oracle里的常用命令.docVIP

oracle里的常用命令第一部分 第一章：日志管理 1.forcing log switches sql alter system switch logfile;2.forcing checkpoints sql alter system checkpoint; 3.adding online redo log groups sql alter database add logfile group 4 sql (/disk3/log4a.rdo,/disk4/log4b.rdo) size 1m; 4.adding online redo log members sql alter database add logfile member sql /disk3/log1b.rdo to group 1, sql /disk4/log2b.rdo to group 2; 5.changes the name of the online redo logfile sql alter database rename file c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log sql to c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log; 6.drop online redo log groups sql alter database drop logfile group 3; 7.drop online redo log members sql alter database drop logfile member c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log; 8.clearing online redo log files sql alter database clear unarchived logfile c:/oracle/log2a.rdo; 9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = b. sql execute dbms_logmnr_d.build(oradb.ora,c:oracleoradblog); c. sql execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile(c:oracleoradataoradbredo01.log, sql dbms_logmnr.new); d. sql execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(c:oracleoradataoradbredo02.log, sql dbms_logmnr.addfile); e. sql execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=c:oracleoradblogoradb.ora); f. sql select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters sql v$logmnr_logs); g. sql execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr; 第二章：表空间管理 1.create tablespaces sql create tablespace tablespace_name datafile c:oracleoradatafile1.dbf size 100m, sql c:oracleoradatafile2.dbf size 100m minimum extent 550k logging/nologging sql default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0) sql online/offline permanent/temporary extent_management_clause 2.locally managed tablespace sql create tablespace user_data datafile c:oracleoradatauser_data01.dbf sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m; 3.temporary tablespace sql create temporary tablespace temp tempfile c:oracleoradatatemp01.dbf sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m; 4.change the storage setting sql alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m; sql alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999); 5.taking tablespace offline or online sql alter tablespace app_data offline; sql alter tablespace app_data online; 6.read_only tablespace sql alter tablespace app_data read only|write; 7.droping tablespace sql drop tablespace app_data including contents; 8.enableing automatic extension of data files sql alter tablespace app_data add datafile c:oracleoradataapp_data01.dbf size 200m sql autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m; 9.change the size fo data files manually sql alter database datafile c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf resize 200m; 10.Moving data files: alter tablespace sql alter tablespace app_data rename datafile c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf sql to c:oracleapp_data.dbf; 11.moving data files:alter database sql alter database rename file c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf sql to c:oracleapp_data.dbf; 第三章：表 1.create a table sql create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype.) sql tablespace tablespace_name pctfree integer pctused integer sql initrans integer maxtrans integer sql storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) sql logging|nologging cache|nocache 2.copy an existing table sql create table table_name logging|nologging as subquery 3.create temporary table sql create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay; on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows 4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space) 5.change storage and block utilization parameter sql alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k sql minextents 2 maxextents 100); 6.manually allocating extents sql alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile c:/oracle/data.dbf); 7.move tablespace sql alter table employee move tablespace users; 8.deallocate of unused space sql alter table table_name deallocate unused keep integer 9.truncate a table sql truncate table table_name; 10.drop a table sql drop table table_name cascade constraints; 11.drop a column sql alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000; alter table table_name drop columns continue; 12.mark a column as unused sql alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints; alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000 data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs 第四章：索引 1.creating function-based indexes sql create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped); 2.create a B-tree index sql create unique index index_name on table_name(column,. asc/desc) tablespace sql tablespace_name pctfree integer initrans integer maxtrans integer sql logging | nologging nosort storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 sql maxextents 50); 3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows 4.creating reverse key indexes sql create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k sql next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; 5.create bitmap index sql create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k sql pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; 6.change storage parameter of index sql alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100); 7.allocating index space sql alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile c:/oracle/index.dbf); 8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused; 第五章：约束 1.define constraints as immediate or deferred sql alter session set constraints = immediate/deferred/default; set constraints constraint_name/all immediate/deferred; 2. sql drop table table_name cascade constraints sql drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints 3. define constraints while create a table sql create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable sql using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx); primary key/unique/references table(column)/check 4.enable constraints sql alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id; 5.enable constraints sql alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id; 第六章：LOAD数据 1.loading data using direct_load insert sql insert /*+append */ into emp nologging sql select * from emp_old; 2.parallel direct-load insert sql alter session enable parallel dml; sql insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging sql select * from emp_old; 3.using sql*loader sql sqlldr scott/tiger sql control = ulcase6.ctl sql log = ulcase6.log direct=true 第七章：reorganizing data 1.using expoty $exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y 2.using import $imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y 3.transporting a tablespace sqlalter tablespace sales_ts read only; $exp sys/. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts triggers=n constraints=n $copy datafile $imp sys/. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2 /sles02.dbf) sql alter tablespace sales_ts read write; 4.checking transport set sql DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =sales_ts .,incl_constraints=true); 在表transport_set_violations 中查看 sql dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含 第八章： managing password security and resources 1.controlling account lock and password sql alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock; 2.user_provided password function sql function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30), old_password in varchar2(30) return boolean 3.create a profile : password setting sql create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3 sql password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 sqlpassword_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function sql password_grace_time 5; 4.altering a profile sql alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3 sql password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10; 5.drop a profile sql drop profile grace_5 cascade; 6.create a profile : resource limit sql create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2 sql cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 7. view = resource_cost : alter resource cost dba_Users,dba_profiles 8. enable resource limits sql alter system set resource_limit=true; 第九章：Managing users 1.create a user: database authentication sql create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users sql temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire sql account lock|unlock profile profilename|default; 2.change user quota on tablespace sql alter user juncky quota 0 on users; 3.drop a user sql drop user juncky cascade; 4. monitor user view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas第十章：managing privileges 1.system privileges: view = system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs 2.grant system privilege sql grant create session,create table to managers; sql grant create session to scott with admin option; with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role; 3.sysdba and sysoper privileges: sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile, alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database alter database archivelog,restricted session sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until 4.password file members: view:= v$pwfile_users 5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema 6.revoke system privilege sql revoke create table from karen; sql revoke create session from scott; 7.grant object privilege sql grant execute on dbms_pipe to public; sql grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option; 8.display object privilege : view = dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs 9.revoke object privilege sql revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott cascade constraints; 10.audit record view := sys.aud$ 11. protecting the audit trail sql audit delete on sys.aud$ by access; 12.statement auditing sql audit user; 13.privilege auditing sql audit select any table by summit by access; 14.schema object auditing sql audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful; 15.view audit option : view= all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts 16.view audit result: view= dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement 第十一章： manager role 1.create roles sql create role sales_clerk; sql create role hr_clerk identified by bonus; sql create role hr_manager identified externally; 2.modify role sql alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql alter role hr_clerk identified externally; sql alter role hr_manager not identified; 3.assigning roles sql grant sales_clerk to scott; sql grant hr_clerk to hr_manager; sql grant hr_manager to scott with admin option; 4.establish default role sql alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk; sql alter user scott default role all; sql alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; sql alter user scott default role none; 5.enable and disable roles sql set role hr_clerk; sql set role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql set role all except sales_clerk; sql set role none; 6.remove role from user sql revoke sales_clerk from scott; sql revoke hr_manager from public; 7.remove role sql drop role hr_manager; 8.display role information view: =dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles 第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY 1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat 2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size 3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions 4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog) shutdown immediate cp files /backup/ startup 5.restore to a different location connect system/manager as sysdba startup mount alter database rename file /disk1/./user.dbf to /disk2/./user.dbf; alter database open; 6.recover syntax -recover a mounted database recover database; recover datafile /disk1/data/df2.dbf; alter database recover database; -recover an opened database recover tablespace user_data; recover datafile 2; alter database recover datafile 2; 7.how to apply redo log files automatically set autorecovery on recover automatic datafile 4; 8.complete recovery: -method 1(mounted databae) copy c:backupuser.dbf c:oradatauser.dbf startup mount recover datafile c:oradatauser.dbf; alter database open; -method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile) copy c:backupuser.dbf c:oradatauser.dbf (alter tablespace offline) recover datafile c:oradatauser.dbf or recover tablespace user_data; alter database datafile c:oradatauser.dbf online or alter tablespace user_data online; -method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile) startup mount alter database datafile c:oradatauser.dbf offline; alter database open copy c:backupuser.dbf d:oradatauser.dbf alter database rename file c:oradatauser.dbf to d:oradatauser.dbf recover datafile e:oradatauser.dbf or recover tablespace user_data; alter tablespace user_data online; -method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log) alter tablespace user_data offline immediate; alter database create datafile d:oradatauser.dbf as c:oradatauser.dbf recover tablespace user_data; alter tablespace user_data online 5.perform an open database backup alter tablespace user_data begin backup; copy files /backup/ alter database datafile /c:/./data.dbf end backup; alter system switch logfile; 6.backup a control file alter database backup controlfile to control1.bkp; alter database backup controlfile to trace; 7.recovery (noarchivelog mode) shutdown abort cp files startup 8.recovery of file in backup mode alter database datafile 2 end backup; 9.clearing redo log file alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1; alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile; 10.redo log recovery alter database add logfile group 3 c:oradataredo03.log size 1000k; alter database drop logfile group 1; alter database open; or cp c:oradataredo02.log c:oradataredo01.log alter database clear logfile c:oradatalog01.log;第二部分 一、控制文件的管理：创建复合控制文件1、关闭数据库；2、复制控制文件修改名称到不同的位置；3、修改初始化参数文件中CONTROL_FILES参数，使其指向新的控制文件，例如：alter system set control_files=(e:oradatacontrol1.ctl,e:oradatacontrol2.ctl,e:oradatacontrol3.ctl);4、重新启动数据库。创建新的控制文件语法CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE oradb01 LOGFILE GROUP 1 (E:ORACLEORADATAREDO01_01.LOG,E:ORACLEORADATAREDO01_02.LOG),GROUP 2 (E:ORACLEORADATAREDO02_01.LOG,E:ORACLEORADATAREDO02_02.LOG),GROUP 3 (E:ORACLEORADATAREDO03_01.LOG,E:ORACLEORADATAREDO03_02.LOG) NORESTLOGS DATAFILE E:ORACLEORADATASYSTEM01.DBF SIZE 50ME:ORACLEORADATARBS01.DBF SIZE 50M E:ORACLEORADATATEMP01.DBF SIZE 50M MAXLOGFILES 50 MAXLOGMEMBERS 3 MAXDATAFILES 200 MAXINSTANCES 6 ARCHIVELOG步骤:1、列出数据库中所有的数据文件和重做日志文件的名称和路径 selectmember from v$logfile; select name from v$datafile; select value from v$parameter where name=control_files;2、关闭数据库3、在操作系统级别备份所有的数据文件和联机重做日志文件4、启动实例5、利用步骤一得到的文件列表执行create controlfile命令创建一个新的控制文件6、在操作系统级别对新建的控制文件进行备份7、修改初始化参数文件中的control_files参数使它指向新的控制文件。8、如果需要对数据库进行恢复，否则直接进入步骤99、使用下面的方法打开数据库 alter database open resetlogs;备份控制文件1、将控制文件备份为二进制文件alter database backup controlfile to e:oraclebackupcontrol.bkp;2、将控制文件备份为文本文件alter database backup controlfile to trace;二、管理重做日志文件：创建重做日志组alter database add logfile group 3(e:oracleoradataredo0301.log,e:oracleoradataredo0302.log) size 100m;创建成员日志文件alter database add logfile member e:oracleoradataredo0303.log to group 3;或者alter database add logfile member e:oracleoradataredo0303.log to (e:oracleoradataredo0301.log,e:oracleoradataredo0302.log);创建成员日志文件时不能使用size参数指定日志文件的大小，因为大小要与其他的文件大小相同。改变日志成员的名称和位置1、关闭数据库2、在操作系统中重命名重做日志文件或者将它复制到新的位置，删除原来的文件。3、重新启动实例，加载数据库，但是不打开数据库(start mount)；4、使用带有rename file子句的alter database重新设置重做日志文件的名称和路径。例如：alter database rename filee:oracleoradataredo0302.log,e:oracleoradataredo0