第八讲 非谓语动词.doc

第八讲 非谓语动词Non-predicate【考点概况】一、结构综述类型 状态一般完成进行不定式主动To do To have doneTo be doing被动To be doneTo have been done现在分词及动名词主动doingHaving done被动Being doneHaving been done过去分词被动Done 二、可在句子中充当的成分：不定式：主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分动名词：主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、分词：表语、定语、状语、补语三、不定式、分词、动名词之间的区别1、不定式与动名词的区别不定式起名词、形容词、副词作用，在句子中除了动名词所起的作用外，还可以作状语。动名词起名词作用，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、主语补足语、宾语补足语。两者之间的差别：1)不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，而动名词的逻辑主语范围较大，它可以指主语，也可以是泛指。例如：I hate to sleep on weekends. (指自己睡觉)I hate sleeping on weekends. (可以指自己，也可以泛指)2)动名词多指抽象的、概括性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为，不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。如：Learning a language requires time and effort. To learn language well requires time and effort.3)在某些动词之后只能用动名词，而另外一些只能用不定式4) 既可以接不定式又可接动名词，有时含义不一：remember to do 记得去做； remember doing 记得做过 forget to do 忘记去做； forget doing 忘记做过了 regret to do 遗憾去做； regret doing 后悔做过 try to do 设法去做； try doing 试着做 go on to do 接着做另一件事； go on doing 继续做同一件事 mean to do 打算做； mean doing 意味着做 stop to do 停下来去做； stop doing 停止做 cant help (to) do 不能帮助做； cant help doing 忍不住做5)有些动名词表示被动意义，而不定式则用其被动式表示被动意义。如：The house needs to be repaired.The house needs repairing.6) should(would)like, love等之后用不定式。如：Id like to join you.Id love to eat an apple pie.2、现在分词与动名词的区别I动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较 1)动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答 what的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征等，回答how的问题。例如：One of the best exercises is running跑步是最有趣的运动项目之一。 This book is interesting 这本书很有趣。 2)动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不能互换位置。例如：The task of a doctor is healing the wounded and rescuing the dying（Healing the wounded and rescuing the dying is the task of a doctor）医生的职责是救死扶伤。 The news was depressing那消息是令人沮丧的。 3)作表语的现在分词前可以用very，quite，rather， greatly等副词修饰，而动名词则不可以。例如：What he did was very inspiring他的英雄事迹很鼓舞人心。 Our purpose here is improving oral English. 我们目前的目的是提高英语口语。 4)现在分词与形容词一样可以和more，the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级，而动名词则不可以。例如：The story is the most interesting那个故事最有趣。 5)作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。 例如： This report seems inspiring这篇报道似乎很鼓舞人心。 Some peoples greatest pleasure is fishing. 有些人的最大乐趣就是钓鱼。6)有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有：exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting， disappointing等。 II动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较 1)动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。例如：a running car a car with an engine that is running 一辆正在行驶的轿车a walking stick 拐杖2)现在分词作定语有时可以后置，而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。 例如：The pen lying on the table belongs to me. 桌上的那支笔是我的 This book can be used in English-speaking countries. 这本书可用于讲英语的国家。3.现在分词和过去分词的用法 1)现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。an interesting book 一本有趣的书an interested book 令人有兴趣的书a depressing letter 一封令人沮丧的信a depressed man 沮丧的人2)在作表语或者定语的时候现在分词表示动作还没有完成而过去分词则表示动作已经完成boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 已煮沸的水beveloping country 发展中国家 developed country 发达国家【名师点拨】 句式结构例句s v.He came in.S v. and v.He came in and sat down.S v. v. and v.He came in, sat down and began to read a newspaper.S and sShe went to the market, bought some fruit and then on her way back home visited a friend of hers.S sWhen he heard the news good news, he jumped with joy.If I keep watching this program I am sure I will learn a lot.判断正误。He came in laughed. （错误）He sat there read a newspaper. （错误）Heard the news, he jumped. （错误）Learn English well, he practised reading it every day. （错误）Practise hard and you will learn English well. （正确）Non-predicate 非谓语动词的用法To do 将来 目的 主动Doing主动 同时 伴随Done被动 条件 原因 结果 完成 过去 1. 确定是否是非谓语还是谓语They have been standing there talking there for an hour.Heard the news, he ran out.Hearing the news, he ran out.Had finished his homework, he began to watch TV.Having finished his homework, he began to watch TV.2. 看主动还是被动 过去还是将来 目的还是伴随He came to borrow money from me.No one wants to be laughed at.By the time he came out of the shop he found his bike stolen.注意：及物动词无宾语时用被动3. 看非谓语是及物还是不及物动词 如果是及物就必须有宾语 如果没有非谓语必须是被动形式Covered with ice and snow, the road was very slippery.Faced with so many problems he proved himself to be a great man.注意：faced with 面临；be faced with；facing重要词组：1. be seated 就坐2 be faced with 面临3 be lost in 陷入，埋头于，全神贯注于，沉湎于4 .be covered with 被覆盖5. be interested in6. be surprised at 对很吃惊7. be filled with 充满8. be married to 和结婚9. be engaged to 和订婚10. be engaged in 从事于,忙于11. be absorbed in 沉浸在,陷入,专心于12. be buried in 忙于,专心于例句：You seem to be eating something.I pretend to be watching TV.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.【高考真题】1. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _ all four people on board. (09 shanghai)A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to killKey: B2. Bill suggested _ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. (09 shanghai)A. having held B. to holdC. holding D. holdKey: C解析：Suggest that sb. should do； Suggest doingVerbs with verb-ingbe used to习惯于/lead to导致 /be devoted to献身于,专心于/ go back to/ stick to 坚持/object to 反对/get down to着手于/ pay attention to注意 /cant stand不能忍受 /give up放弃/ feel like想要/ insist on 坚持/put off推迟/ have trouble in doing 做有困难/ have a hard time doing做某事非常艰难/ spend time doing花时间做consider/suggest/advise/look forward to/admit/delay /fancy/ avoid /miss/keep/keep on/practice/deny/enjoy/appreciate imagine/risk /mind/allow/permit /escape3. David threatened _ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid. (09 shanghai)A. to be reported B. ReportingC. to report D. having reportedKey: C重点词汇：threaten 威胁to say that you will cause someone harm or trouble if they do not do what you wantPostal workers are threatening a strike if they dont receive a pay increase.threaten to do somethingHe threatened to take them to court.4. We are invited to a party _in our club next Friday. (09 Shandong)A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holdingKey: A5. It is often _ that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.(09Na II)A. said B. to say C. saying D. being saidKey: A重点句型：It is reported that 据报道It is said that 据说It is believed that 据认为It is said that the book has been translated into many foreign languages.The book is said to have been translated into many foreign languages.When he heard the news, he jumped with joy.=Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.=He jumped with joy at the news.6. They use computers to keep the traffic _ smoothly. (Na II ) A. being run B. run C. to run D. runningKey: D7. The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.(09 Na I）A. looked at B. to look atC. to looking at D. look atKey: B8. _, you need to give all you have and try your best.(09 Liao)A. Being a winner B. To be a winner C. Be a winner D. Having been a winnerKey: B9. _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained (拴,用铁链锁)our dog.(09 Bj) A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten Key: B10. All of them try to use the power of the workstation _ information in a more effective way. (09 Bj)A. presenting B. presented C. bein