small, will remain acquired knowledge. 任何可能的发现，不管多么微不足道，都将成为知识宝库中的一部分。3 将theirs改为their4 将among改为between在两次怀孕期间留出足够的间隔时间，故用between。5 将过去分词excluded改为介词excluding。excluding意为“不包括”6 将respectably改为respectively respectively 意为 “分别地 ”，符合句子的意思。而respectably意为 “可敬的，值得尊敬地 ”。7将evidences改为evidence。evidence是不可数名词。8将ill改为illness。9将year改为years。10将lesser改为less“Home, sweet home” is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _1_has great importance for many people.This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlersof American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _2_for ones family, and started a farm. These small households were _3_portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _4_support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _5_of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _6_is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.When U.S soldiers came home before World War, for example, _7_they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _8_a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _9_a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _10_way of life.参考答案及解析:1 将no改为 not2 将place改为landplace是可数名词，作“地方”讲，而land意为“土地，田地”是不可数名词。例如：Solitude is a good place to visit but a poor place to stay.当你偶尔光顾时，独处是一个美妙的境地，但是如果久留，它却是一个糟糕的地方。There is a vacant piece of land near the house; we can build there.3 将started改为startstart应使用不定式，以和前面的find，build一致。4 将working改为work。work应该用第三人称复数，和live一致。另外，family在这里作“家人”讲，是复数。5 将anyone改为everyone这里是要用everyone指每个人，而不是要用anyone泛指。6 将but删除7将before改为after根据上下文判断，这里要表达的是二战之后。8 将But改为 And根据语意，这里要表达的是递进关系，而不是转折关系。例如：When I do good, I feel good. When I do bad, I feel bad. And thats my religion.当我行善事，我感到坦然；当我行恶时，我感到内疚。这就是我的人生之道。9 将it改为they10 在house the中间加入介词as regardas 作“把当作”讲。We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _1_that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _2_with comparable education in Western Europe.There are a lot of kids who know everything about computershow to build them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _3_them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the _4_computer, you dont have faintest idea. _5_The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _6_creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _7_technology. Lots of people dont differ between the two. Science is the production of _8_new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two arereally different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have afaculty for the others. _9_Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology, its not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences of _10_new technology, which can be enormous.参考答案及解析:1.在which前加in，或将which改为where在这里which引导限制性从句，修饰先行词the society。in which 在从句中作状语，当然也可以用关系副词where引导定语从句，并在从句中作状语，例如： Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.2.将as 改为than3.将So改为But或者However或者Nevertheless。因为这里上下文是转折关系。4.将about去掉因为explain是及物动词。5.将you改为they6.将like改为as因为such as 是固定搭配。7.将takes改为givesgive rise to表示“引起，导致”之意。8.将differ改为 distinguish牵着表示“有区别”。后者表示“区分，找出的差别。9.将others改为other 这样the other就和上文的one构成固定搭配，表示在两个中“一个；另外一个”10.将harmful改为harmless，只有这样才可以表达上下文的对比关系。What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon _1_are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is _2_a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can _3_escapenot even light. But we cant see a black hole. A black hole _4_exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only spaceor thus we think. How can this happen? _5_The theory is that some stars explode when their density increasesto a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of _6_its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the _7_size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger _8_gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. _9_And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. _10_参考答案及解析:supernova 名词，天超新星1. 将as 改为since或者because。在表示原因的连接词中，只有as引导的原因状语从句不能位于主句之后，只能位于句首。2 .将adequate 改为inadequate，或者在are后加not。从逻辑上分析，因为我们拥有的科学术语“不充足”，所以才无法回答这个问题，所以用否定形式。3. 在which 前加into。这是一个定语从句，意思是“黑洞是太空中物质可以掉进去的地方”，所以定语从句应该为“into which matter has fallen”。4. 将but 改为 so。 上文已提到“连光都无法从黑洞中逃出”，所以我们根本无法看到黑洞。这里应该是因果关系，而不是转折关系。5 .将thus改为so。这句话的意思是“那只是空间或者我们认为它只是空间”。so做 think 的宾语，thus 只能做连词，不能做宾语。6. 将which 改为whose。这个定语从句的意思是“它是一颗星，其密度非常大，由于自身的引力，它在不断地收缩”。matter 属于star，所以关系代词应该用whose。7 .去掉in。result为不及物动词，意为“形成了”，而“result in sth。”意为“导致某结果”。8. 将masses 改为mass。mass 可指“大量的物质”，而“the masses”特指“劳动群众”，用在此处不妥。9 .将ideas 改为idea。“idea”在表达“印象”时，为不可数名词，不可以用复数。10. 将no改为any。分析便知，任何在黑洞附近的东西都会被吸进去。改错题出现的错误经常包括：语法；词汇；语篇1. 语法包括英语的时态，语态，倒装句，虚拟语气，主，谓，宾在数，格，人称上的一致。2 .词汇方面，短文改错在用词上的错误主要集中在以下几个方面：名次单复数，可数名词和不可数名词的差异，形容词与副词，连词与介词的误用，同义词的混淆等。3. 语篇的改错旨在测试做题者在具体语境上下文中使用语法和词汇的能力。从逻辑的意义上看，句与句之间的关系可以分为顺序，并列，时间，空间，层递，对比，转折，解释，因果，过渡，推论等。最好的做法是先通读全文，结合上下文的逻辑关系回答问题。The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which _1_have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome _2_monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People _3_found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat fromone whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as _4_“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England was designated “the Kings fish” because it automatically belonged to the Crown.Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of _5_wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. _6_Even though some species are protected by the regulations of the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whalehunting is regulated, but the earths stock of whales is still being _7_depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now _8_ there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and _9_awe-inspiring creature that always fed mans imagination and _10_ made the world a more exciting place参考答案及解析:1. 将which改为that。先行词由最高修饰时定语从句的关系代词只能用that。2. 在thought 后面加of，或者将thought 改为regarded。“think of A as B”，指“把A看作B”，为固定搭配。3. 去掉he。这句话的主语是“to hunt a whale”，“to hunt a whale was high adventure”。中间的“when”只是插入的状语从句。4. 在referred后加to。“refer to A as B”只“把A称作B”，这句话的意思是“古人把鲸称作大鱼”。5. 在felt 后加for。这句话实际的结构是“feel a sense of wonder for whales”指“对鲸怀有惊奇的感觉”，for引出对象。6. 在exploit后加them。capture，slaughter，exploit都是及物动词，后面必须加宾语。7. 去掉but。前面已有“even though”，后面就不应该再用but。8 .将since改为from。“100 years from now”指“从现在起100年后”since 只能用于完成时。9. 在blame前加to。“be to blame for sth ”指“对某事应负责任”，为固定搭配。10. 在always前加has。这个定语从句强调对现在的影响，很明显应该用完成时，不能用过去式。We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly anymoment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, _1_languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly dependon fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know _2_more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language _3_is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from _4_animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language _5_and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we _6_understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, _7_language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of languageis that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. _8_Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few _9_of us stop to question what language is, much less do we