初中英语代词2.doc

代词（二）三. 反身代词表示我自己，你自己，他自己，我们自己，你们自己等表示自身或强调自身的代词称为反身代词。（动词所表达的动作返回到动作者本身）反身代词有人称和数的变化，其形式如下表：单数：myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、复数：ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves其构成规则是： 第一、二人称：在形容词性物主代词后加self 或 selves第三人称：在人称代词宾格后加self或 selves反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。1. 作宾语，反身代词的最主要功能就是作宾语。 He taught himself English.I cut myself this morning.2. 作表语。 She is not quite herself today.3. 作同位语，强调和反身代词同位的名词或代词。 1)、和主语同位.。He himself was a doctor. 作主语同位语时，可放主语之后也可放句末。 She taught her English herself. 2)、和宾语同位Youd better ask the doctor herself. 4.要牢记反身代词与及物动词构成的固定搭配:注意：enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自) help oneself to (随便吃/喝 些.) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)look oneself （ 照顾自己） come to oneself （苏醒过来） wash oneself (自己洗澡)5.反身代词常和介词构成习惯用语，by oneself for oneself 独自地say to oneself 自言自语among themselves 他们之间6.反身代词不能单独作主语。 Myself did it. (错) I myself did it. (对)四. 指示代词指示代词是用来指代上下文中出现的人或事的代词。单数 this， that， it， such , same 复数 these， those such same 1. 在句中起名词作用，作主语、宾语、表语；也可起形容词作用，作定语。 This is an apple. Thats a good idea. 主语 2.指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人， That is my teacher. (对)那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人） He is going to marry this girl. (对)他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词） She is going to marry this. (错)（this作宾语时不能指人） I bought this. (对)我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)3.this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人. I want this one,not that one. 4. 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物. I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. 5. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that 指代前文同类的不可数名词，those代替前文同类的复数可数名词。用 the one 指代与前文同类的单数可数名词。例如： Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai. 6. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如： Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking? 7、That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较： He admired that which looked beautiful. (对)他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。He admired those who looked beautiful. (对)他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人） 8.it 指人时也可作为指示代词看待。 Who is it? Its me. Oh,Its you, Zhang Ling. 9.such 和 same 也是指示代词。他们的单数、复数形式相同，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。 Such are the results.(主) The same may be said of his sister.(主)注意：1）、such 作定语时，如果名词前有不定冠词，则such 放在不定冠词前面。 I have never seen such a beautiful place before. 2）、在same 之前，一定要用定冠词the。五. 不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，具有名词和形容词性质，并有可数和不可数之分，没有确定的对象而有非确定的特指意义。在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：1. some与any 1)some any相当于名词和形容词，作定语时均可以代替可数名词和不可数名词。some多用于肯定句，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。表示“一些，几个”。作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词+单数动词;可数名词+复数动词。 Some of the students are cleaning the library.any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中，表示“一些，任何”，在句中用作主语、宾语、定语。用作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词+单数动词;可数名词+复数动词。 Any of you can do it.2）、if 引导的条件句中，用any 不用some. If you have any money,buy some books. 3）、:在表示请求、劝告、邀请、或不希望对方拒绝的疑问句中用some而不用any 。 Will you give me some water? 4）、some 和any 可以用来修饰单数名词,any 用在肯定句中时，意思是“任何的”。 Any student can answer this question. Some day Chinese people will fly to the moon.5）、any 也可与比较级连用，表示程度。Is she any better taday?2. few, a few, little, a little 用法 用于可数名词 用于不可数名词 表示肯定概念 a few虽少，但有几个 a little，虽少，但有一点表示否定概念 few不多，几乎没有 little不多，没有什么1)、它们在句中都可作主语、宾语和定语。 Few of us have been to Beijing. I know little about the book. There is a little water in thia bottle. He has few friends. 2）、a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。 Im a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep) Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night.3. every与eacheach 每一个，强调个别情况。主、宾、定、状,可单独使用,可做代名词、形容词、用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物。every 每一个，强调整体，“每个都”“人人都”，只作定语，不可单独使用，仅作形容词，用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物。The teacher gave a toy to each child.Each ball has a different colour.(定)I gave each an apple when they came.(宾)当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.1)、只能说each of , 不能说every of ,every one = each Each of the rooms can hold twenty people.（主）2）、each every 作定语时，后加单数名词；each作主语时谓语动词用单数。 Each student has a book. Every student has a book.3）表达“每几个”，只能用every Every four days 每四天 Every other day 每隔一天 Every few metres 每隔几米4. all,both,none,either,neither的用法。1)all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。both 两个人或事物，对两者的肯定none 三者或三者以上都不，是all的全部否定式，后不直接接名词，需加of 再加名词，动词可单可复。either 对两者之一的肯定，neither 对两者的否定，是both 的全部否定式作主语 All of us like Mr Pope. = We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语) Either ( of the books) will do .Neither (of the books)is correct. Neither of us enjoy getting up early. Both of you are right.作宾语 I will take both of them with me. You make take either with you.I agree with neither of you.I have forgotten all about it.作定语 Both seats are taken. You may take either road. There are trees on either side (=on both sides). Neither seat is taken. All students like the film.1)、作主语时，all,both 后的谓语动词用复数，neither,either后的谓语动词用单数。2）、bothall还可以做主语和宾语的同位语You and I are both correct.The food is not enough for us all.作同位语时的位置：A、在be 后 B、在实义动词前 C、在第一个动词后3）作定语时，either neither 后面加单数名词，both只能和复数名词连用，而all 可以和单数或不可数名词搭配。There are trees on both sides of the road.He has lived here all his life.He has spent all the money on the books.4)all 作主语表示“整个事物”时，动词用单数All the water has been used up. (作主语) All I know is that he knew this. 5)both,all 加否定是部分否定，如果要表示全部否定，分别用neither ,none. Both of us are not teachers. 并不是我俩都教书。（部分否定） Neither of us is a teacher. （全部否定） All of the books are not Chinese books. 这些书中有些不是汉语的。 None of the books are Chinese books. 这些书中没有一本是汉语的。 6)并列连词的使用 Either or Either you or I am right. neither nor Neither my sister nor I am right. both and Both he and I know this teacher.7、much 只修饰不可数名词，much watermany 只修饰可数名词， many books 比较： a lot of lots of 可接可数名词或不可数名词，但一般只用于肯定句、在疑问句或否定句中，则用much 和many。8、复合不定代词由some ,any , no, every加上-body ,-one,-thing构成。1).在句中作主、宾、表。复合不定代词一般用作单数。Nobody is absent.Do you need anything?Grammer is not everything.2)、复合不定代词被定语修饰时，定语须放在它们后面。There is nothing wrong with the radio.Is there anything important?Anything else？ 3）由some 组成的不定代词用于肯定句，由any 合成的不定代词用于否定句，疑问和条件句，有些疑问句在表示请求、建议和反问时，也可以用some 合成的不定代词。4).everyone 每一个人，人人， 大家，单独使用，不可接of 短语。every one 一个人，一件事情。一般要接of 短语。5），由any 合成的不定代词，不能在否定句中作主语。 如：不能说： Anybody doesnt go to see the film. 而应改成： Nobody goes to see the film. 9、表示不定量的短语A以下短语替代或修饰复数名词，谓语动词用复数：few , a few quite a few , only a few , several, many, a large (great) number of (许多) a couple of 两三个hundreds of 成百的B、以下短语谓语动词用单数many a +单数名词the number of + 复数名词 C以下短语直接替代或修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数 a little little, a bit, less, least, much, not a little 许多 not a bit 一点也没有 a bit 后一般带of + 名词，其它的不定量词只有在接代词或特定范围时用of. the amount of 后接物质、钱、数的总量。六. 疑问代词一般都放在句首，用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词，在句子中作为某一句子成分。疑问代词有 指人： who, whom, whose 指物： what 既可指人又可指物： whichWhich of those is yours? (作主语) Whose is the watch on the table? （作表语） Whose umbrella is this? （作定语） Whom are you waiting for? （作宾语）1、疑问代词构成特殊疑问句时，疑问代词一般都位于句首，并在句中担任某一成分。绝大部分都用疑问语序，但疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，要用陈述语序。My bike is lost. What shall I do?Which is the biggest animal on land?Which looks more beautiful,this shirt or that one?2、提问“哪个”“哪些”时，who 用于人，which 和 what 用于物，which 一般用于有一定选择范围的情况，what 用于无选择范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的情况。Which animal do you like best? Which do you prefer,rice or meat?Which girls do you like best? What girls do you like best? 3、Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, Who(m) are you waiting for? Who(m) did you meet on the street?With whom did you go to the park?=Who did you go to the park with? Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）To whom did you speak on the campus?（作介词宾语，不能用who取代。）说明：疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）What are you looking for? 你在找什么？（现代英语）4、whose既有名词作用，可单独充当主语，宾语，表语，又有形容词作用，后可与名词连用（单、复均可）Whose is this shirt?=Whose shirt is this?Whose sweaters are these?=Whose are these sweaters?练习1) A good writer i( )who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. A) that B) one C) this D) which 2) To be or not to be,( )is the question. A) what B) that C) which D) it 3) The chemical composition of mans blood is similar to( )of sea water. A) that B) there C) which D) here 4)I dont want to use Marys ball pen because I dont like ( ). A) that ball pen of hers B) that her ball pen C) her that ball pen D) that ball pen of her 5)Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ( )containing as many different subcultures as the United States, is a complex task. A) one B) the one C) that D) such 1I dont like this coat，could you please show me _？ A. other B. another C. the other D. others 2There are many people in the park，some are playing cards，some aredancing，and _are taking a walk in it. A. other peoples B. the others C. others D. the other people 3I have two uncles，one is a doctor and _ is a teacher. A. the other B. another C. other D. another one 4Some students hope to enter the best universities while _ simply wants to learn skills. A. the others B. others C. another D. the other 5“Do you like these pants sir？” “No，please show me _.” A. another B. some ones C. some others D. the other记单词801 pork n 猪肉802 all day phr. 一整天,一天到晚803 a lot of phr. 许多,很多804 open adj 开着的805 market n 市场,集市806 dollar n 元(美,加拿大等国的货币单位)807 cent n (货币)分808 pound n 镑(重量单位)809 health n 健康,卫生810 fast adj & adv 快的(地),迅速的(地)811 of course phr. 当然,自然的事812 travel v & n 旅行813 safe adj 安全的,平安的814 minibus n 小型公共汽车815 and so on phr. 等等816 price n 价格,价钱817 example n 例子,榜样818 for example phr. 例如819 stand v 站,立820 field n 地,田地821 one day phr. (过去或将来)有一天,某一天822 job n 工作823 bright adj 明亮的,灿烂的824 foreign adj 外国的825 sunglasses n 太阳镜826 each pron 各自,各个827 language n 语言828 helpful adj 有帮助的,有益的829 get on (a bus) phr. 上车830 business n 商业,生意,事物831 company n 公司832 manager n 经理,负责人833 century n 世纪,百年阅读理解We are all busy talking about and using the Internet (互联网), but how many of us know the history of the Internet? Many people are surprised when they find that the Internet was set up in the 1960s. At that time, computers were large and expensive. Computer networks (网络) didnt work well. If one computer in the network broke down, then the whole network stopped. So a new network system had to be set up. It should be good enough to be used by many different comp