大英课文背诵.docx

A Good Heart to Lean On More than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance. Augustus J. Bullock 1 When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance, people would stare. I would be ashamed of the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on. 2 It was difficult to coordinate our stepshis halting, mine impatientand because of that, we didnt say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you. ” 3 Our usual walk was to or from the subway, which was how he got to work. He went to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. It was a matter of pride for him. 4 When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn , N.Y. , on a childs sleigh to the subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept ice-free. In Manhattan the subway station was the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside again until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home. 善良之心， 久久相依 . 当时我没有意识到，是爸爸帮我保持平衡 奥古斯塔斯 ? J ? 布洛克1 随着我渐渐长大，当别人看见我和爸爸在一起，我会觉得很尴尬。他身材矮小，走起路来跛得很厉害。我们一起走时，他要把手搭在我的肩上才能保持平衡，人们就会盯着我们看。对这种不必要的注意我觉得非常难堪。他也许曾注意到，或着觉得烦恼，但他从来没有流露出来。2 要协调我们的步伐并不容易，他(的步子)一瘸一拐的，我(走起来)则缺乏耐心。因此，我们走路的时候并不怎么说话。但出发时，他总是说：“你定步伐，我会尽量跟上。”3 我们通常在家和地铁之间来往，这是他上班的必由之路。不论生病还是碰到恶劣的天气他都去上班，几乎没有旷过一天工。即使别人无法上班，他也要去办公室。对他来说这是一种自豪。4 当地上有冰或雪的时候，即使有人帮忙他也无法走路。这时，我或者我的姐妹就用孩子玩的雪撬拉着他，穿过纽约布鲁克林的街道，直到地铁的入口处。Born to Win You cannot teach a man anything. You can only help him discover it within himself. Galileo5 A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking and to use his own knowledge. He can separate facts from opinion and doesnt pretend to have all the answers. He listens to others, evaluates what they say, but comes to his own conclusions. 6 A winner is flexible . He does not have to respond in known, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it. A winner has a love for life. He enjoys work, play, food, other people, and the world of nature. Without guilt he enjoys his own accomplishments. Without envy he enjoys the accomplishments of others. 7 A winner cares about the world and its people. He is not separated from the general problems of society. He tries to improve the quality of life. Even in the face of national and international difficulty, he does not see himself as helpless . He does what he can to make the world a better place.Are You a Dreamer?4 Some dreams may have a simple physiological cause. Dreaming of walking on hot coals, for example, may well be caused by sleeping with your feet too close to a heater. And the frustrating dream in which you try to run but your legs wont move may be explained by bedding that is too tight. Anyone who sleeps through their alarm may well dream of doorbells or telephones ringing. All are simple examples of how the unconscious works with our conscious mind to guide and advise us.5 But such physiological explanations are not enough to tell us why we dream. Some people believe that dreams are total nonsense, merely the result of the misfiring of electrical impulses in the brain, while on the other hand, some read great importance into even the simplest of dreams.6 Some dreams reflect inner fears that are instantly recognizable. Dreaming of losing your job or house can reflect real fears, even if they are only subconscious. Most of us have dreamed that we had to take a final exam for a difficult course, which we had never taken, or in which we had done poorly.你做梦吗你做梦吗你做梦吗你做梦吗？=1 梦，我们为什么会做梦？梦有意义吗？真的有梦中所见的事成为现实这种事吗？几千年来这些问题一直让人们感兴趣。过去几十年的科学发展对睡眠的自然过程有了较多的认识，然而对于与梦有关的诸多问题依然没有提供最终的答案，这些问题还要继续困惑我们。2 人人都做梦只不过有些人不记得做过梦罢了。人类脑电波的记录显示我们所有人入睡后就进入梦境。整个夜晚的大多数时间我们都在做梦，但只有当我们处在REM (眼睛迅速转动) 睡眠阶段时醒来，才会记住所做的梦。眼睛迅速转动阶段便是我们做梦的时候。每晚我们有四、五个REM睡眠阶段，第一次出现在入睡后的90分钟左右。此后，梦期每90分钟复现一次，每次持续15到45分钟，持续时间随着夜晚的深入逐渐增长。3 睡眠的主要目的（除让我们休息外）也许就是让我们做梦让我们以一种截然不同的方式回顾我们的生活、我们的忧虑和希望，以及在潜意识中观察自我，把不再需要的资料从记忆中剔除。4 有些梦可能是由简单的生理原因引起的。例如，梦到在灼热的煤块上行走很可能是因为睡眠时脚太靠近取暖器。而梦到想跑但两腿却动弹不了这种令人沮丧的境况，也许是被子裹得太紧的缘故。闹铃响了而依然熟睡的人则很可能会梦到门铃或电话铃响。所有这些都是潜意识和意识共同引导和启示我们的简单例子。5 不过这些从生理的角度进行的解释尚不足以说明为什么我们会做梦。有些人认为梦纯粹是无稽之谈，仅仅是人脑中电脉冲无的放矢的结果，然而，有些人则认为最简单的梦都具有重要的含义。6 有些梦反映的内心忧虑是立即可以识别的。梦见失去工作或者没了房子，也许是反映了真实的忧虑，即便这些忧虑只是潜意识的。我们大多数人都梦见过必须参加一门很难的课程的期末考试，也许是一门从未修过的，或许是学得很糟的课程。7 但是，有一些梦并没有这样明显的含义，这是怎么回事呢？多个世纪以来，男男女女都从所谓的解梦字典中寻找答案，这类字典最早的可以追溯到公元前5000年。根据这些字典，梦见喝酒意味着短命，而梦见喝水则预示长寿。8 一直到公元200年，解梦字典受欢迎的程度仍丝毫未减。当时，古希腊的阿尔米多鲁斯写了一部长达五卷的书，解析了3000多个梦，列举了一系列的象征，诸如右手（表示父亲），左手（表示母亲），以及海豚（表示好兆头）。9 如今，图书馆和书店里有无数的书籍为梦做解析。对于那些热衷于探讨梦的人来说，它们依然深受欢迎。然而，多数专家警告说，读这些书时要非常谨慎。心理分析家兼作家肯尼思桑德斯解释说：“梦与每个人的思维密切相关，因此分析往往容易出现错误和偏差。我认为，只有当你了解了做梦的人时，才能发现梦的真正含义。”Food and Culture 1We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of foods are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it. Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats, but there are forty-two different cultures whose people regard rats as appropriate food. 2Some people in Africa think African termites make a delicious meal. Many other people would probably be sick if they had to eat termites, but one hundred grams of termites contain more than twice as many calories and almost twice as much protein as one hundred grams of cooked hamburger. 3However, food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. For example, broccoli is first on a list of the most nutritious common vegetables, but it is twenty-first on a list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat. Tomatoes are sixteenth on the list of most nutritious vegetables, but they are first on the list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.烹饪与菜肴烹饪与菜肴烹饪与菜肴烹饪与菜肴=1 人与动物相区别的一点是人喜爱熟食。尽管人们发现高等动物猿能用声音和肢体动作进行交流，这与人类相同，但是猿从来不煮食。而且，我们还希望吃的食物味美香溢，非常诱人。人的感官非常灵敏、辨别力强。凡是社会已经发展到超越了单纯维持生存的时候，它就会满足人的美食欲望。世界名菜推出的菜肴都色味俱全菜的颜色和质地与味道一样重要。2 世上众人公认的有三大国菜，法国、印度和中国菜。法国烹调在欧洲享有盛誉，被认为是最出色的。法国菜使用黄油、乳酪和奶油，是所有著名国菜中的典型代表：它把简单和精细相结合，利用本国的本土资源，尽显地方特色，成了真正的国际名菜。3 这三大菜肴都有自己的重要特色，依此出名。法国菜使用黄油、乳酪和奶油烹饪，是特有的烧法，若省去这些配料，便破坏了该菜肴的全部特色。同样，法国厨师本能地会在烧菜时加葡萄酒，就象中国厨师天生会用酱油一样。第二种菜系，印度菜，以使用香料而闻名。中国则以制作世界上最可口的主食米饭而成为第三种菜系。当然，这三种菜系都有这样或那样的共同特色。法国菜也有几样有名的米饭值得夸耀。在印度有的地区烧菜也用黄油，中国菜系中的四川菜也以它们的辣味而闻名。但是，它们确实各有各的显著特点而分成三大类的，三种菜系，依据各自不同的主要特色，在人类历史上长期发展，持续至今。4 烹饪风格之间的界限非常清楚，不像语言或种族界限变化那么大。印度献给世界的礼物是使用香料使食物的味道更好，而且印度烹饪，地区间差异很大，从南方非常辛辣的咖哩菜肴到北方地区稍加调料的素菜，变化之多令人赞叹。印度菜的色味，是其它菜系所不能及的。以米饭作为主食把印度烹饪和中国烹饪连在一起。中国厨师教导我们，菜的质地不应忽视。很久以前，中国人就把猛火快炒的烹饪艺术发挥到淋漓尽致, 这样烧法能保持蔬菜的鲜脆和营养。绝大部分的准备时间是用来切菜和剁肉，而不是用在真正的烧菜过程中。5 中国菜肴地域种类繁多，使外国人眼花缭乱。辛辣、清淡、酸、甜应有尽有。中国菜最会利用自己本土产的动植物了，这一点没有别的国菜可以比得上。每种可食的蔬菜和动物的任何一部分似乎都能用来做菜。6 近来，要保存民族菜肴，受到三方面的威胁：1）全球交通运输和通讯的革命，2）国与国之间贸易的增长，3）妇女社会角色的转变。7 快捷又廉价的交通和通讯有可能会威胁到民族菜肴。来自其他国家的游客希望吃到自己习惯的家乡菜。第二种威胁来自于食物和食品在国与国之间的流通。方便食品使费时的烹饪（菜肴的）魅力荡然无存。我们能够为食品加工辩护，并且列述食品的冷冻、冷冻干燥以及罐装等技术的好处，但是西方的食品加工技术对民族菜肴不失为一种威胁。8 最后，女性角色的转变也影响到烹饪的民族风格。这种转变对家庭已经产生了深远的影响，并且会继续影响下去。数千年来，女性一直是主要的做饭者。如果她们时间少，而且不喜爱花大量时间准备和烧饭，这就会影响家庭所吃的饭菜。而今，妇女还可以走出自己所在的区域、突破自身的经验限制，来进一步研究菜肴，收集世界其它地区的做菜理念和菜谱，并把这些融入到自己的烧法中去。然而，对民族菜肴的威胁却依然存在这些提到的显而易见的好处甚至还加重了这种威胁。9 保留富有特色的国菜也许与人们的行为有关。所有著名的民族菜肴，除了有种类繁多的地方菜，可用资源的巧妙利用，对世界饮食习惯的影响等方面外，它们共同具有的是对食物的态度。适度地重视饮食意味着这不只是人类生存的必需品。食物对每个人的生活至关重要。做工精致、外观诱人的美味佳肴是印度、法国和中国等国菜给予我们人生的一大享受Bridging Cultural Gaps Gracefully 1 Why is it that when you study a foreign language, you never learn the little phrases that let you slip into a culture without all your foreignness exposed? Every Chinese-language textbook starts out with the standard phrase for greeting people; but as an American, I constantly found myself tongue-tied when it came to seeing guests off at the door. An abrupt goodbye would not do, yet that was all I had ever learned from these books. So I would smile and nod, bowing like a Japanese and trying to find words that would smooth over the visitors leaving and make them feel they would be welcome to come again. In my fluster, I often hid behind my Chinese husbands graciousness. 2 Then finally, listening to others, I began to pick up the phrases that eased relations and sent people off with a feeling of mission not only accomplished but surpassed. 3 Partings for the Chinese involve a certain amount of ritual and a great deal of one-upmanship. Although Im not expected to observe or even know all the rules, as a foreigner, Ive had to learn the expressions of politeness and protest that accompany a leave-taking.The Secrets of Good Health7 There are dozens of mind-body techniques for you to choose from. The key is to find one youre comfortable with and then do it regularly. Simply writing about negative, unpleasant events may actually boost your immunity according to researchers. Scientists are not completely sure why it works but they know that when individuals write, it helps them organize events, which in turn gives them more understanding of the situation. When you can give a stressful experience meaning through writing, you dont think about it or worry about it as much. And when yo