北外口译翻译技巧资料(英译汉).doc

英译汉Chapter One 词义的选择、引申和褒贬一 词义的选择（一） 根据词性He likes physics.They are shining like gold.Like knows like.(二) 根据上下文联系He is the last man to do it.He should be the last to blame.He is the last man to e.He is the last person for such a job.二 词义的引申（一） 将词义做抽象化的引申1 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象代表的属性Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活有甜有苦。There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of them.他们的性格既残暴，又狡猾。2 将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的词see-sawing between partly good and faintly bad时好时坏这两种情况不断地交替出现Their troops goosestepped into power.他们的军队耀武扬威地夺取了政权。（二） 将词义做具体化的引申The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green.我前面的车停下来了，我错过了绿灯。三 词义的褒贬（一） 英语中有些词本身具有褒贬意义He was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。His notoriety didnt e until his death.他的恶名是他死后才传开的。（二） 中立意义的词在上下文中译出褒贬The politician talked about his hopes and ambitions.我们要求他谈了他的希望和抱负He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。练习:Information technology will be at the heart of global economic petition in the 21st century.真的不掉线吗？、？信息技术将成为21世纪全球经济竞争的中心。The largest American cities are a diverse group, but they share certain problems.美国的大城市形形色色，却有许多共同的问题。The expansion of educational opportunities promoted the American ideal of equal opportunity for all.由于教育不断普及，推动了机遇面前人人平等的美国理想的实现。Race relations in the US continue to be a thorny problem.美国的种族关系一直是棘手的问题。The diverse population presents great challenges to the society, racism and discrimination remain problems.多民族的人口结构也给社会带来一定的问题，种族歧视和偏见依然存在。Both newspapers and magazines are heavily dependent on advertising for financial support.报纸和杂志的经费来源主要是依靠广告收入。Geography has given the US extensive and accessible resources, fertile land, and a beneficial climate.地理位置为美国提供了丰富的可利用资源，肥沃的土地和有利的气候。The percentage of US children living without their father present has ballooned.美国没有父亲的单亲孩子比例激增。The American greeting card and decoration industries encourage the celebration of both religious and secular holidays.美国的节日贺卡和装饰业增添了宗教节日和习俗节日的欢乐气氛。Between 1689 and 1763, Great Britain and France fought a series of wars which involved the North American colonies.1689年至1763年间英法两国连年战争，使北美的欧洲殖民地也卷入其中。The modern American economy has never been pletely free from government involvement。现代美国经济从来没有完全脱离过政府的干预。The increase in DINK families has shattered the traditional idea of Chinese family。丁克家庭的增长冲击了传统的中国家庭观念。Chapter Two 词类转译一 转译为动词1 名词转译为动词Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已用来探索宇宙。2 含有动词意味的名词转译为动词The sight and sound of our plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的飞机，听到飞机的声音，令我特别神往。3 英语中以er结尾的名词在句中不指身份和职业，而含有动词意味，译为动词I think my sister is a better singer than I.我认为我姐姐比我唱的好。真的不掉线吗？、？二 转译为名词1 名词派生的动词Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系有一个特点就是以礼相待。2 名词转化的动词This machine is designed to burn up if overused.这个机器，按其设计，如果过度使用就会烧毁。练习：For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land.数百万移民踏上这片充满希望的土地，第一眼看到的是自由女神像。One thing that often leads people to move is the desire for better climate, more attractive scenery, more agreeable living.导致人们迁居的原因往往是向往宜人的气候，迷人的景色和惬意的生活。The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.过去的20年中，美国的航空运输业迅速发展。The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美国经济的组织方式是个人所有制，合伙制和公司制。Chapter Three 分句 合句法一 分句法（一） 把原句中一个单词译成句子1 副词They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇。2 形容词He talked with understandable pride about his daughter.他在谈到他女儿的时候很自豪，这是可以理解的。3 名词The inside of each house depended on the personality of its owner.每个房间内怎样的布置，这要看各个使用者的性格了。(二) 把短语翻译成句子1 名词短语Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。2 介词短语真的不掉线吗？、？Their power increased with their number.他们人数增加了，力量也随之增加。(三) 把原文中的一个句子拆开, 变成两个句子Another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.如果该地区再次发生战争, 显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。二 合句法（一） 把原文中两个或以上的简单句译成一个句子There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the north.从全国各地来的人中有许多是北方人。（二） 把原文中的主从复合句译成一句When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是处于礼貌。练习:Americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.美国人有独立的精神，有自主的权利，并为此感到自豪。The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.电视普及，盗版问题严重，导致了电影业的衰落。Hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter.由于受季风影响，夏威夷一年四季如春，春夏秋冬，白天黑夜，温差很小。Americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.与大部分工业化国家相比，美国人休假时间短，休假次数少。The importance of strengthening ties between the US and China will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.随着新世纪的开始，加强美中关系变得越来越重要。Growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.某些产业劳动力日益短缺，将使工人更有权利要求较高的工资。New York has bee one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.纽约已经成为西方世界最具影响力的大城市之一，目前人口已达800万。Despite its national wealth, poverty and serious ine difference exist throughout the US.虽然美国是个富裕的国家，但全国仍然存在着贫穷和严重的收入差别问题。真的不掉线吗？、？The researchers want to perfect cloning in cows because of the large market for expensive high-quality beef.科研人员希望完善克隆牛技术，因为昂贵的高质牛肉市场庞大。Chapter Four 定语从句一 限制性定从（一） 前置法There will e a day when people of the world live a happy life under the sun of socialism.全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。（二） 后置法1 译成并列分句，重复英语先行词They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的，在过去，许多中国人曾为此牺牲了自己的生命。He unselfishly contributed his unmon talents and spirit to this career which today helps him reach his goal.他把自己非凡的才智和精力无私地献给了这项事业，而这项事业今天已使他实现了目标。2 译成并列分句，省略英语先行词It is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.是他接到那封信，说他的叔叔去世了。（三） 融合法There are many people who want to see the film.许多人要看这部电影。二 非限制性定语从句（一） 前置法Her laughter, which was very infectious, broke the silence.她的富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。（二） 后置法1 译成并列分句（1） 从句后置，重复关系词代表的含义They toured the Forbidden city, where the Chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.他们参观了紫禁城，从前的中国皇帝曾在那里过着奢华显赫的生活。（2） 从句后置，省略关系词代表的含义After dinner, they resumed their talk, which continued well into the night.饭后，他们继续会谈，直到深夜。（3） 从句前置，重复关系词代表的含义This war, however, more plex than the last one, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.上一次战争是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场，资源和领土的冲突，而这次战争却比上一次复杂。2 译成独立句He had talked to the president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和总统谈过话，总统向他保证，凡是能作到的都将去做。 真的不掉线吗？、？1在人际交往中，语言是一种交流方式，大量的却是非语言，即体语。2在交际活动中，恳切、坦然、友好、坚定、宽容的眼神，会给人亲近、信任、受尊敬的感觉，而轻佻、游离、茫然、阴沉、轻蔑的眼神会使人感到失望，有不受重视的感觉。3在交际中善于运用空间距离。人们所在空间分为4个层次：亲密空间15-46cm，这是最亲的人，如父母、恋人、爱人；个人空间460cm-1.2m，一般亲朋好友之间，促膝谈心，拉家常；社交空间1.2m-3.6m，社交场合与人接触，上下级之间保持距离，保持距离，会产生威严感，庄重感；公众空间3.6m，社交场合与人接触，上下级之间保持距离。4交际中自我表现与分寸把握 5交谈中不善于打开话题，怎么办 找话题的方法是： 中心开花法。 即兴引入法。 投石问路法。 循趣入题法。6交际中不善于提问怎么办 怎样做到“善问”呢？ 由此及彼地问。 因人而异地问。 胸有成竹地问。 适可而止的问。 彬彬有礼的问。四、介绍的礼仪1.当主人向自己介绍别人2. 自我介绍态度3. 为他人作介绍4.一连介绍几个朋友在相识5.自己很想认识某一个人，可又不便直接作自我介绍6. 介绍姓名时五、称呼礼仪六、握手礼仪七、通信礼仪1书写规范、整洁2态度要诚怒热情3文字要简炼、得体4内容要真实、确切八、电话礼仪1、电话预约基本要领。 力求谈话简洁，抓住要点；真的不掉线吗？、？ 考虑到交谈对方的立场； 使对方感到有被尊重的感觉； 没有强迫对方的意思。2打电话、接电话的基本礼仪。 打电话接电话 挂电话九、赴宴礼仪（一）接到对方请柬1严守时间2致祝酒辞，一般是主人和主宾先碰杯。3进餐，4喝酒5喝茶或咖啡6散席（2）招待宴请的礼仪。1准备招待客人时较正式的宴请要提前一周左右发请柬，已经口头约好的活动，仍应外送请柬。2作为主人在客人到达之前，要安排好座位以便客人来了入座。 按国际习惯 我国习惯 外国习惯a. 英国式的坐位顺序：主人坐在桌子两端，原则上是男女交叉坐。b. 法国式的坐位顺序：法国式的坐法是，主人相对坐在桌子中央。（3）招待客人进餐,要注意仪表 穿正式的服装，整洁大方； 要做适当化妆，显得隆重、重视、有气氛； 头发要梳理整齐； 夏天穿凉鞋时要穿袜子； 宴会开始之前，主人应在门口迎接来宾。（4）菜一上来，主人应注意招呼客人进餐十、名片使用礼仪（1）初次见到顾客，首先要以亲切态度打招呼，并报上自己的公司名称，然后将名片递给对方，名片夹应放在西装的内袋里，不应从裤子口袋里掏出。 递接名片时最好用左手，名片的正方应对着对方、名字向着顾客，最好拿名片的下端，让顾客易于接受。如果是事先约好才去的，顾客已对你有一定了解，或有人介绍，就可以在打招呼后直接面谈，在面谈过程中或临别时，再拿出名处递给对方。以加深印象，并表示保持联络的诚意。异地推销，名片上留下所住旅馆名称、电话，对方递给名片时，应该用左手接。但是右手立刻伸出来，两手一起拿着名片。 接过后要点头致谢，不要立即收起来，也不应随意玩弄和摆放，而是认真读一遍，要注意对方的姓名、职务、职称，并轻读不出声，以示敬重。对没有把握念对的姓名，可以请教真的不掉线吗？、？一下对方，然后将名片放入自己口袋或手提包、名片夹中。(2)名片除在面谈时使用外，还有其它一些妙用。 去拜访顾客时，对方不在，可将名片留下，顾客来后看到名片，就知道你来过了； 把注有时间、地点的名片装入信封发出，可以代表正规请柬，又比口头或电话邀请显得正式； 向顾客赠送小礼物，如让人转交，则随带名片一张，附几句恭贺之词，无形中关系又深了一层； 熟悉的顾客家中发生了大事，不便当面致意，寄出名片一张，省时省事，又不失礼。 真的不掉线吗？、？出国留学之“有条件录取”很多成绩处于中上游或中游的高三学生处于迷茫之中，不知道是该继续拼搏高考，还是将精力放在准备留学上去?有些学生想鱼和熊掌兼备，但是又担心准备留学的过程，尤其是语言考试的过程会占去大部分的时间和精力最终会影响高考。在这种情况下，高中生可选择申请“有条件录取”，不仅省去不少的时间和精力，还能助你快速搭上留学末班车。那么什么是“有条件录取”? “有条件录取”适合那些人申请?完美留学资深留学专家为您解读。Q1.什么是“有条件录取”?有条件录取是指学生暂时有条件地被录取，校方已经评估过申请人高中成绩并接受，只要学生达到指定的要求(通常对于国际学生来讲是英语能力的要求)就会被正式录取，入读其申请的专业。Q2.“有条件录取”适合哪些学生申请?“有条件录取”大致可以分为两种，一种是在读生申请时获得有条件录取(通常指高三或大四的在读学生)。要被学校正式录取，申请者通常被要求提供高中三年或大学四年的成绩并提供学位证或毕业证，但是在读学生由于还没有毕业无法提供相应申请材料，这时可以申请有条件录取，先向所申请学校提供高中两年或大学三年的成绩及其它资料，学校申请合格后会向这些学生发放有条件录取通知书。等毕业后拿到了学位证、毕业证和最终成绩单，申请者再向所申请学校将有条件录取通知书换成无条件录取通知书。第二种是无语言成绩获得有条件录取，即学生在申请时还没有参加过语言测试或者语言成绩未能达到入学标准，但是学校认可学生的学术能力后可以给予有条件录取通知书，要求其在规定时间内提供相应的语言成绩或者要求学生在入读专业课之前参加学校的语言课程。语言课程时间长短根据学校的英语入学要求和学生的英语水平不等。学生完成语言课程后不需参加雅思、托福等考试，只需通过学校内部测试即可升入专业课程。但不是所有学校都可以在无语言申请的情况下给予有条件的录取通知书。部分学校还要求学生提供英语成绩，并达到一定标准。Q3.“有条件录取”的优势有哪些?提供有条件录取的学校通常申请截止日期会比较晚，对于一些申请晚了、来真的不掉线吗？、？不及考托福或是考雅思的学生来说，有条件录取是一个不错的选择。对于英语成绩一般又想出国留学的学生来说更是如此。Q4.“有条件录取”主要在哪些国家适用?目前来说，无语言成绩获得的有条件录取在美国和加拿大更为适用一些，学生没有语言成绩但是有学校的双录取通知书也一样可以申请签证。但是如果要去澳大利亚留学，签证时候必须提供雅思成绩。Q5.“有条件录取”有需要哪些注意的地方?如果是第一种情况的有条件录取，那么学生一定不要忘了在拿到毕业证、学位证及所有的成绩之后，尽快向所申请的学校提出将有条件录取通知书换成无条件录取通知书，然后再去申请签证，以免造成被拒签。如果是第二种情况的有条件录取，学生需要注意有些学校的语言中心都是可以独立发放语言录取但不含之后的专业课程。仅凭语言中心的录取而不带专业课程的录取通知书去签证，拒签几率很大。被拒签后，会为之后的签证增加难度，因此，提醒大家要分清语言录取和语言加专业双录取的区别。Q6.对于现在才开始考虑留学的学生和家长有哪些建议?对于现在才开始着手准备留学并且想在今年秋季入学的学生来说，时间有些紧迫。当务之急就是尽早确定目标国和目标学校，并且确定目标学校是否还有录取名额。通常越是名校，名额越紧张，截止申请的日期也就越早。因为申请的时间比较紧，并且学校之间申请要求各不相同，有些学校还要申请费，所以建议学生和家长在选择的学校的时候不要贪多而是要选择适合自己的，尽早的按照每个学校的要求把准备的申请资料投递出去。对于在校生和还没有英语成绩的学生可以尽早申请学校，先拿到学校的有条件录取以获取一个入学名额，等考出语言成绩和学业完成获得毕业证书和学位证书后尽快去学校换取一个无条件录取通知书。编辑：启德教育真的不掉线吗？、？GMAT逻辑总纲费允杰第一部分：逻辑总纲第一章：做题步骤一 先读问题（通过英文标志词读出题型）。二 再读文章（随题型不同而发生变化）。三 再看选项。1 根据题型特点。2 排除法（通用排除法和无关词排除法）。3 白痴型思维。第二章：五大题型1 归纳2 演绎（假设，加强，削弱，评价）3 解释4 填空5 句子作用第一节：归纳英文标志词：conclusion; inferred; implied; supported; if above true, then it is also true.读文章方式：不要关心文章的推导过程，尽量减少思维，承认文章正确，只抓信息一 公共元素直推法。If A, then B. ABOnly if A, then B. BAMust by A, in order to B. BAIf only A, then B. ABNot A, unless B. ABA, unless B. A,BA require B. ABA is necessary to B. BAA depend/draw/base on B. AB例1.所有的人都去了。我是人。公共信息：人直接推结论：我去了。例2.真的不掉线吗？、？To be mentally healthy, people must have self-respect. People can maintain self-respect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally.Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above?(A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others.(B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem.(C) People who are mentally healthy must have self-respect in other to be treated morally by others.(D) People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these others.(E) People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those esteem.例3. Most television viewers estimate how frequently a particular type of accident or crime occurs by how extensively it is discussed on television news shows. Television news shows report more on stories that include dramatic pictures such as fires and motor vehicle accidents than they do on more mon stories that have little visual drama such as bookkeeping fraud. If the statements above are true, it can be properly concluded that which of the following is also true?(A) The time television news reporters spend researching news stories is directly related to the number of viewers who will be affected by events like those in the news stories.(B) It is easier for crimes such as bookkeeping fraud to go unprosecuted than it is crimes such as arson.(C) The number of fires and motor vehicle accidents greatly increases after each television news show that includes dramatic pictures of a fire or motor vehicle accident.(D) Viewers of television news show tend to overestimate the number of fires and motor vehicle accidents that occur relative to the number of crimes of bookkeeping fraud.(E) The usual selection of news stories for television news show is determined by the number of news reporters available for assignment.二 无关词排除法。例1. 马克思说：“这本书只从资产阶级的角度去考虑问题，是不正确的。”问题：从文中能推出马克思认为这本书应从什么角度考虑问题？(A)奴隶主阶级 (B)地主阶级 (C)工人阶级 (D)无产阶级 (E)资产阶级以外的阶级例2. Experienced pilots often have more trouble than novice pilots in learning to fly the newly developed ultralight airplanes. Being accustomed to heavier aircraft, experienced pilots, when flying ultralight craft, seem not to respect the wind as much as they should.The passage implies that the heavier aircraft mentioned above are(A) harder to land than ultralight aircraft(B) not as popular with pilots as ultralight aircraft(C) not as safe as ultralight aircraft(D) more fuel-efficient than ultralight aircraft(E) easier to handle in wind than ultralight aircraft第二真的不掉线吗？、？节：演绎读文章方式：读懂文章的推导过程。一. 第一种文章（前提结论结构）： 标志词： since A,B; A,therefore B; A,conclude B; A,clear B; A,obviously B; A,indicate/show B if A,then B; by A,in order to B; plan A,to B.1. 假设。英文标志词：assume, assumption, presuppose, additional premise, not true unless, depend on, rely on.桥梁型。AB例1New Jersey has one of the lowest motor vehicle fatality rates in the country, and it is one of the few states that require extensive annual automobile safety inspections. Therefore, all states should adopt similar safety inspection procedures.The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?(A) Most states tend to impose few rules and regulations on the automobile drivers operating within those states.(B) Most states are skeptical that annual automobile safety inspections can reduce fatality rates.(C) Annual automobile safety inspections contribute significantly to holding down New Jerseys fatality rate.(D) Drivers in New Jersey are more safety conscious than are drivers in other parts of the country.(E) A smaller number of people die on the roads in New Jersey than in most other states.例2. The federal government expects hospitals to perform 10,000 organ transplants next year. But it is doubtful that this many donor organs will be available, since the number of fatalities resulting from car and motorcycle accidents has been dropping steadily over the past decade. The argument above makes which of the following assumptions?(A) A significant number of the organs used in transplants e from people who die in car and motorcycle accidents.(B) The number of car and motorcycle accidents will increase significantly during the next year.(C) No more than 10,000 people will be in need of organ transplants during the next year.(D) In the past the federal governments estimates of the number of organ transplants needed during a given year have been very unreliable.(E) For any given fatality resulting from a car or motorcycle accident, there is a hospital in the vicinity in need of an organ for a transplant.例3. 因为别人的老婆都有别墅， 所以我也应该有别墅。假设：我应该是别人的老婆。例4. “On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now that they used to be. I know真的不掉线吗？、？ because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.” The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?(A) Engineering students are working less because, in a booming market they are spending more and more time investigating different job opportunities.(B) Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.(C) Engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding fields.(D) Ms. Dennis students are doing less work because Ms. Dennis is not as effective a teacher as she once was.(E) Laziness is something most people do not outgrow.例5. A test of the National Weather Services stormdetecting radar systems found that the 1957 system is ten times more reliable than the new puterized system. Therefore the technology used in the new radar system must be less sophisticated than the radar technology used in the 1957 system. The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following questionable assumptions?(A) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined by the frequency of breakdowns.(B) The level of sophistication of the technology used in storm-detecting radar system can be determined from the reliability of the system.(C) T