第十七讲被动语态.doc

第十七讲：被动语态被动语态（Voice）是个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间语法意义和语义关系的动词形式。英语动词有主动和被动两种语态，当主语是动词的发出者时，动词用主动语态（Active Voice）；当主语是动作的承受者时，动词要用被动语态（Passive Voice）。只有及物动词才有被动语态。如：Scientists have been puzzled for decades by how turtles manage to navigate across the Atlantic; but now they know.几十年来，科学家一直对海龟如何能穿越大西洋迷惑不解；但现在他们知道了。这句话中，scientists是puzzle的承受者，故puzzle用被动语态。They是know的发出者，故know用主动态。19.1被动语态的构成形式动词的被动语态是由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成的，时态由be体现。主动语态的句子结构与被动语态的句子结构如下所示：They will widen the road.（主动）The road will be widened.（被动）主动语态：动作的发出者 + 主动语态动词 + 动作的接受者 主语 谓语 宾语被动语态：动作的接受者 + 被动语态动词（be+动词过去分词）+ （by+动作的发出者） 主语 谓语 宾语19.1.1被动语态各种时态形式表下面以make为例，说明各时态动词的被动语态形式：现在范畴一般现在时am / is / are made现在进行时am / is / are being made现在完成时has / have been made过去范畴一般过去时was / were made过去进行时was / were being made过去完成时had been made将来范畴一般将来时shall / will be made将来完成时shall / will have been made过去将来时should / would be made过去将来完成时should / would have been made注：完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。例句：1. The subject of these lectures has been announced by the lecture committee.（这些讲座的课题已经由讲座委员会宣布了。）2. My pictures wont be developed until next week.（我的照片要到下星期才能冲洗出来。）3. They were disguised so that we wouldnt recognize them.（为了不让我们认出来，所以他们伪装了起来。）4. All the apparatus had been prepared before the experiment began.（所有的器械在实验开始前就准备好了。）5. The worlds supplies of copper are being gradually exhausted.（世界的铜资源正在逐渐被耗尽。）6. The goods were just being unloaded when we arrived at the airport.（我们到机场时正在卸货。）19.1.2一些特殊形式的被动语态1）含有情态动词的被动语态一般式：情态动词（can，could，may，might，must，should，need等）+ be+过去分词完成式：情态动词（can，could，may，might，must，should，need等）+ have +过去分词例如：This can be done by hand.这可以手工做。This mustnt be neglected.这一点不可以忽视。The book neednt be returned now.书不必现在还。The environment should be improved.环境应当改善。The project might have been completed earlier.这项工程本可以早些完工的。They shouldnt have been told about the plan.这个计划是不应当告诉他们的。2）带有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子变为被动语态时，只把一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语保留在动词之后，这种句子可以有两个被动句。如：1. His teacher gave him a book. A book was given to him by his teacher.或： He was given a book by his teacher.2. She showed me her new skirt. I was shown her new skirt by her.或： Her skirt was shown to me by her.3）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句时，将宾语变成主语，宾语仍保留在动词之后，成为主语补语。例如： 1. He painted the table green. The table was painted green.2. He found an old man lying at the door. An old man was found lying at the door by him.注意： make，hear，see，watch，feel，let，have等动词在主动语态的句子中，其后作宾补的不定式一般不带to，但当用在被动句时，后面作宾补的不定式必须带to。例如： Hid mother made him do his homework again. He was made to do his homework again by his mother. She saw a man go into the room. A man was seen to go into the room.4）动词短语的被动语态相当于及物动词的动词短语也有被动语态形式。1 词 介词 They have talker about this matter recently.This matter has been talked about recently. We have never heard of such a thing before.Such a thing has never been heard of before. They looked after the old man carefully.The old man was looked after carefully by them. 动词 副词 They put off the sports meeting. The sports meeting was put off. We must think over what he said. What he said must be thought over. 其他动词短语 We must do away with privileges. Privileges must be done away with. His classmates often make fun of him for this.He is often made fun of for this by his classmates.5）get 过去分词构成的被动语态get过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home.那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 Mary is going to get married.玛丽准备结婚了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？19.2被动语态使用要点1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态 appear，rise，die，happen，occur，lie，depart等都属此类动词。例如： Great changes have been taken place in my hometown.（误） Great changes have taken place in my hometown.（正）2.表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态 英语中有些动词（短语动词）不是表示动作，而是表示某种状态或情况，有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意，这类动词不能用于被动语态，常见的有：lack，fit，mean，hold，resemble，have，cost，contain，fail，consist of，look like等。例如：The book costs 10 yuan.Her mother is resembled by Jane.（误）Jane resembles her mother.（正）Note: 当have作“吃，接收，经历，度过”解时，虽用作行为动词，但一般不用于被动语态。例如： The children had a most enjoyable holiday.（正） A most enjoyable holiday was had by the children.（误）但当have作“得到，获得，欺骗”解，或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时，可用于被动语态。例如：She has been had in the dealing (over the bargain).她在那项交易（买卖）中受骗了。The ticket can be had for the asking.票索要即得。3.某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义，常见的这类动词有：bake，owe，brew，cook，print，bind，do等。例如：The tea is brewing.茶在煮。The money is still owing.那笔钱仍欠着。The dictionary is binding.词典在装订。4.不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态1）及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的，故可以用于被动语态（注意不要省略或漏掉介词或副词），如win over，give up，ask for等。但是，不及物动词构成的短语可以是及物性的，也可以是不及物性的；不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态，如look up/down，speak for等。例如：The fact speaks for itself.这一事实不言自明。（正）Itself is spoken for by the fact.（误）Things are looking up.情况看来有好转。（正）Things are being looked up.（误）2）不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态She was much looked up to for her kindness.她因多星善事而受人尊敬。The ticket has been spoken for.那张票有人订了。Note: pay attention to, take care of等短语动词可以有两种被动语态形式。例如： The situation has been paid attention to. Attentions have been paid to the situation. The wounded are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the wounded.5.主动形式表示被动意义的词1）某些感观动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如：look，smell，taste，prove，wear，sound等The flower smells sweet. 花闻起来很香。The dish tastes delicious. 菜吃起来非常可口。2）某些及物动词后加副词（有些可不加副词）也可以表示被动意义，如：wash，write，smell，read，open，cut，lock等This type of recorder sells well.这种型号的录音机销路很好。That kind of shirt washes very well.这种衬衫很耐洗。It eats well.这种东西吃上去味道好。3）want, deserve, need, require, repay, stand, take, wont bear和worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。这时，动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系，若动名词是不及物的，后面还应有适当的介词。例如：The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。The point deserves mentioning.这一点值得提到。The table wants cleaning.这张桌子该擦了。That wont bear thinking of.那是不堪想象的。4）某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义She is to blame.她应该受到责备。The rock is hard to break.这块岩石很难打碎。She is easy to approach.她平易近人。6.被动语态与系表结构的区别英语中有些“be+过去分词”形式不表示被动意义，而是一个系表结构，还有既可以表示被动语态又可以作系表结构。大多数“be+过去分词”结构既可以表示被动语态也可以表示系表结构。如果表示一个动作，则是被动语态，如果表示一个状态则是系表结构表示被动时常伴有by短语；表示状态时多用其他介词短语（如：in, at, with, about等）。这两种结构的主要差别是：被动结构表示一个动作，带表语的结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。这一区分可以帮助决定用什么时态，如果是被动结构，它的时态一般要与相应的主动结构一致，如果是带表语的结构，用一般时态较多。带表语的句子表被动语态的句子The shop is closed.这家商店关着门。The room is crowded with people.屋里挤满了人。The man was offended.那个人很生气。The shop is usually closed at 9.这家商店通常9点关门。They were crowded into the room.他们被塞到一间屋子里。The man was offended by the woman.那个男人被那个女人激怒了。Exercises1. Harvard University, which _ in 1936, is one of the oldest universities in the United States of America.A. found B. founded C. was found D. was founded2. If one _ by pride, one will reject useful advice and friendly assistance. A. overcomes B. is overcome C. has been overcomed D. overcame3. Great efforts to increase grain production _ if food shortages are to be avoided. A. is being made B. must be made C. have to make D. is making4. Each child _ an apple at the end of yesterdays party. A. has been offered B. were offered C. was offered D. has offered5. It was not until man had learned how to make iron and steel that the construction of various machines _ possible. A. were made B. had made C. made D. was made6. He was _ to be clever but dishonest. A. thought as B. thinking C. to think D. thought7. Such a big success _ when they first started. A. was never thought B. has never been thought C. was never thought of D. did not think of8. John got angry when he realized he _. A. was being made fun of B. has been making fun of C. was never thought of D. did not think of 9. “Look! The flag is _ now.” A. being raised B. being rose C. risen D. raising10. All the machines _ by the end of the following week. A. were repaired B. woul