冰山理论在《一个干净明亮的地方》一文中的作用.doc

冰山理论在一个干净明亮的地方一文中的作用（英文）倍文学刊?外铬教育教学2011耳第7期IcebergTheoryFunctionsinACleanWell-ghtedPlaceoChenLu(HuangheScienceandTechnologyCollege,Zhengzhou,ttenan,450000)AbstractHemingwaysworksarefamousfortheseusingoficebergtheory.”Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyoneeighthofitbeingabovewater.”【】1蛆Thisistheoriginoficebergtheory.Infactwhenawriterisusingthistheory,heemploysmanylanguageskilsandnarrativemethods.ACleanWelllightedPlaceisoneofHeming-waysdistingulshedshortstories.ItalsocarriesthemainfeaturesofHemingwaysstyle.Thispapertriestorevealhowicebergtheoryfunctionsinthisstorythroughanalyzingthefollowingaspects:usingofsymbols,languagestyle,repetitiousandfreedirectspeech.Keywordsicebergtheory,symbol,simplicity,repetition,style中图分类号】I106.4【文献标识码A文章编号1672-8610(2011)074)037-04Itissaidthatifthereissomeweaknessintheexpressionofanove1.thewritercanmakeuptheweaknesswithinterestingplot.Butawritermusthaveexcellentlanguageskillsandnarralivemethodsifheiswritingshortstories.Becausethelengthofashortstoryisalwayslimited,thecontentcannotbeenricheda8much鹪inanove1.Ifthereissomeweaknessinthelanguageorstructure.itwillbeseeneasily.Hemingwayhasgainedaworldwidereputationwithhisshortstoriesandheformshisuniquestyle.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1954forhis”masteryoftheartofmodernnarration”.Hemingwayusedaspareandtightjoumalistictypeofprose.Heusedtheobjective.detachedpointofviewandhisV0_eabuhryandsentencestructurearedeceptivelysimple.HemingwaysaidhealwaystriedtowriteOiltheprincipleoficebergtheory.IcebergtheoryoriginatedfromashortspeechofHemingway:”Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyoneeighthofitbeingabovewater.铊Thisexpressionisvivid,butitseemstoosimpletocomprehend.SoItrytoanalyzeoneofHemingwaysshortstoriestofigureoutthathowthisrhea-ryfunctionsinhiswriting.AndIchooseACleanWelllightedPlacebecauseitcarriesthemainfeaturesofHemingwaystyle.Thisessayfocusesonanalyzingtheusingofsymbols.lan-guagestyle,using0frepetition,usingoffreedirectspeechinthisshortstorytoillustratethistopic.principlesaccordingtohisownwritingexperiences.Thesetheo-riesareneitherdeepnorsystematic,buttheyareofmuchvalue.Themtmtcrucialoneisicebergtheory.In1932Hemingwayproposedicebergtheoryforthefirsttime.”Ifawriter0fproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethings船strongly8,8thoughthewriterhasstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyoneeighth0fitbeinga-borewater.11192In1958duringaninterview,Hemingwaysaid:”IfitisanyusetoknowitIalwaystrytowriteontheprin-ciphoftheiceberg.Thereisseveneighthsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthsyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesntshow.Ifawriteromimsomethingbecausehedoesntknowitthenthereisaholeinthestory.1】lThisistheoriginationofHeming-wayicebergtheory.Obviously,oneeighthoftheicebergrefomtowhattheau-thorhasstatedintext.andseveneighthsrefertowhattheauthorhasconcealedconsciouslywithdefinedwritingskills.Onlybyfullycomprehendingtheseveneighthsofthepartunderwater,wecanwellappreciatingthisstory.Hemingwayoncesaid,”Awrit-ersholdoncewritewhathewhattosaybutnotspeakit.】Sohowtoexpressthecompleteideaofthewriterwiththeoneeighthpart0f”whathehastosay”isveryimportantinHeming-waysworks.Wetrytofindtheicebergunderwater.m.GeneralintroductiontoACleanWellrightedPlaceHemingwayisnotastylist,buthehascreatedsomewritingACleanWelllightedPlaceisjustlyregardedasoneofthe作者简介】陈璐,黄河科技学院外国语学院.一37LITERATUREChenLu/IcebergTheoryFunctionsinACleanWelllightedPlacestylisticmasterpieceofErnestHemingwaysshortstories.Whatstandsoutaboutthisstoryisitsminimalism.Knownforsimplesentencesandsimplediction,Hemingwayoutdoeshimselfinthisfamousshortstory.ThisshortstorycomesfouryearsafterAFarewelltoArms.Onthesurface.thestoryssituationissim-ple:Itisnearclosingtimeincaf6,therestillsitsdrinkinganoldmanwhocomeseverynighttodrink.Amanwhoaweekbeforehadtriedtocommitsuicide.Theyoungwaiterhasnosympathyforthems_rtanddenieshimalastdrinkinorderthathemayclosethecaf6andgohome.Theoldwaitersympathizeswiththeoldmall,understandinghowimportantitisthataclean,welllightedca珞isopenaslateaspossibleforthosewhomightneedit.Underthesurface,almostentirelyindialogueandinteriormonologue,thestoryrendersacomplexseriesofinteractionbe?tweenthreecharactersinaSpanishcaf6.Astoicoldwaiter,abrashyoungwaiterandawealthybutsuicidaloldmangiventoexcessivedrillI【.Thethemeofthisstoryis”nothingnessoflife”.whichisacommonthemeinHemlngwayworks.Itisrevealedbyawordnada”whichappearsovertwentytimesinthisstory.NadaistheSpanishwordfor”nothing”.Anditisalsoexpressedbytheoldwaiterintheline.”itwas8llanothingandamanwasnothingtoo.仍TheoldmallinthisshortstoryistherepresentativeofPeo?piewhoholdthisattitudetowardlife.Hedoesnthaveyouth.Hehasnocompassionandnohopeinfuture.Heoncecommittedsuicideinordertoescapethenothingness,emptinessoflife.Heregardstheclean,weblightedcaf6asarefugefromdarkness,meaningless.Theyoungwaitercannotunderstandwhyawealthymanhascommiedsuicide.ButtheoldwaiterunderstandstheoldmanandhesharesthesamefeelingofnothingnesswiththeoldmarI.Theirdifferentattitudestowardtheoldmanshowtheirdifferentattitudestowardlife.IV.AnalysisofthePresentationofIcebergTheoryinACleanWellU#htedPlace4.1UsingofsymbolsHemingwayusessymbotstohelpthereadergainabetterPerspectiveofhowtheprotagonistfeelsinthisstory.SymbolsareusedtoinvestthingstlIarepresentativemeaningorrepresentsomethingabstractbysomethingconcrete.Therearetwotypesofsymbolsinthisstory.Oneisconventionalwhichiscomnlontotheareawherethestorytakesplace.Whiletheotherispersonal,whichiscloselytiedtotheindividua1.1.ConventionalsymbolsACleanWelllightedPlacewhichisthetitleofthisstoryisasymbo1.Theclean.welllightedcar6representslight,oderandpleasantness.Fortheoldmanitisarefugefromthedarknessofthenightoutside.Darknessisasymboloffearandloneliness.Thelightsymbolscomfortandcompanyofothers.一38一Thereisahopelessinthedark,whilethelightcalmsthenerves.AtthebeginningofthestoryItwaslateandeveryonehadleftthecaf6exceptanoldmailwhosatintheshadowofthetreemadeagainsttheelectriclight.Thissentenceintroducesthesettingofthestory,andalsorevealsthepsychologyoftheoldman.Heislonelyandwantstoseekcomfortinthiscleanwelllightedcar6.“Theshadowoftheleaves”symbolsdarkness.Theoldmailhidingintheshadowoftheleavesisadetaileddescription.Thisshowstheoldmansdilemma.Heseekslightandorder,butthatisjustatemporarycomfort.Hehastofacelifeandheknowsclearlyhisdepressioncannotbereleasedanyway.S0heisdrawntotheshadowssothatthedarknessofhisownagewillnotbeasvisibleasitwouldbeinthefullforceoftl1eelectriclight.Thesesymbolswellimplytheoldmansloneliness,emptinessandde-spair.Theoldmansdeafnessisalsoapowerfulsymbolinthestory.”Theoldmanlikedtositlatebecausehewasdeafandnowatnightitwasquietandhecouldfeelthedifference.】102ThewriterUSeShisdeafnessasasymboltoindicatehisseparationfromtherestoftheworld.Intheday,everythingmustbearemindertohimofhisdisconnectionfromtheworld.Thebusystreets,themarketplace,thechattersinthecafrsoralongthestreets.Wecanimagineatthatmomenttheoldmanmustfeellonely.EverythingSeemstoberemindinghimthatheistompletelycutofffromthesounds.Throughthissymbolwesectheoldmansseparationanddevelopedsympathytotheoldman.Theusingofthesesymbolshelpstogivereadersabetterunderstandingofthesituationorfeelinginagivenscene.Thisisthepartoftheicebergtheory.2.IndividualsymbolsThereistheothertypeofsymbols.Thethreepersonsarethreesymbolstorepresentpeopleinthreedifferentstagesinmodernsociety.Weknowinthisstorytheyoungwaiter;theoldwaiterandtheoldmanareallnameless.Theauthorintendstoletthethreepeopletobeeveryoneinsociety.Theyoungwaiterdoesntunderstandthesuicidalattemptoftheoldmanbecausehethoughtthatawealthymanhadnoreasontocommitsuicide.Hehasnosympathyfortheoldmanandhedoesntcareaboutthevalueofpeoplesexistence.satisfiedwitlthatwayofliving.HeispursuingmateriallifeandHerepresentsyoungpeopleinmodernsociety.Theoldwaitersattitudetowardlifeisdifferentfromtheyoungwaiter.Wecanseethatfromthenextdialogue.“Youhaveyouth,confidence,8J1daj0b.”theoldwaiters8id.“Youhaveeveing.”“Andwhatdoyoulack?”“Everythingbutwork.”“YouhaveeverythingIhave.”“No.IhaveneverhaveconfidenceandIaInnot话文学刊?外语教育教学2011年第7期young.Inthisdialogue,theoldwaitershowshislostinlife.Herecognizesthenothingnessofhislife.Hehasthesameattitude88theoldmal1.Laterheexpressessolidaritywiththeoldman.Heunderstandsanddefendshim.Hetooprefersacleanwelllightedcafetoabarorbedega;Hetooseeksoutsuchaplacetoforestallhisowndespairthatnight.Atthemeantime,hestillwantstogiveotherpeoplecomfort.”Eachnight1wasreluctanttocloseupbecausetheremaybesomeonewhoneedsthecaf6.”Thereliesinthepowerofthischaracter.Thoughgivingothershelp,heenrichedhislife.Herepresentsthemid?dhagedpeopleinmodernsociety.Theoldmaninthisstoryrepresentstheoldpeopleinsociety.Hehasnoabilitytoconquernothingness.Hetakesthepassiveattitudetowardlife.andinor-dertoescapethenothingnessoflife,hechoosesdeath.Heissadbecausehecouldnotfeelthevalueofhislife.Thoughtheanalysisofthethreecharacters,wecallseethattheauthorintendestomakethethreecharactersrepresentpeopleofthrcdifferentstagesinmodemsociety.Attheendofthisstory.”Afterall,hesaidtohimself,itisprobablyinsomnia.Manymusthaveit.】Theauthorintendstoreflectpartofthesociety.Thisissymbolism.Itreinforcestheexpressionofthetheme.Thatispartoftheicebergtheory.4.2LanguagestyleHemingwaystyleischaracterizedbyminimalism.Heusessimplediction,usuallymonosyllabicwordofAngloSaxonop-posedtoLatinorigin.Grammatically,beusessimpleasopposedtocomplexsentences.Thereislittlfigurativelanguage-nometaphororsimilar.Thiskindofbriefnessandsimplicitysoundsforceful,persuading.Itcreateskindoftrueness,whichiswellmatchedwitllHemingwayscommontheme-nothingnessoflifeandpeoplesdoubtingabouttheirexistence.InACleanWelllightedPlace,heuses83paragraphsand136sentencesinal1.Healwaysmanagestochoosewords,whichareconcrete,specff-ic,morecommonlyfound,casualandconversationa1.AndheemploysthemoReninsyntaxofshort,simplesentences,whichareorderlyandpatterned,conversationalandsometimesungrammatica1.Forexample:“Theoldmanstoodup,slowlycountedthesaucers,tookaleathercoinpurseformhispocketandpaidforthedrinks,leav-inghalfapesetatip.2m4Thisisaseriesofactivitiesoftheoldmanthatarcde.scribedinverysimplesentellS.Becauseofhislonelinessandemptiness,theoldmanhasoncecommittedsuicide.Andinthesituationofbeingoldanddrank,hestillkeepshisdignityanddoesnotforgettogiveatip.“Thewaiterwatchedhimgodownthestreet,averyoldmanwalkingunsteadilybutwithdignity.”21104Therearefewdirectdescriptionsabouttheoldman.Theoldmansstoryismainlytoldthroughthetwowaitersconversa-tion.Butthroughthesetwodetaileddescription,theoldmanimageisclearerandgreater.HehasthecharacteristicofHem.ingwaycodeher0一”graceunderpressure”.“No,itsnot.agreedthewaiterwithawife.Hedidnotwishtobeunjust.Hewasonlyinahurry.”nWeknowtllatboththesetwowaitersarehavingtheirwives.Sothedialogueguide”agreedthewaiterwithawife”whichisusedtodistinguishthetwowaitersseemeduseless.Actuallythisdoesnotmeanthesuperficialmeaning.Itindicatesthattheyoungwaiterissatisfiedwithhislife,whichisdifferentfromtheoldwaiterwhofeelsthenothingnessofhislifealthoughheownswhattheyoungwaiterowns.Sotheoldwaltercanunderstandstheoldmanandwantstogivetheoldmancomfort.ItisgoodtonotethatHcmingwaystyleisdeliberateandpolishedandisnevernaturalasitseemstobe.Alltheseexan1.plesillustrateHemingwaysstyle,justasthatofBible,whichseemseasytounderstand,butinfactnot.Wecansaynotasin.glewordiswastedinhisstory.Forunderthissuperficialsim-plicityliesasymbolicmeaning.Hemingwaysstrengthliesinhisshortsentencesandveryspecificdetails.Thisispartoftheicebergtheory.4.3UsingofrepetitionsContrastedwithhisminimalism,Hemingwayusesrepetitionsinthisstory.Thereayetwokindsofrepetitionsinthissto-ry.Firstaretherepetitionsoftheimages.Secondistherepeti-tionoftlleword”nada”.1.RepetitionsofimagesForexample:“Itwaslateandeveryonehadlefttheeaf6excepttheoldmanwhosatintIleshadow.theleavesofthetreemadeagainsttheeleotrlclight.2l“thetableswereemptyexceptwheretheoldmansatintheshadowoftheleavesofthe*freesthatmovedsllght|yinthewind.”2J.Theselinesappearseveraltimesinthisstory.TheseimagesweUshowtheoldmanlonelinessandemptiness.“Thisisacleanandpleasantcaf6.Itiswenlighted.Thetightisverygoodandalso,thereareshadowsofthelear.es.”c2】o5“Aclean,welllightedeaf6isaverydifferentthing.2l晒Theselinessaidbytheoldwaiterfortwotimesshowhisso1.idaritywiththe0ldman.Italsoreflectstheoldwaitersrecog.nizationofnothingnessinlife.Ingrasslandtreesmustbeeasilynoticed.Inthisstory,comparedwiththissimplicity,therepeti-tionsareobviousandeasilycatchpeopleattentionandleadpeopletothinkaboutthem.Thiswellusesthefeaturesoficebergtheorytoexpresswhatthewriterwantstosay.“Heknowitwasnadapuesnadathywillbenadainnada1tsitisinnada?puesnadathywillbenadaindadaasitisin一39LIT