分词介词.doc

介词是我们平日学习中常见的内容，可谓人人皆知。但是有一种特殊的介词也许并非人人皆知，因为它们是来源于现在分词、过去分词的介词，这方面内容很少在教学、语法著作中谈及，但它们却在测试中时有出现。现列举如下：1including包括 This package contains 500sheets of notepaper，including 400 of white paper and 100 of yellow包裹里有500张信纸，包括400张白纸， 100张黄纸。2concerning就而言，关于，谈及 Concerning your letter，I am pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable to us关于你的信，我高兴地告诉你你的计划令我们十分满意。3regarding就而言，关于，论及 We have known nothing regarding that matter关于那个问题，我们全然不知。4respecting关于，至于 I was at a loss respecting his whereabouts至于他的踪迹，我全然不知。5considering就而论，照说来 Considering the rate at which planets form， perhaps one with conditions suitable for life forms in our galaxy each year从行星的生存率来看，或许在我们的星系中每年会形成一颗适宜于生命的行星。6excepting（一般不置于句首而置于句末；或置于not，without，always之后）除之外 All his children have gone shopping with his wife exceptingone除一个孩子外，他所有的孩子和他的妻子都去购物了。7failing如果没有；如果在中失败 Failing instructions，I did what I thought best没有任何指示，我只能按我认为最好的方法去做。8wanting缺，缺少 Wanting courage，victory is impossible没有勇气就无法取得胜利。9saving除以外（现在多用save） I could call her nothing in my own mind saving（或save）sister 我的心里除了叫她为姐姐而外，我实在找不出其他的称呼来。10notwithstanding虽然，尽管仍（是很正式的用语，常见于公文中） Notwithstanding an unusual flow of com pany，the master of the wine shop was not visible虽然人们来往异常频繁，酒铺主人并没有出现。11following在以后 Following the conference，the methods were put into use on a large scale会议之后，这些方法被广为推广。12pending在以前，在期间 Maximum sentence was handed down but the defendants were eventually bailed pending the appeal最高判决已经宣布，但最后被告在上诉期间全部得到保释。13given如果考虑到，假定 Given their inexperience，they have done a good job考虑到他们缺乏经验，这个工作他们做得不错。英语中的分词介词 英语中有一部分介词，如including，during，according to，past等，是从动词的分词（多为现在分词）形式转变而来，因此，被称之为分词介词。笔者收集了10余个V-ing型分词介词，并从陆谷孙主编的英汉大词典摘引了相应例句，现列举如下： 1 barring 除以外，不包括；除非 Barring a delay，the train will arrive in Shanghai at 6：30 pm倘不误点，火车将在下午6：30到达上海。 2 concerning 关于 He wrote to me concerning a business arrangement他就业务安排问题写信给我。 3 considering 考虑到，就来说 Considering your age and your inexperience，youve done pretty well考虑到你的年龄和缺乏经验，你已干得够出色的了。 4 excepting除了 We have lessons every day excepting Saturday and Sunday除星期六和星期日外，我们天天都有课。 5 excluding除外，不包括 There are 30 people in the hotel，excluding the hotel workers旅馆里有30个人，不包括旅馆工作人员。 6 failing如果没有，若无时；如在中失败 Failing brothers and sisters，cousins may inherit若无兄弟姊妹，堂表兄弟姊妹亦可继承。 7 following 在之后 Following dinner，he went home宴会以后他就回家了。 8 notwithstanding 尽管 They traveled on，notwithstanding the storm尽管有暴风雨，他们仍然继续赶路。 9 pending 在等待之际，直到时为止 The case has been adjourned pending future inquiries此案在进一步调查之前暂缓审判。 10 regarding 关于，至于，就而论 I have to speak to you regarding this matter就这一问题，我必须和你谈谈。 11 respecting 关于，至于，就而论；有鉴于 Respecting that the accused was a minor，the charges were dropped鉴于被告未成年这一事实，免于起诉。 12 saving 除外 Saving a few slices of bread，we had eaten nothing all day除了几片面包，我们整天没吃过一点东西。 13 touching 关于，至于 He asked many questions touching my house and school他问了我许多有关家庭和学校的问题。 14wanting无，缺 Wanting a leader，nothing could be done若无领导人，什么事都做不成。探析貌似分词的介词和连词 作者:王爱新在英语中，有一些词汇貌似动词的现在分词或过去分词，而实际上却是介词或连词。由于它们所具有的独特的词形，因此学生很难把它们与介词或连词联系在一起，在理解和使用时也难免出错。现将高中阶段常见的分词作介词或连词的情况进行归纳，并通过实例加以说明。 （一） 貌似分词的介词 1. according to 根据，依照 According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow. 根据天气预报所说，明天将下雨。2. considering 鉴于，考虑到，就而论 Considering her age, she has done pretty well. 考虑到她的年龄，她已经做得相当不错了。 Considering the weather, we got here quite quickly. 考虑到天气的因素，我们到这儿已经够快的了。 3. concerning 关于，至于（与about同义） He asked several questions concerning the future of the company. 他问了几个关于公司前途的问题。 All cases concerning children are dealt with in a special childrens court. 所有关于儿童的案件均由儿童特别法庭审理。 4. including（其中）包括（其反义词excluding(不包括，除了)也一样作介词使用） I have got three days holiday including New Years Day. 包括元旦在内我有三天假。 Everyone passed the final exam excluding Tom. 除了汤姆外每人都通过了考试。 注意： included用于名词和代词之后。 We all went, including me. （= We all went, me included.） 5. given 鉴于，考虑到（与considering同义） Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，他们已经做得很不错了。 Given the time available to us, well have to work two more hours every day. 考虑到时间有限，我们不得不每天多工作两个小时。 6. judging from / by 根据来判断 Judging from / by what everyone says about him, Id say he has a good chance of winning. 根据大家对他的评价来判断，我想他很有赢的可能。 7. regarding 关于，至于, 就方面（多用于商业信函或报告中） The company is being questioned regarding its employment policy. 这家公司因为其雇用政策正在遭受质疑。 8. talking of 提及，说起，谈到 Talking of Kate, I met her new boyfriend last week. 说到凯特，我上星期遇到了她的新男友。 （2） 貌似分词的连词 1. considering 考虑到 Considering he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他才刚刚开始，他懂得的已经相当多了。 2. seeing (that) 既然，由于 Seeing (that) he refused to help us, there is no reason why we should now help him. 既然他曾经拒绝过帮助我们，那我们也就没有理由现在帮他。 3. provided / providing (that) . 如果，假如，在条件下 Provided / Providing that the price is right, well buy everything you produce. 假如价格合适，我们将购买你们的全部产品。 Well visit Europe next year, providing / provided we have the money. 如果我们有钱的话，我们明年就去欧洲参观。 4. supposing (that) 假如 Supposing that you are wrong, what will you do then? 假如你错了，那你会怎么办？ Supposing I turn down your offer, would you feel disappointed? 假如我拒绝你的提议，你会感到失望吗？ 5. granting / granted (that) 假定，就算 Granting / granted (that) this is true, he is still guilty of a crime. 就算那是真的，他仍旧有罪。 Granting that youve made some progress, you should not be conceited. 即使你有了一些进步，你也不应该骄傲自大。 【巩固练习】 1. The speech which he made_the project has bothered me greatly A. being concerned B. concerned C. be concerned D. concerning 2._his age, he did it quite well, so dont_him any more. A. Considered; say B. Given; blame C. To regard; scold D. Considering; speak 3._that shes legally old enough to get married, I dont see how you can stop her. A. See B. If C. Seeing D. Seen 4._from her last letter, they are having a wonderful time. A. Judge B. Judging C. To judge D. Having judged 5._about buying cars, I prefer a car less than 100,000 yuan to one over the amount. A. To talk B. Talked C. Having talked D. Talking Keys: 1.D 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 一、弄清过去分词作状语的最基本特点，初步认识过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。例如： Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。 析： written 为过去分词作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的，而且已经被写。 值得注意的是，有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有： lost （迷路）； seated （坐）； hidden （躲）； stationed （驻扎）； lost / absorbed in （沉溺于）； born （出身于）； dressed in （穿着）； tired of （厌烦）。 Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。 Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it. 出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。 二、明确过去分词作状语时的逻辑主语，进一步认识过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语，此时应注意人称一致。例如： Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时，我也能解这道题。 析： given 为过去分词作状语，它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ，即 I 被再给一个小时。 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市，城市显得更漂亮。 析： seen 为过去分词作状语，表“被看”，由语境可知，它的逻辑主语必须是城市，而不是“我们”，因为“我们”应主动看城市。 值得注意的是，如果过去分词作状语时，前面再加逻辑主语，主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。例如： The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出，汽车就开动了。 析： the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语 the bus 就不是 given 的逻辑主语。 Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。 析： her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语 she 就不再是 held high 的逻辑主语。 三、弄清过去分词作状语的由来，从宏观上把握过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句。例如： Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。 析： caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语，它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain. Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 析： grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语，它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 值得注意的是，状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词过去分词”结构作状语。 When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。 四、明确过去分词作状语的位置。 过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗号与主句隔开。例如： He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。主要有：considering, including, included, given, concerning, regarding.如：1. Considering his age, he is still quite healthy.考虑到他的年纪，他还算是非常健康的。2. There are six persons in the classroom, including me.= There are six persons in the classroom, me included.包括我在内，教室里面有六个人。3. Given more time, I would finish it surely.如果有更多的时间，我一定会完成它。4. What do you know concerning this?关于这事你知道些什么? 5. Regarding the punishment, what would you advise?关于处罚, 你有何意见? 主题： 与动词现在分词形式相同的连词与介词语法 英语中有些介词和连词在形式上与动词的分词相同，在学习过程中应加以注意，不要与分词的用法相混淆。 1concerning prep关于 We asked the American professor many questions after class concerning American higher education 课后我们问了那位美国教授许多关于美国高等教育方面的问题。 They decided to have a debate concerning the problem of college students doing part-time jobs 他们决定就大学生做兼职的问题进行一场辩论。 Please inform me timely concerning the progress of your project 请及时告知你们项目的进展情况。 Concerning your proposal, I am pleased to inform you that most committee members consider it acceptable 关于你的提议，我很高兴地告诉你大部分委员都认为可以接受。 试比较concern作动词的用法： He doesnt bother about things that dont concern him 对那些与他无关的事他不去烦心。 He paced up and down in the drawing room, extremely concerned over the result of the interview 他在客厅里来回踱步，对面试结果极为忧虑。 2considering prep. /con（常that）就而论，考虑到 She is overweight, considering her height 就她的身高而言，她是太胖了。 Considering the circumstances, you have really wronged them by scolding them like that 就当时的情况而言，你那样的责骂确实让他们受委屈了。 He did poorly in his examinations considering that he had studied hard for them 从他为考试所付出的努力来看，他考得很糟糕。 He went too far treating you like that, considering what difficulties you had gone through in helping him before. 你以前为了帮助他经历了那么多的艰辛，从这一点来看，他那样待你太过分了。 试比较consider作动词的用法： Considered as the most competent leader in our company, Mr. Brown surprised us all by claiming that he would resign next month 布朗先生被认为是我们公司最有能力的领导人，因此，当他宣布下个月辞职时，我们都十分惊讶。 Considered to be a profession with a bright future, tourism is going through a great reform 被视为拥有光明发展前景的旅游业现正经历一场重大的变革。 3provided（that）conj以为条件，假如： Provided that circumstances permit, I will run a small factory 条件允许的话，我要办一家小工厂。 I will go, provided you go too 如果你也去，那我就去。 Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here 假如没有反对意见，我们就在这儿开会。 I will lend you some money, provided you can pay it back by the end of next month 如果下个月底以前你能把钱还给我的话，我就借给你一点。 Provided that there will be few students enrolling in this course, we will put it off till next semester 假如选课的学生很少，我们会将这门课推迟到下个学期再开。 试比较provide作动词的用法： My sister runs a small shop at the foot of the mountain, providing tents for the campers s 我姐姐在山脚下开了家小店，向宿营者出租帐篷。 Provided with what we had asked for, we set out for the mountain with great confidence. 我们获得了所要求的配备，就充满信心地朝山上出发了。 4seeing（that）conj鉴于，由于 Seeing (that) he is ill, we II do the work for him 由于他生病了，我们会替他把活干了。 Seeing that she s lawfully old enough to get married, I dont know how you can stop her 既然她已到法定结婚年龄，我不知道你能怎样阻止她。 Seeing that there were less than half the members present, the meeting had to be postponed 鉴于到会的成员还没有过半，会议只好延期举行。 Seeing that he was badly injured in the accident, we had to return to the city with him 由于他在事故中受了重伤，我们只好陪他一起回城。 试比较See作动词的用法： Seen from the top of the building at night, the city is rather beautiful 晚上，从这座建筑物的顶部眺望，这座城市相当漂亮。 Seeing a man running towards him with a stick, he yelled to the traffic policeman for help 当看到一个人手持棍棒朝他奔来时，他向那个交警呼喊求救。 5judging by/from prep从判断，从来看 Judging by his accent, he must be from the South 从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。 Judging from what I had seen, they must have carefully prepared for this inspection 从我所见的来判断，他们为这次检查一定做了充分准备。 He is a man in his forties, judging from his words and behavior 从他的言谈举止来看，他已经四十多岁了。 Judging by the way he talks, he is somewhat conceited 从他的说话方式来看，他有点自负。 6given prep. / conj.（常that）考虑到，从考虑；假如有，假定 Given the circumstances, they are justified in giving it up 从当时的简况来看，他们放弃也是有道理的。 Given that he has two daughters still at college, I can understand his refusal to retire 他两个女儿还在上大学，从这一点来看，他不愿退休我是能理解的。 Given your support, I m confident of accomplishing the task ahead of schedule 如果有你的支持，我相信我能够提前完成任务。 Given enough access to books in his youth, he would surely have become a great writer 如果他年轻时能接触到更多的书，他一定能成为一个大作家。 7assuming (that) conj. 假定 Assuming (that) he does not come, you will have to do it alone 如果他不来的话，你就得一个人干了。 Assuming that they turned down my proposal, I would present it to the general manager himself. 如果他们拒绝我的建议，我会把它呈给总经理本人的。 8supposing（that）conj假定，如果 Supposing it rained, we would go there by bus instead of by bike 假如天下雨，我们就不骑自行车改坐汽车。， Supposing he is absent, I will phone to tell him the result of our discussion 如果他缺席，我会打电话把把讨论的结果告诉他。1. considering “就而论、照来看；考虑到”，既可用作介词，又可用作连词。例：I hear he is more than 70， but he is still very strong， considering his age.听说他已经 70 多岁了，但从他的年纪来看，他仍然很结实。Considering （ that ） he did not study hard， he did well on the test.考虑到他没有用功，他考得还不错。另： considering 还可用作副词，通常置于句尾，意为“从各方面看”。例：She seems （ to be ） very bright， considering.从各方面看，她似乎很聪明。2. providing / provided “倘若；在的条件下”，用作连词，引导条件状语从句，但从句不用虚拟语气。例：Well visit Europe next year， provided / providing （ that ） we have the money.如果我们有这笔钱，我们明年将去欧洲游览。I shall go provided / providing （ that ） it does not rain.倘若天不下雨，我就去。3. supposing / suppose “假如、假定”用作连词，引导条件状语从句，从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。例：Supposing / Suppose （ that ） the weather were bad， where would you go？假如天气不好，你去什么地方？Supposing / Suppose （ that ） she doesnt come， what should we do？假如她不来我们该怎么办？supposing 可用在一个简单句中，相当于 What would / will happen if / What does it matter if 例：Supposing I dont see her. （ = What will happen if I dont see her？ ）假如我见不到她，那该怎么办？suppose 意为“假定；万一；倘若；不妨；何不”。例：（ Let us ） Suppose （ that ） his statement is right.假定他的陈述是正确的。4. according to /by “根据 / 按照”，用作连词。例：According to my watch， its 4 oclock.按照我表上的时间，现在是 4 点钟。You may go or stay， according as you decide.去还是留，由你来决定。You may / will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad.根据工作好坏你将会受到奖惩。according to 与 according by 的区别在于：（ 1 ） according by 不可与表示人的名词或代词连用； according to 可与表示人的名词或代词连用。（ 2 ） according to 只能表示来自他处的信息，而不能表示来自说话者本身的信息。例：According to （不能用 by ） my clock， it is 12 oclock.根据我表上的时间，现在是 12 点。According to （不能用 by ） her （不能用 me ）， the war broke out in 1923.根据她所说的，那场战争在 1923 年爆发。5. compared with / to “将与比较”，用作介词。例：Compared with / to her mother， she is tall.和她母亲比起来，她算很高了。6. including “包含”，用作介词。例：I have to prepare food for seven people， including me.我必须准备包括自己在内 7 个人的食物。7. owing to “由于因为”，用作介词。 seeing （ that ）“由于；既然；因为”，用作连词。例：Owing to unfavourable weather， I was unable to carry on with it.由于天气不好，我不能把它进行下去。Seeting （ that ） he is ill， hes unlikely to come.由于生病的缘故，他可能不来了。8. judging from / by （ =to judge by ）“由来判断”，用作介词。例：Judging from / by what he said， he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判断，他一定是个诚实的人。Judging from / by his accent， he must be from Guangdong province.从他的口音来判断，他一定来自广东。9. regarding （ =as regards， in regard to， with regard to ） / respecting （ =as respects， in respect to， with respect to ） / concerning （ =as concerns ） / relating to 均用作介词，意为“关于，就而言”，相当于 about， 但比 about 正式。例：Regarding this point， he is correct.关于这一点，他是对的。Respecting your salary， we shall come to a decision later.关于你的工资，我们将在以后做出决定。Concerning your letter， I am pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable.关于来信，我很高兴地通知你，我们觉得你的计划是可接受的。10. given “如果有，假定，考虑到”，既可用作介词，也可用作连词。例：Given that they are inexperienced， they have done a good job.考虑到他们经验不足，他们的工作做得还不错。Given his support， I think well win the election.若能获得他的支持，我想我们会赢得这次选举。11. granted / granting 用作连词，意为“就算，假定，纵使，姑且承认”例 Granted / Granting you are right， I wont do it.就算你说的是正确的，我也不打算做那事。12. assuming / say （用于句首，与 Lets 连用）意为“假定假使”例：Assuming / Say （ Lets say ） that war breaks out， what do you do？在英语中，动词的分词形式（含现在分词和过去分词）往往具有形容词的部分特点，也就是说，可在句中作表语、定语、状语或补语。但有些动词的分词形式却具有介词或连词的性质，下面就常用的几个具有这种特点的分词做一简单归纳。1concerning prep关于 We asked the American professor many questions after class concerning American higher education 课后我们问了那位美国教授许多关于美国高等教育方面的问题。 They decided to have a debate concerning the problem of college students doing part-time jobs他们决定就大学生做兼职的问题进行一场辩论。 Please inform me timely concerning the progress of your project 请及时告知你们项目的进展情况。 Concerning your proposal, I am pleased to inform you that most committee members consider it acceptable 关于你的提议，我很高兴地告诉你大部分委员都认为可以接受。试比较concern作动词的用法： He doesnt bother about things that dont concern him 对那些与他无关的事他不去烦心。 He paced up and down in the drawing room, extremely concerned over the result of the interview他在客厅里来回踱步，对面试结果极为忧虑。2considering prep. /con（常that）就而论，考虑到 She is overweight, considering her height 就她的身高而言，她是太胖了。 Considering the circumstances, you have really wronged them by scolding them like that 就当时的情况而言，你那样的责骂确实让他们受委屈了。 He did poorly in his examinations considering that he had studied hard for them 从他为考试所付出的努力来看，他考得很糟糕。 He went too far treating you like that, considering what difficulties you had gone through in helping him before. 你以前为了帮助他经历了那么多的艰辛，从这一点来看，他那样待你太过分了。试比较consider作动词的用法： Considered as the most competent leader in our company, Mr. Brown surprised us all by claiming that he would resign next month 布朗先生被认为是我们公司最有能力的领导人，因此，当他宣布下个月辞职时，我们都十分惊讶。 Consideredto be a profession with a bright fu