大学英语3第一课重点(华政张朱平版).doc

Book III (Unit One) Text A Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life 骆静华Part I Cultural background1 About the Author- Elwyn Brooks(E.B.)White (1899-1985) is a leading American essayist and literary stylist of his time. White was known for his crisp, graceful, relaxed style. Whites stories ranged from satire to childrens fiction. While he often wrote from the perspective of slightly ironic onlooker, he also was a sensitive spokesman for the freedom of the individual. Among his most enduring essays is One More to the Lake. E.B. White began his writing career as a reporter and he ended it as one of the most celebrated childrens authors of his time. He created Stuart Little (1945),Charlottes Web (1952) and The Trumpet of the Swan (1970), all considered childrens classics. E.B. White won many awards for his writing, including a special Pulitzer Prize in 1978. He also held honorary degrees from 7 American colleges and universities.作者简介E.B.怀特（18991985）是美国当代著名散文家、文体评论家，其文风活泼、优雅、随意。他的小说既有讽刺作品，也有儿童作品。他常常以旁观者的眼光进行创造，略带讽刺，同时他也是个感觉敏锐的个人自由的代言人。他最经久不衰的作品之一是林湖重游。怀特开始他的写作生涯时是一名记者，最后成了当代最著名的儿童作家之一。他创造了小老鼠斯图尔特（1945）（后被拍成电影，译作精灵鼠小弟），夏洛的网（1952）和1952和天鹅的喇叭（1970）都是经典儿童著作。E.B.怀特的作品曾获多种奖项，其中包括1978年的普利策奖。他还拥有美国七所大学的荣誉学位。2 Americans attitude towards change (美国人对变化的态度)Americans might be one of the nations that are most accustomed to change, who believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. Traditions can be a guide, but they are not inherently superior. New is better and a better way can always be found ; things can always be improved upon, so life entrails change. Just as Charles Darwin said, “it is neither the strongest or most intelligent of a species that will survive, it is those who are most adaptable to change”. This belief in the march of progress and the pursuit of perfection leads to Americans positive attitude toward change, and results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring.美国人大概是最能够适应变化的民族之一，他们相信没有人静止不动，不进则退。传统可以用来做向导，但其本身没有内在的优越性。新生事物更加优秀，新的方法也总能找到，事物总是可以得到不断的完善，因此生活需要变化。正如查理达尔文所说：“能够生存下来的物种不是最强壮，最聪慧的，而是最能适应变化的。“这种进步意识和追求完美的信念使得美国人对变化采取一种积极的态度，并造就了一个致力于研究，试验和开拓进取的国家。3.Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scale:（华氏温标和摄氏温标） Fahrenheit scale was first established by the German physicist Gabriet Fahrenheit in 1715. On his scale, water freezes at 32F and boils at 212F. Celsius scale was first established by the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius in 1742. On his scale, water freezes at 0C and boils at 100C. 华氏度是由德国物理学家加布利华伦海1715年设计的。按照该温标。水的冰点为32华氏度，沸点为212华度。摄氏度是由瑞典科学家安德斯于1742年发明的。按照该温标，水的冰点0摄氏度，沸点为100摄氏度。4.Ivy League(常春藤联合会) It consists of eight famous colleges and universities in the United States, such as Harvard University in Cambridge Massachusetts; Brown University in Providence Rhode Island; Columbia University in New York City; Cornell University in Ithaca, New York; Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire; University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia; Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey; and Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. 由美国哈府佛大学（马萨诸萨州坎布里奇市）、布朗大学(罗德岛普罗维登斯)、哥伦比亚大学(纽约)：康奈尔大学（纽约州艾萨卡）；达特茅斯学院（新罕布什尔州汉诺威）；宾夕法尼亚大学（费城）；普林斯顿大学（新泽西州普林斯顿）；耶鲁大学（康涅狄格州纽黑文）八所名牌大学和学院组成。5Individual Retirement Account (IRA)个人退休金帐户 A US government plan that allows people to put part of their income into special bank accounts. No tax has to be paid on this money until they retire. 美国政府所实施的养老计划，该计划允许人们将他们的部分收入存入特殊的银行帐户中，这部分钱免受任何税金，直到他们退休为止。Part IIStructural Analysis （结构分析）Part One (Paras 1-3) At the very beginning, the essay points out where the authors interest lieswrite and live on a farm, and then he evaluates the life there as self-reliant and satisfying.这部分主要讲述了作者眼中的乡村生活，这是一种自力更生而又令人满意的生活。Part Two (Paras 4-7) Show in details the scene of his family working hard self-reliantly on the farm all the year round. When he keeps writing and his wife and children integrate study with the farm life, a happy and fulfilling family life indeed.作者在这部分中阐述了乡村的生活虽然美好，但有时也非常艰辛。Part Three (Paras 8-11) Stress that despite the unfavorable economic condition after the authors resigning, the quality of their life has been enhanced because of the spiritual richness.这部分作者着重介绍了自己一家的经济状况，辞去工作以后，作者的收入大不如以前，但全家还是精打细算度过难关。Part Four (Paras 12-15) A tolerance for solitude and a lot of energy and a spirit of self-reliance.He also stresses that they didnt move to the farm primarily for the money, but for the promotion of life quality and the pursuit of happiness out of change.最后部分作者对乡村生活的感悟和总结，正是充沛的体力和忍耐孤独的坚强意志使得全家乡村的生活多姿多彩。Task I Language Points1 (L.3) （1）be in sbs league or be in the same league with sb.= be at the same level of class/category of excellence 与某人同类型（或级别） e.g. He was bored because she obviously wasnt in his league. 他感到厌烦，因为她显然和自己不是同一类型的人。e.g. He plays the piano very well, and I am just not in his league. 他的钢琴弹得很好，我简直没法和他比。（2）get by (on/in/with sth.)= to have just enough of sth.you need, such as money to manage or make ends meet勉强对付过去，过得去 e.g. My grandmother gets by on her social security check. 我祖母靠社会保险还过得去。 e.g. Her old age pension gives her barely enough to get by. 她的养老金只够勉强度日。考点get across sth. to sb.=cause sth. to be understood by sb.被理解，使人了解 e.g. He is a teacher, but not very good at getting his ideas across to his students.他是一个聪明的老师， 但他不善于擅于把自己的观点向学生讲清楚。get away with sth.= do sth. wrong without being caught for punishment = succeed in avoiding punishment fro sth.逃避（惩罚），（冒险）做成某事e.g. Dont try to deceive the taxman, youll never get away with your tax. 别试图欺骗税务人员，你休想蒙混过关。get around/round sth.=succeed in solving a problem 解决问题e.g. You can get around/round the immediate problem by borrowing some money to support your children to school.你可以借些钱支持孩子上学以解决眼前的问题。get round sb=to persuade sb. to accept ones own way of thinking 说服某人e.g. If your parents dont want to let you go out alone at night, do you know you can get round him?如果你父母不想让你独自夜晚出去，你知道你能说服他们？get round /around to sth./doing= do sth. that sb. has intended to do for a long time（期望已久的）终于做成了 e.g. After a long delay, I got round/around to writing the letter to my friend who is in America.我拖延好久以后，终于给我的美国朋友写了这封信。get down to sth.=begin doing sth. seriously认真地静下心（工作）e.g. Its hard to get down to work after a nice holiday.度过了愉快的假日之后，很难一下只子认真投入工作。2. (L.3-5)（1） frustration =the feeling of being annoyed, caused esp. by a difficult or unpleasant situation that one is unable to change or control挫折，受挫e.g. Being unemployed can lead to frustration and boredom.失业会引起挫折感厌倦的情绪。e.g. Every driver knows the frustration of being unable to overtake.每个司机都体会锝到不能超车时的不悦之感。（2） contentment n. = a quietly happy and satisfied feeling满足，满意e.g. Nothing could disturb our feeling of peace and contentment.没有什么可以扰乱我们平静满足的心情。e.g. The simple routines of life brought him great contentment.生活中简单的日常事务带给他极大的满足感。辨析 content n.=satisfaction 放心，满足express or show content take content in sth. to ones hearts content尽情地，痛痛快快地e.g. Go on vacation and rest to your hearts content.去度个假尽情地放松一下。e.g. I had the chance to play tennis to my hearts content.我有机会痛快地大打了一场网球。辨析 content v. = be satisfied or pleased使满意，使满足content oneself with e.g. I wanted to take two weeks holiday but had to content myself with one because the office was so busy.我想休两周假，但办公室里工作太忙，我只好满足于一周。辨析 content a. = gratified, satisfied满意的，满足的be content with or be content to do e.g. He is fairly content with his present job and salary.他对自己目前的工作和薪水很满意。辨析 contented a. used attrib.or pred.=satisfied, quietly happy 知足的，满意的e.g. She lay down, stretched her arms out behind her and smiled a contented smile.她躺了下来，向后舒展双臂，露出了心满意足的微笑。e.g. He wont be contented (= satisfied) until hes upset everyone in the office.他不把办公室里的每个人弄得心烦意乱他就不会满足。3. (L.7-9)（1）keep sb./oneself in sth.= give or allow oneself/ sb. a regular supply of sth.使自己或某人经常有某物 e.g. The father tries hard to earn enough to keep himself and all the family in good clothes and food.父亲想方设法挣足够的钱使自己和全家有好衣穿有好的吃。（）make it = be successful in your career/ succeed in reaching a place in time/ fulfill the purpose 成功；及时到达；达到预定目标e.g. She finally made it as a CEO of a big corporation. e.g. Having failed for thousands of times, he eventually made it.e.g. We made it to the airport 20 minutes before the plane left.4. (L.15) tough a. =difficult /strong and not easily broken(torn or worn out)/ strict or severe e.g. Shops and small businesses have had a tough time lately. e.g. We should need a tough pair of shoes for climbing. e.g. We have to make some tough decisions if the company is to be restored to profitability.（L.16）haul v. =pull /transport sth. heavy with continuous, steady movement(as with a truck, cart etc,)e.g. The farmers haul fruits and vegetables to the market on a cart in the early morning every day.e.g. The peasants hauled the boat out of the water. haul sb. up = force sb. to appear in court /before the head teacher /in front of a magistratee.g. He has been hauled up in front of the magistrate on a charge of dangerous haul sb. over the coals = scold sb. severely for wrong doing e.g. He was hauled over the coals for being late for class. haul off = raise ones arm before hitting sb. e.g. He hauled off and hit Pete on the jaw.6. (L.17)cultivate v.= (1) prepare the land to grow food crops, trees, and flowers; to plow, plant seed, water, and fertilize the land e.g. From ancient times, people have cultivated crops, like wheat, for food. (2) study and develop a fine understanding, such as of art, music, books,etc.e.g. She has cultivated her knowledge of art. (3) develop friendships with peoplee.g. The man cultivates the people who can be useful to him in his business.7.(L.20)overdue a. = (1)not appearing or presented on timee.g. The plane is overdue and has been delayed by bad weather. (2) unpaid when duee.g. an overdue account 一笔过期未付的帐目e.g. an overdue gas 过期未付的煤气帐单 outdoor a. = situated or used in the open air rather than in a buildinge.g. That singer gives outdoor concerts in the summer. outdoors ad. =in the open air e.g. The weather was good, so they held the concert outdoors. indoor a. = located inside a building e.g. Some rich people have indoor swimming pools.e.g. Table tennis is a indoor game. indoors ad. inside a buildinge.g. Indoor games are played indoors.8.(L.21)supplement v. add sth. especially to what you earn or eat, in order to increase it to an acceptable levele.g. They had to get a job to supplement the family income.e.g. The doctor suggested supplementing my diet with/by vitamins E and A.n. (1) sth. that you add to sth. else to improve it or make it completee.g. The money I get from teaching evening classed provides a supplement to my main income.派生supplementary a.(AmE supplemental ) = additional/ extra e.g. She has la supplemental income from interest on savings.e.g. The government had to take supplementary action to avoid a budget crisis.9. (L.22)spray v. force out liquid in small drops uponspray sth. on/ over sth.(sb.)e.g. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.e.g. Farmers use a lot of agricultural chemical to spray on crops.10. (L.25)freelance a.= self-employed e.g. He is a freelance artist/ journalist/ photographer/ writer.freelance n. (freelancer)= a person, esp. a writer or an artist, who sells his or her services to employers without a long-term commitment to any one of theme.g. She started as a freelance with a very large publisher.freelance v. = work as a self-employed person who performs jobs usu. for a variety of companiese.g. He is a writer who freelances for several health magazines.11. (L.26)pursue v. = (1) strive to gain or accomplish(strive for )e.g. Most students decided to pursue their studies after obtaining their first degree.(2) = follow /search for sb. or sth. in order to catch or kill theme.g. A police officer pursued the speeding car and stopped it.(3) = continue trying to ask about, find out about, or persuade sb. about a particular subject = follow upe.g. The boy pursued the teacher with a lot of questions.派生pursuit n.追求 pursuer n. 追随者12（L.26）demanding a. (of a task) needing much patience, skill, effort, abilitye.g. Children are so demanding, they need constant attention.e.g. Sometimes I was very exhausted by a demanding job.e.g. Her mother could be very demanding at times.13. (L.32)wicked a. morally wrong and bad, evile.g. There is no doubt that he was a wicked, ruthless and dishonest man.e.g. Of course, in the end, the wicked witch does get killed.e.g. In the story, she has a wicked step-mother/ wicked step-father, who makes her life a misery.14. (L35)blast v. (1) = attack a place or person using bombs or heavy gunse.g. The town was blasted out of existence. (2) = make sth. dry up and die, esp. because of heat or cold e.g. The icy wind had blasted the new spring growth. (3) = criticize sth. very stronglye.g. The Senator blasted their plans for educational aid.15. (L.38)swamp v. (1) = flood or soak sth. with water/cover with a large amount of watere.g. The boat was swamped by an enormous wave.e.g. High tides have swamped the coast.(2) = overwhelm sb.or sth. with a great quantity of thingse.g. I was swamped with work at the moment.= I have more work than I can easily deal with at the moment.16. (L.39)produce n.= agricultural products such as vegetables and fruitse.g. The market sells a variety of fresh produce.e.g. The wine bottle was marked “Produce of Spain.”派生product n. = usu. refers of industrially produced goods = sth. made by industrye.g. Petrol is the most important product of many Middle-East countries.e.g. The company sells plastic products.派生production n. = is the process of making or growing goods to be solde.g. The new range of computers go into full production.17. (L.45)get through = come successfully to the end = come through a difficult (unpleasant)experience or period of timee.g. Her mothers support got her through her depression.e.g. The government managed to get the new law through (parliament) despite strong opposition.18. (L.52)blessing n. (1) = god-send/Gods favour and protectione.g. She asked for Gods blessing for her new baby.(2) = sth. that is extremely luckye.g. It was a blessing that no one was killed in the accident.(3) = approvale.g. The government has given its blessing to a new plan to improve the rights of children. a blessing in disguise = sth. that seems bad or unlucky at first, but results in sth. good happening latere.g. After he was fired, he found a better job, so his firing was a blessing in disguise.19. (L.54)on balance = taking everything into consideration/with all things considered = on the whole /generally speakinge.g. Despite some failures, you have had quite a good year on balance.e.g. On balance, its probably not advisable to give up your present job. in (the) balance = uncertain (usu. be / hang in (the) balance)e.g. Her job was in the balance for some months, but now the company has decided to expand, so her future is assured.e.g. The future of the nation hangs in the balance. off balance/ out of balance = find/cause sb. to be in danger falling because his steadiness is disturbed / unprepared/ unable to deal withe.g. His failure in the examination threw / caught him off his balance.20. (L.56)illustrate v. = (1) provide with pictures, drawings/ put pictures in a book, articles(usu. passive. be illustrated with/ by)e.g. Though Harry Potter is not a beautifully illustrated book, kids like it much.e.g. The history book was illustrated with many maps and photographs.(2) = make the meaning of sth. clearer by giving related examples/ explaine.g. Our teacher illustrated our history lesson by telling a story about George Washington. illustration n. = (1) artwork/ photography/ or other picturese.g. The art book has many beautiful color illustrations. (2) = demonstration e.g. Illustration of a difficult idea is often effective in lectures. illustrative a.= used for explaining the meaning of sth./ explanatory (usu. be illustrative of)e.g. Falling house prices are illustrative of the crisis facing the construction industry. illustrator n. = a person who draws pictures, for bookse.g. Illustrators create pictures and charts for magazine articles.21. (L.61) generate v.= (1) bring into existence/ producee.g. When coal burns, it generates heat.e.g. They used waterfalls to generate power.(2) produce strong feelings among a large number of peoplee.g. Her latest film has generate a lot of interest /excitement.22. (L.64) when it comes to.= concerning/ as far as sth. is concernede.g. When it comes to Jazz music, she becomes excited. e.g. When it comes to chemistry, I know nothing.23.(L.66) pick up = be ready to pay/ be prepared to paye.g. The government should pick up the bill for the damaged ship.e.g. If he loses the case, he will have to pick up the bill for legal costs.24. (L.67)be stuck with = have to deal with sth. that you dont really want because you cant get rid of ite.g. Sometimes I am stuck with some of my relatives who come to stay at my home unexpectedly.e.g. Teachers are sometimes stuck with the students questions. be stuck on sb./sth.= be very fond of sb./sth.e.g. The teacher is really stuck on her new stu