英语语法-齐辙.doc

应许多未上过基础班学生要求，我现将所有核心语法讲解及练习题发上来。说明：学习之图，随意使用。如需转载，注明出处。不告而用，灌喝三鹿。 _x-2tnIxXv P*LF 第一讲句子构成成分分析 Us#c 7/ 句子构成 ) )1 构成句子的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。 Oxi&f| 一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing 、To do五种。 ;F2gTQS 1名词： h-03M#8= Success is the result of good judgment. I0bkc3 Life lights the candle of hope. =qEwA 2代词： xDn=)V We live and learn. PmUqYZ7 I doubt, therefore I think. I think, therefore I am. NL*$SnxP 3主语从句： ATD4 %|a9h How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is. *)T7DN8 What is worth doing is worth doing well. z9*Tm 4V-ing: 0w.o!2U Losing can be a real beginning. Mir( E Believing in yourself is the secret of success. q!)nSD 5To do: 1v9 #Fr Y To light the candle of heart is better than to curse the darkness of the outside world. bSk)GZyHd To know is wisdom and to do is a skill. NU%W9jQYS ,M9Hdm 二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。 lt48Z-UC 3表拥有：人或物时用：have has 无生命的东西：there be x10u? Every dog has its day. NmZowh$M In a full heart, there is room for everything. Gil mJ2 4情态动词动词原形： nypG A man may die, nations may fall, but an idea lives on. ;A;FR3=) /*0; 三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing 、To do五种。 F*j0o +B5 1名词： X P62$m Reading is like opening a window to the outside world. xZ(ryE% 5To do: ODNZLCBt Winners expect to win in advance. V_/.zQA One should learn to forgive. :JIJ!Xn) 6_g:2=6S 四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing 、To do、从句五种。 K$I&M( 1名词： $:RR1.Tv Life is not a bed of roses. Yn+ir0O Today is our only sure possession. xVk5% 2形容词： fcO|0cQ Time is fleeting and art is long. owJ;vFy Change is constant. E0AbVa. 3V-ing: U Courage is doing what others think you cant do. fN/;BT Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum. PWFm 4To do: e_me#N To change attitude is to change life. n =WH=:& The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. Xmifie 5从句： .9N7 The real measure of success is how happy we are. SaBt Love is what links two souls. G$2N6 8d2H*a9 五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“.的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing 、To do、从句五种。 wZN_YFwQ 1形容词： oR,6esA+6n A warm smile is the universal language. 1;H4u_IG& Each moment in history is a fleeting time. KPI96P 2名词： 1LfDlQk) Adversity teaches one a great deal about survival skills. 92t.!m Life education is the basis for success in the knowledge society. Dsp$Nr%* 名词做定语（名词修饰名词重要原则：第一个名词一般用单数 以下为常用名词修饰名词词组） qC?1Kc .z 1Informationtechnology tV=o$ 2Informationcenter 9i$245lB 3Creditcard UUlz3 4Generationgap H69r 5Beautycontest #aU!fSS 6Communicationskills H).23(x 7Informationage rBNVI;JZW 8Knowledgeeconomy JEp)8.bW8 9Peacetalks G/ % 23Officebuilding )UKXnD0 24Sciencefiction H9*k(lnz 3V-ing: d0:LJqHV72 4To do: NzdN4+ There is no time to lose. RA0;f Ones greatest power is the power to choose. *ub2dH4/ 5定语从句： :?Ns#6t That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit. P45Irir Success is a process that never ends. cM ,K =QqH.3 六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。常做状语的有副词 、状语从句 、状语从句省略结构 、To do 、V-ing 、V-ed 六种。 P 9?cp* 1副词 ： ?bZH Aed Still water runs deep. AQ,lLn+ One should have clearly defined goals. 8R DO Excellency is doing ordinary things extraordinarily well. jGr+K,wU Clearly, ones fate is in his/her own hands. ?DU8 2状语从句 ： eRMN=qP.q When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you. $&f eUyF 6 七、补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的情况，又称表语）、宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的情况）常做宾语补足语的有形容词和To do 两种。 ZA=J- k 1形容词： YdD;Qx#O Histories make men wise. ld(60?zFH Love makes the world more colorful for all. M7BpOmK 2To do: (yaAy#4 Difficulties train one to be great. bbw0aB4 Motive urges one to make progress. ;.jp:gi |6So$; 八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B 称之为同位语。常做同位语的有名词和从句两种。 2jkZ1:u 1名词： 0=,Nz We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow. KY&Lv1_| Never give up your dream, the source of happiness. 5VJprTbv 2从句： v|-e* Failure is a sign that one should explore other opportunities. 8yrsF # The fact that you have tried your best is in itself a big victory. AWn 1vFc KsGWHo: 九、插入语 alqjY 插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其它成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。 =G mc 1Indeed的确， 0vEQgx 2Surely无疑， u,hT Y(% 3However然而， |$kIh,3- 4Obviously显然， N MkOx$ 5Frankly坦率地说， l ?b*T#uIk 6Naturally自然， Gv94$J9 7Luckily (或happily)for somebody算某人幸运， B*)mHSs2 8Fortunately/Luckily幸好， ngJaz 9Roughly 大体上来说， 45BpZ- 10Briefly简单地说, ?ecR9X k 11Strange to say说也奇怪， 7k%!D6_R 12Needless to say不用说， ;P007; 13Most important of all最为重要是， F_-Xx 14Worse still更糟糕的是， frIv| 15In a few words(或in sum，in short)简而言之， !4_K:= 16In other words换句话说， BaUuDo/ZO 17In a sense在某种意义上， vxi_Yr=T 18In general一般说来， _dd1QV 19In my view在我看来， L&=r-.ev 20In conclusion总之， NssnX7 21In summary概括地说， Vo.1 22To be true诚然， +T4wm 23In the first place首先， 5eyBk, 24In addition此外， mfffOG 25Of course当然， qG-)2 t 26To my knowledge据我所知， darbL_1 27For instance(或example)例如， i4nYYS 28As a matter of fact事实上, O(e!Vxt! 29Strictly speaking严格地说， L8ZDk7Y 30Generally speaking一般地说， 3Z wU 31Judging from根据判断, ?4aWl6/ 32To be sure无疑， 7|_24-W6 33To sum up概括地说， v9KsE2Ei 34To tell the truth老实说, _YcK| 3 35I am sure我可以肯定地说， 0 VG;z#J 36I believe我相信， $w G 42In a nutshell总之， r ?H That we should act in the right spirit is necessary. ZF#n(Y? Whether引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型二 Whether+完整句=名词可做主语 #*Vdj;e Whether you can succeed in making your dream come true depends on hard work more than luck. /nvPJvz Whether it rains or shines makes no difference to proactive people. /vsI m Whoever引导主从，在主从中做主语。句型三 Whoever +不完整句=名词可做主语 eXaa0 Whoever wants to reach a distant goal must take many small steps. F+pU Whoever dares wins. ZPq.|6& Which 引导主从，在主从中做定语。句型四 Which+不完整句=名词可做主语 MCxCEdDB Which way you turn is up to you. 0CXXCa7! What 引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型五What+不完整句=名词可做主语 2DJg_( Whats done cant be undone. 4/mzeK What we do willingly is easy. kdV9F Whatever 引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型六 Whatever+不完整句=名词可做主语 =Bm|9A1 Whatever is at the center of our life will be the source of our wisdom and power. +s;Vfc$bH Whatever you love and trust in this world loves you in return. _29wQn Where 引导主从，在主从中做状语。 句型七Where+完整句=名词可做主语 ynT G Where we enjoy love is home. j&a KU ! How 引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型八How+完整句=名词可做主语 5/h-H r How you think and act will influence your life. rRNPT (9)when 引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型九 When+完整句=名词可做主语 ;bgH $U7 When the sun is shining is the best time to repair the roof Wwg$- YNZA 主语从句与形式主语it 的关系 8-kQI= 主从如果过长时，可用it替代，将原来的主从放在后面。 r; 8It is announced that h4 9q(085V 9It is estimated that MaY_* 10It must be admitted that $ %YXt* 11It is obvious that %L 12It must be stressed out that Xo9vE3 13It is widely-accepted that uuF+=.| 14It cannot be denied that wA/!A$v( 15It can be foreseen that 2W_|.; 16It is as clear as crystal that nXb_ 9E 17It goes without saying that 4f8XOk7t= 18 It is acknowledged that zmn 19 It is well-known that VZYbY 20 It is estimated that U*sQ5uq B宾语从句： 8L/XZ) 以下这些引导词通常可引导宾从：that whether if which how what whatever where Xg_l4!T_l That 4Kb?)+a Sometimes we need to remind ourselves that thankfulness is indeed a virtue. ;ud1wH Whetherif 3Fbmd54 Attitude determines whetherif people are successful and able to enjoy life. Zn)o Which 0ZIeZA j A straw shows which way the wind blows. UM21Cfqex How FBouXu# Our motives shape how we see the world. uh/! What ZzR0k I dont fear what is ahead. YG0b*QBY The secret of life is not to do what you like, but to try to like what you do. N;s|ET Our thoughts make us what we are. e6E(=RM Whatever p-DHTX I am prepared to learn whatever I need to know. m Ub1b If you have a plan, you can deal with whatever comes along. P:.hRu I am willing to pay whatever price is required to win. (#z6w#CU( Where ZYtO My past experiences brought me to where I am today. e VQ-?DK 宾语从句拓展句型 91q 宾语从句是MBA英语写作非常常用的一种从句。它一般在议论文中用来提出观点，在图表作文中用来定位。 ),xD5_=q Some people think that 0O*kC43E_ Some people believe that kUeY,jb Some people do believe that P$*Ngt Some people do strongly believe that s2:Vm Some people hold that 1v,RZD$ Some people are fully convinced that -)Z $;1a Some people are firmly convinced that )7o? I Some people take it for granted that 6yMZ2% We should admit that 9:-7.P Nobody can deny that BK6 X)1R Some people agree that Y|Gp Some people conclude that i$PO# Some people assert that r t$ The table shows that 5fvMO!6 The bar chart displays that ftR& 5 !Wm The line graph illustrates that KU9FHN The pie chart describes that jgaRy=nw The map presents that PDuBf&/e The diagram reveals that 3c3;8h$k These two charts indicate that |#fX(= C表语从句： f?)7MR= （一）以下这些引导词通常可以引导表从：that whether what where how why when wb?k That :1j8!R5 The only certainty is that nothing is certain. HC6U_d1-6 Whether ,0:/jSz The test of our progress is whether we can provide enough for those who have too little. wU/yc)e What &lQ_ Purpose is what gives life meaning. Ul_Zn The future isnt what it used to be. .)j R:3 Success is what Im dying for. kk%_q Where A+)PkR Your big opportunity may be right where you are. wGn wt0L How HXKMa 表语从句拓展句型 l(FM8jv 表语从句是MBA英语写作中非常常用的一种从句，可构成各种句型。 AaYH(2m- The first thing to be mentioned is that zfKO)Itd Another point to be considered is that MMFg8 The last thing to be shown is that .3C: The first advantage of (doing) something is that !Sn|!:N4 Another advantage of (doing) something is that E!X$ The third advantage of (doing) something is that F6II The first disadvantage of (doing) something is that JhFn(O Another disadvantage of (doing) something is that !=:yWQ The third disadvantage of (doing) something is that lV#% The first possible reason is that IVh5SS Another cause is that #4m5I= The third element is that SqnLLz The first measure to be taken is that 90vFoy Another solution is that vE )N6Ss The third step is that w0g ( 3 That is why ojL9.6 Whyis that legWY)4D; A hot topic discussed by people is whether rfRQ A is to B what C is to D u;9iuc * A is to B as C is to D Ap4 My view is that 0E#?gN D同位语从句： =b$g_+ 同位语从句一般只由that来引导 qGagE5! We should care for each other in the knowledge that we are more alike than we are different. yI8 O# We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.第三讲定语从句讲解 x s6!NY 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词 when, where, why引导。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用: 1 把主句与从句连接起来 2 在从句中担当一定的句子成分。关系代词在从句中可做主语,宾语,表语,定语;关系副词在从句中只能做状语。 lrHXST| （一）定从引导词 D_F1q 由关系代词引导的定语从句 FXB &o who先行词是人，在定从中可以做主语或宾语 agoMsxI9 The man who has no inner life is miserable. u PIlg which 先行词必须是物，在定从中可以做主语或宾语 MkZoHzgc Love is the key which opens the gate of happiness. =AK6v&on that 先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做主语或宾语 sNIy M whose 先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做定语 7B gA+Fz Success is a journey whose initial step is always tough. TY#pj 关系副词引导的定从，wherewhy when 这三个词在定从中做状语，后面加一个完整句。 nzaDlS 1.There will be moments in life when one is presented with new options. ao Hz8K 2.Work is the place where happiness lives. J&xS 3.Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they are not doing well. 15ooe% 定从分类： r=!4vY2 限制性定从：由一个定从直接加在先行词后，无逗号隔开，去掉后影响整句的意思。 T EqCoeR Success is a process that begins from within. )e:u 6 Passion is any emotion that moves you. k*xgFT 8 非限制性定从：与主句之间用逗号隔开，去掉后不影响整句的意思。 1=%4 The youth need to have ambition and dreams, which are vital. I_XHhyVZ The youth need to have ambition and dreams, which is vital. :YwvM=bV 3.先行词被the only，the very， the last等修饰时。 $9!2c/ To face fear is the only method that really works. cIuI (五) 只可用which 而不用that 的几种情况 AITwhZ 1.在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that。 M3m!u6| One may go wrong in many different ways, but right only in one, which is why it is easy to fail and difficult to succeed. dwd5P7 2.关系代词前面有介词的时候 。 gEghDO_G Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his image.第四讲状语从句讲解 O+$wP 时间状语从句 KgD sqwy 通常有下列连词引导: when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, every time, each time。 v2Ft=_*G| 1.When a person feels encouraged, he can face the impossible. #%9t- 2.Every time you help somebody else, you help yourself. _xWX/1DY 地点状语从句 ?4f=K 通常由下列连词引导: where, whereve