SAT语法讲义.docx

SAT语法序言SAT语法之所以被划分在Writing Skills当中，是因为它实际是考查考生对英语的标准书面语（即Standard Written English）的掌握程度，并非琐碎复杂的语法知识，SAT语法规则有时和我们通常所学的语法书上的知识点有所出入，规则也不尽相同。其考试题型和考试重点也与中国的语法题目大相径庭 。 因此SAT的语法具有特殊性，它追求的是“好的语法”，是恰当的，最符合英语国家文化传统与语言习惯的用法。SAT的语法规则，也就是像OG当中所阐述的那样，是一种“the rules of good written English”，具有准确，清晰，简洁的特点，杜绝口语化、模糊和冗余的表达。表现在做题方面，不仅仅会考到你是否能判断这个句子正确与否，而且会考到这个句子是否有效和简洁。这就大大提升了题目的难度。 对于广大中国考生来说，SAT语法部分的难度主要在于：一、题型新颖。以上三种题型很难在国内外其他考试中找到对应。而参加SAT考试的绝大部分大陆考生都是高中学生，平时根本没有接触过类似题型。另外，中国学生易受固定思维影响，比如在做挑错题时，许多人把题干读了一遍又一遍，硬要在本来没有错误的句子中挑出错误，殊不知在真题中E选项（即NoError选项）的比例占到了大约17%（约等于六分之一）。二、时间紧迫。以上三种题型共49道小题，在真题中占到两个Section（不包括加试Section），其中一个Section25分钟35题，另一个Section10分钟14题。对于绝大多数中国学生来说，语法部分的时间是非常紧迫的，尤其是25分钟的 Section，很多人做不完题目。如果连题目都做不完，那么语法部分要答对44题以上、写作部分总分突破700分基本无望。 但是，诸位考生也不要因此而灰心丧气。首先，SAT语法部分的难度较之阅读部分还是小了许多。其次，通过对真题的深入研究，我们不难发现，语法部分考题的规律性极强、核心考点重复率高、正确率受到考生词汇量影响不大，而且涉及的语法知识比中国高考所涉及的语法知识浅显。因此，如果经过系统、合理的复习，语法部分完全有可能成为所有中国考生提升空间最大、除数学部分外得分最容易的题型。关于SAT语法的解题技巧：1抓住明显错误进行排除，首先大家需要寻找划线部分是否有明显的语法错误或逻辑错误，有的话马上排除，再纵向寻找答案，把选项中没有改正这些错误的都给排除掉。2利用常考考点作为切入点，有时如果把一些常考考点给记住的话，就可以大大提高解题的速度。3.利用对称性解题,与汉语一样，英语在行文上也讲究对称性，而这一点在比较结构和平行结构中非常常见，即要求尽可能在语法功能上和形式结构上表达一致。4对比选项，从选项中寻找答案,有时比较完选项后，很难从已给信息中找出答案，这时我们可以比较剩下的选项，由选项中的不同来寻找答案。SAT语法冲刺总结材料 课程名称：语法 法部分属于SAT reasoning test中的写作(writing)板块，与essay writing分值一起组成写作板块的总分。整个语法部分包括三种题型： ISE(Identifying sentence errors，即挑错题)18小题、IS(Improving sentences，即句子改进题)25小题、IP(Improving paragraphs，即段落改进题)6小题，所有题目均为五选一。 1、IE题侧重于词法的考察；IS题侧重于句法的考察；IP题基于词法和句法考察小篇章的阅读理解。 2、三类考题的相互关系 （一）题量与难度 1、一套SAT考题当中会有两个SECTION的语法问题。其中一个SECTION由IS IE IP共同组成共35道，每题型题数分别为11、18、6。另一个SECTION则仅由IS题组成，共10道题。 2、IS题型 IP题型 IE题型 （二）评分方法 1、与写作结合进行评分 2、正确题数错误题数/4 实际正确题数然后将实际正确题数结合写作分数在OG中查出自己的对应得分范围 下面列出的是一个粗略统计的语法常考条目表, 按其考察频率出现的高低排列：.动词错误Verb errors代词错误Pronoun errors 逻辑主语 Faulty Logicality平行结构缺失Lack of parallelism措词错误Diction errors修饰语位置错误Misplaced modifiers形容词/ 副词Adjective/Adverb名词使用错误Plural-singular errors句子或段落冗余Redundancy & wordiness即简洁原则句子构成错误Run-ons & Fragments总体来说：完成一个题目经过：读题 解答 检查 过程 读题：题干：读含义（总体意思和划线部分与整句的关系） 读结构（抛出非中心部分，找出SVO）注意动词代词 选项：找出一些常见的差异部分（比如动词三单？逗号分号？代词单复？时态差异？）。差异即考点解答：运用考点，直接秒杀最“正确”的选项。讲究快。先看最有可能的选项。同时注意自杀词的出现。检查: 就看你所选的SVO和“，”和“；”是否有问题。大概4秒可以完成。(这一步是重中之重)以下内容主要针对SAT常考的词法，句法，段法进行归纳，但要综合的去运用，不要孤立去学习。一、 常考语法体系(挑错题 Identifying Sentence Errors)对于这部分的考查，主要是词的考查，换句话说，也就是在句子中的词汇是否使用错用，在做这一部分的试题的时候，首先第一次看过去（结构清楚？含义清楚？），能够秒杀的题目直接干掉，如果不能直接看出答案的，就从出考点作为切入点。也就是对划线部分的词进行剖析，在词法上面使用是否错误。在SAT考试中，词一般回犯以下几种错误。按照历届考题来看，出现频率从高到低依次是：动词 代词 形容词和副词 名词 介词 连词(一) 动词方面：(时态和主谓)1.时态(tense)常考考点：时态的混用，多为过去完成时和一般过去时的混用，现在完成时和一般过去时的混用。 总则，不能无根据的认为原句的时态有问题。既当你认为某一划线部分中的时态有问题时，你需要再确认有足够的，要基于以下二点：a：有明显的时间状语 b：未划线部分的暗示 一般时态（一般现在时，一般过去时和一般将来时）（1） 一般现在时表示“客观存在”，“真理”等概念，也可以用于表明一种反复发生的动作和状态，尤其在表明统计资料和某种理论的结果时，一般都用现在时态。（2） 一般过去时表明过去某一特定时间内已发生或已完成的动作，它常与表示过去的时间状语连用（如：yesterday，last night，the year before last等）（3） 一般将来时表示动作在未来某一时刻发生。在由连词if，unless，before，when，as soon as等引起的状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，常与将来的时间状语连用，如 over next fifty years，by the end of 2008。进行时态现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作；而过去进行时与将来进行时都要求与过去或将来时间的某一点做比较，常用于一个动作发生时，另一动作正在进行完成时态（引起充分注意）（1） 现在完成时表示从过去某时开始的一个动作或状态，一直持续到现在，并且有可能持续到将来，它常与状语，just ，already，yet，ever，never，for two years，since 1973，in the last decade，in the past ten years，until recently等连用。也可以从含义上去把握。（2） 过去完成时一定要与一个确切的过去时间的某一点并用，进行比较可用来表示一个动作在过去另外一个动作之前已发生。再用by the time，by the end of 1984这样的时间状语来判断时态时，句子可能用一般将来时也可能用过去完成时，这由by引导的时间点所决定，若此时间点发生在说话之前，用过去完时；若在说话之后，用将来时。（3） 过去将来完成时：需要参照点？（需要）结构？Would have done阿杜补充：不规则变化词组： 完成进行时：除了以上的那些分析之外，sat改错中还经常考到主从时态的不一致。准确地说就是主句用过去时，而宾语从句用一般现在时。这种情况的一般适用范围是：当宾语从句的内容是一个客观事实，真理时，无论主语用何种时态，从句均用一般现在时。时态的衍生品：虚拟语气 虚拟语气在SAT注意三句话：1，注意if 和as if 出现，思考是否是虚拟语气？2，如果是，注意虚拟语气的时态一致（过去，现在，将来），同时have和had同存共亡。3，学会识别虚拟语气的省略倒装（改头换面，还原面目）假设类型假设条件从句主句与现在事实相反if+主语+ed/were主语+would+V原形与过去事实相反if+主语+had done主语+would have done与将来事实相反 were toif+主语+ ed should+V原形主语+would+V原形造句：如果我是你，我就会带伞。如果你听我的，你就不会犯错了。如果下午就刷好这面墙，他们明天就会变干燥（假设今天下午不刷）在表虚拟语气的if从句中，如果were，had，should这三个词作谓语时，可以省去if，把主谓语到装过来表示虚拟语气条件：即由“if+subject+were（should/had+verb）”结构变为“were+subject（should/had+subkject+verb）”结构。如：were i in your office，i wouldnt do that（=if i were in your office-）had i known about it，i would have told you（=if i had known about it-）should anyone call，please take a message（=if anyone should call-）IS ISE专题练习1Rilke, the great German poet, could not continue his search for angelic spirits until he can rely on a strength greater than his own. (A) can rely on a strength greater than his own (B) could rely on a strength greater than his own (C) would be able to rely on a strength greater than his own (D) can rely on a strength greater than his strength (E) could rely on a strength greater than his strength2. After marching for four hours in temperatures exceeding ninety degrees, the band members were as soaked as if marching through a rainstorm (A) if marching (B) having marched (C) if from marching (D) if they had marched(E) ff they would have marched3. At Versailles after the First World War, the Allies believed they had drafted a treaty that would have ensured permanent peace. (A) would have ensured permanent peace(B) would ensure permanent peace(C) had ensured permanent peace(D) will ensure permanent peace(E) ensures permanent peace4. Isolated by the sea, the aboriginal peoples of Australia had developed a unique culture long before the arrival of Europeans. (A) had developed a unique culture (B) had a unique culture and it developed (C) having developed a unique culture (D) have a unique culture, it developed (E) have a unique culture; development was5. In the belief that crossword puzzles stimulated her mind, Dolores will spend hours on them every week. (A) Dolores will spend hours on them every week (B) Dolores would spend hours on them every week (C) hours of every week are spent on them by Dolores (D) they occupied hours of every week for Dolores (E) every week will find Dolores spending hours on them6. The delegates coming this far, thev did not want to return without accomplishing something. (A) The delegates coming this far, they (B) Coming this far, the delegates felt they (C) Having come this far, the delegates (D) To come this far, the delegates (E) The delegates came this far, so that they7The issue the council debated, which was whether repeal of rent control Will improve housing or just increase profits for landlords. (A) debated, which was whether repeal of rent control will improve (B) debated was if they would repeal rent control would this improve (C) debated was that repeal of rent control would result in improved (D) debated was will repealing rent control mean improvement in (E) debated was whether repeal of rent control would improve8. No sooner had Andrea del Sarto traveled to France to work for the French king but his wife persuaded him to return to Italy.The answer is E (A) but his wife persuaded him to return (B) but his wife had him persuaded into returning (C) than he was persuaded by his wife that he will return (D) but he was persuaded by his wife into returning (E) than his wife persuaded him to returnISE专题：1. Surely one of the most far-reaching changes in the nineteenth century will be the change from A Bworking at home to working in the factory. No error C D E2. Conflicts between land developers and conserva- tionists have repeatedly arose, causing A BCongress to reconsider legislation that prohibits building within habitats of endangered species. C DNo error E3. Beatrix Potter completely transformed the traditional animal fable, and they had been A B Cused by other writers simply to illustrate moral lessons. No error D E4. Because he is absent when his rivals voted against his proposal, Selby is worried about A B C Dmissing future meetings of the board of directors. No error E5. Fourteen years after the Galileo space probe was launched from the space shuttle Atlantis, the Amission was purposely ended when the Galileo disintegrates in the dense atmosphere of the B C D planet Jupiter No errorE6. The thoughtful student wonders what Patrick Henry meant when he talked about liberty A B because most of the members of the House of Burgesses then having been slaveholders.C D No error E 7After Gertrude Ederle had swam the English Channel she was celebrated as the first woman A Bever to accomplish the feat. No error C D E 8， Because the flood has made the bridge inaccessible to automobiles and pedestrians alike,A Bwe had rented a small boat to reach the island. No error C D E 9. Professor Chen repeated her point that the hero, if given the chance to relive the moment, A B Cwould choose to do it. No error D E 10. Unfortunately, the opening of the new library complex, previously scheduled for next A BSeptember, would be delayed for several months because of construction difficulties. No error C D E 11. The survey showed that most shoppers who drive prefer the mall more than downtown stores A B simply because finding parking is less difficult at the mail. No error C D E12. In the early days of the steam locomotive, compassionate engineers would sometimes A B have thrown coal overb oard in poor neighborhoods No error C D E 13. Undoubtedly, more voters in the urban areas will have voted for Julia Morton if she had taken A B Ca less conservative stand on zoning codes than she did. No error D E14.For the past hundred years or more, Yellowstone National Park was a kind of A Bsociological laboratory in which North Americans have been exploring the meaning of C Dthe national-park concept, No error. E 15.She claimed that the representational actor is having to imitate a characters behavior, Awhereas the presentational actor attempts to reveal human behaviorB Cthrough self-understanding. No errorD E16.Although born in the Midwest, Langston Hughes lived most of his adult life in Harlem, in New York City, where, like other writers in the 1930s, he had wrote some of his finest works. A B C DNo error. E17. In the past, the small nation had been committed to self-managed socialism, a system Aunder which the workers, rather than the state, owns most enterprises. No error B C D E18. Before he sprained his back, Morgan spends much of his leisure time engaged in A B Coutdoor sports, particularly hiking and canoeing. No error D E 19. Just when those who were watching from the sidelines feared the worst, the athletes A Bthemselves are the most confident. No error C D E 2.主谓一致(Subject verb agreement)。总体而言，主谓一致一直都是SAT考试的热点，需要引起大家高度的重视，做这种题还是需要把握句子的结构，找出SVO是关键。思考介词短语能做主语？ Between the sales manager and I, along the road，among his workers 等等。 （1）倒装句：比如there be句型或地点状语至于句首的倒装情况，一定要找到真正的主语。通常一套writing里总会有一个倒装句，并多为动词部分出错。a. 地点状语+动词+主语b. Only置于句首的倒装C. There be 句型例：In the foothills of that large mountain range is (A) the sources of a river whose course (B) was not fully mapped (C) until (D) this century. No error (E). (P 776.19)例：Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has (C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known. No error (E). (P167.6) （2）插入语（经典句型：S1，S2，VO）以及名词doing/done做后置定语。 我们需要做的是釜底抽薪，要勇敢的抛弃非中心部分，找到中心的主语。Flints found in (A) the region extending from the Nile Valley to (B) the highlands of eastern Iraq attests to (C) the presence of people there as long ago as (D) one hundred thousand years. No error (E). (P166.3)练习：找出主谓宾1， Many nations, and the United Nations itself, have issued stamps that commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the UN charter. 2，Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied for years, but only recently have harrnful effects of noise pollution become known3 ，The report Alexahder is discussing, a report prepared jointly by him and the committee,does not take into account the socioeconomic status of those interviewed. 4. Pearl Buck, one of the most popular writers of her DAY, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 for her novels about China5， the regulations aimed at reducing the airpullution require us to take bus instead of driving a car.补充材料：参考句子分析材料。（1） 集合名词：family, group, stuff, team, community，只要这些词以单数结尾，后面的谓语动词都用单数。people, cattle, police ：其后的谓语动词用复数文学性的总称都是不可数名词。E.g. literature; poetry; prose.以s结尾的词：means, species, news例： Eating garlic has long been regarded as a means of warding off malaise,and scientific research has shown that it does have some therapeutic value.（4）of 结构的考查 大家需要注意的是：题目的开头部分出现明显的特征词Of的时候，此时一定要考虑动词的谓语使用是否错误（因为OF结构可以使主语和谓语的位置变得很远，有时我们潜意识认为主谓是在一起的），但注意定语从句N1 of N2 verb（SAT考试中动词的单复数与N1有关，与N2无关）例：The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York. No error (E). (P161.1)例句：1. The problem of copyright violation is frequently compounded in certain countries where the sale and use of copyrighted materials are not tightly controlled.2. One of the most popular and attractive new cars was available for so little money that people thought something was wrong.补充：（5）其他注意的事项： 5.1 两个原则的使用：就近原则和就远原则。就近原则：there be句型, not only., but also.; neither., nor.; either. or. 就远原则： along with ，as well as，accompanied by，besides，combined with，in addtion to，including，rathere than（而不是），no less than（与-一样），together with（与在一起），with， 例如， Of the two options, neither the system of appointing judges to the bench nor the process of electing judges are entirely satisfactory. No error5.2主谓一致还会出现在一些固定用法中，但一般比较简单，比如a number of + noun (复) vs. the number of + noun (单), 面包黄油，刀叉，引进新思想代替旧思想等(可以参考后面的宾语例如OG test10的14题)IS专题：1The grammatologist has argued that sustained observation of a few animals provides better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animals.(同时也是表示比较的平行结构) (A) provides better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animals (B) provides better behavioral data than many animals are observed intermittently (C) providing better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animals (D) do provide better behavioral data than intermittent observation of many animals do (E) in contrast to intermittent observation of many animals, provides better behavioral data2. The five autobiographical volumes by Maya Angelou begin with her childhood in Arkansas and culminate in her adult years m Egypt and Ghana (A) begin with her childhood in Arkansas and culminate (B) that begin with her childhood in Arkansas and culminate (C) have begun with her childhood in Arkansas and culminating (D) beginning with her childhood in Arkansas and culminating (E) are begun with her childhood in Arkansas and culminated3. Evidence from surveys and interviews show friendships made in high school tend to last longer than those made in college. (A) show friendships made in high school tend to last (B) show high school friendships that tend to last (C) is showing high school friendships tending to last (D) shows that friendships made in high school tend to last (E) shows friendships in high school tends to last4. The main reasons students give for failing to participate m the political process is that they have demanding assignments and work at part-time jobs. (A) is that they have demanding assignments and work at (B) are demanding assignments and they work at (C) are that they have demanding assignments and that they work at (D) is having demanding assignments and having to work at (E) are demanding assignments, in addition to working at5. The harmful effects of smoking on the vascular system is increasingly well documented, (A) is increasingly well documented (B) is more and more documented (C) are increasingly well documented (D) are increasing in better documentation(E) has increased in better documentation6. The heat was already overwhelming and lasted a week, which duration made it seem sheer to