2016考研英语重要知识点复习：倒装.doc

2016考研英语重要知识点复习：倒装（一）倒装是考研学子很头疼的一个知识点。而在阅读，翻译中大量出现。并且灵活运用倒装的学生在写作中每年也更容易得高分。我们知道，英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”，这种语序称为陈述句语序;如果把谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前，就称为倒装语序，当谓语全部置于主语之前，称为全部倒装;当谓语一部分(如助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前，称为部分倒装。(一)there be句型There be句型在1989-2014年的英语一的真题中出现了73次，可见其重要性。例句1：There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.(2014英语一text2)分析：one path for a lawyer is there 是原来的语序，现在倒装在后面，冒号解释说明为什么是一条路。冒号后面有两个中心主语：a four-year undergraduate degree和a three-year law degree，authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.做后置定语。翻译：在美国的大多数州，想要成为一名律师，只有一条路可循：首先要接受四年的、与法律完全不相关的某门课程的学习;此外，还要在美国律师协会所认可的200所法律学校中某一所进行为期三年的学习并获得法学学位。例句2 ：Generally， there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states， large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (2007年英语一完型)分析： 该句是复合句，其中a belief与that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互为同位语关系，形容词短语large enough to be.作定语修饰states。译文： 他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有主权和完全独立的国家，大到经济上可运行良好，并由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。(二)有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型，如：stand， lie， exist， live， remain， appear， come， happen， occur， rise等。在作文描图中，建议考生多用例句3：在2012年的英语一大作文中，我们就能这么描图：What the profound cartoon reflects is a not uncommon social phenomenon, from which we can observe that in this cartoon stand two men and a bottle of milk.(2012 英语一大作文)分析：本来是two men and a bottle of milk stand in this cartoon.(三)here， there等词置于句首here， there， now， then， thus， hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时，主谓倒装;如果主语是人称代词或非人称代词，主谓不倒装。例句4： Here is an example， which I heard at a nurses convention， of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.(2002年Text 1)分析： 该句是复合句，which I heard at a nurses convention和which works well共同修饰story。翻译： 举个例子，在一次护士大会上，我听到了一个效果很理想的幽默故事，因为听众都对医生持有相同的看法。(四)表示方向、地点，伴随等状语置于句首up， down， away， here， in， out， off等置于句首时，需要全部倒装。例子5：With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.(2000年text4)分析：分号前的原本的语序是centralization has come with economic growth。伴随状语前置，句子全部倒装。翻译：随着经济的发展，居住集中化也接踵而至，在日本一亿一千九百万人当中，足有76%的人生活在城市，社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。(一)否定词或具有(半)否定意义的词或词组置于句首作状语如：never， scarcely， hardly， rarely， seldom， little， no sooner.than， hardly.when，scarcely.when (before)， not only， in no case ，at no time， on no account， by no means，under no circumstances，in no respects， no longer/no more。例句1：Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day. (2012年英语一新题型选项 C)分析：原句的正常语序是they not only developed such a device 后面不变。那这句话的主干是they developed such a device but they had also managed to ember it .状语是in a worldwide system 后面跟着过去分词做后置定语。翻译：他们不仅开发出这样的一种装置，还在千禧之交成功地将它应用到一个数十亿人每天使用的世界系统中。例句2：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.(1991年18题)分析：原句的正常语序是he had hardly begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.翻译：他几乎不能开始演讲当观众打乱了他。例句3： Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (2005年Part C第46题)分析： 该句是复合句，and前是一复合句，定语从句by which.修饰the means，后一分句中never置于句首引起倒装。翻译： 电视是制造和表达这些情绪的方式之一，在加强不同民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在欧洲事务中那样起过如此大的作用。(二)only+副词/介词短语/状语从句(句首状语由only修饰)例句4： Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. (2004年Part B)分析：除去only,原语序是linguists began the serious study of languages 该句是复合句，that were very different from their own是修饰languages的定语从句。翻译： 直到最近，语言学家才开始认真研究与他们自己所掌握的完全不同的语言。例句5： Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted， and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.(2009年第47题)分析： 该句是由and连接的两个并列简单句，两个分句都是以only开头的倒装句，在前一分句中，主干部分是the byproduct of the institution was noted， only gradually修饰noted;在后一分句中，主干是this effect was considered.， 其中only more gradually修饰considered， as a directive factor作主语this effect的补足语，介词短语in the conduct of the institution作directive factor的后置定语。翻译： 人们只是逐渐地认识到制度这一副产品，而在运行这种制度的过程中，认识到这种效果具有指导性作用的时间则更加缓慢。(三)条件从句中省略if在虚拟语气中，条件从句if省略时，倒装到主语前的是助动词should， had和系动词were。例句： Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public， our company would not be so thriving as it is. (1998年第10题)分析： 该句是复合句，had it not been.是一个省略if的倒装从句，整个句子表示混合式虚拟语气，主句表示与现在相反假设，从句表示与过去相反假设。翻译： 要不是公众及时投资，我们公司不会像现在这么繁荣。(一)so.that结构so.that结构中，“so+状语”位于句首表强调时，使用部分倒装。例句1： So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. (2001年第6题)分析：这是一个倒装结构，强调so 引导的从句，所以助动词前移：So involved with their computers do the children become，原句是：The children become so involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.翻译：这些孩子如此沉迷于电脑以至于在暑期电脑集训营中领导们不得不强迫孩子们休息下做做体育运动玩玩游戏。(二)下列几类副词或介词短语作状语置于句首表强调，全部倒装。频度副词：often， always， now and then等;方式副词： well， with every justification，with good reason等;表程度的副词或介词短语：especially， to such an extent， to such extremes。例句2：Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression. (2014年英语一翻译49)分析： 本句为完全倒装，主句的主干是his view of freedom was especially significant。his view of freedom后为which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰freedom，关系代词which在定语从句中作主语。of the individual修饰the rights and responsibilities，冒号后进行解释说明。翻译：尤为重要的是贝多芬对于自由的看法，他认为，这种自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的：他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。(三)as， though， no matter how， however引导的让步状语从句as， though引导的倒装句型为：名词(前不加a或an)/形容词/副词+as+主语+谓语，该结构可用(al)though引导的让步状语从句来替换，译为“虽然”或“尽管”。例句： Odd though it sounds， cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics， and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (1998年翻译第75题)分析： 该句是复合句，odd though it sounds是一