〈词汇学教程〉答案.doc

英语词汇学教程（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7tart: loose womanbloke: fellowgat: pistolswell: greatchicken: cowardblue: fightsmoky: policefull: drunkdame: womanbeaver: girl8.haply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to meeke = alsosooth = truthmorn = morningtroth = pledgeere = beforequoth = saidhallowed = holybillow = wave/ the seabade = bid12. DenizensAliensTranslation loansSemantic loanskettlediewallskirthusbandconfrerepro patriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblack humourlong time no seedream【Chapter 2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-SlavicIndo-IranianCeltic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian HindiBreton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian PersianScottishFrench SwedishPrussianIrishItalian GermanPolishPortuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6.When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary. 8.eventful Latin + Englishhydroplane Greek + Latinfalsehood Latin + Englishpacifist Latin + Greeksaxophone German + Greekheirloom French + Englishjoss house Portuguese + English television Greek + Latin9.amateur (late)finac (late)empire (early)peace (E)courage (E)garage (L)judgement (E)chair (E)chaise (L)grace (E)servant (E)routine (L)jealous (E)savat (L)genre (L)gender (E)dbut (L)morale (L)state (E)chez (L)ballet (L)11.allegro, f 轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a 轻转慢alto, i 女低音crescendo, b 渐强forte, e强piano, h 轻soprano, c 女高音12.cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian)chocolate (Mex)tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13. a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwamh. canoei. hurricanej. boomerangk. panchos【Chapter 3】1.a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic stem, baseindividual + ist stem, baseindividu + al stem, basein + dividu root, stem, baseundesirablesun + desirable stem, basedesir + able root, stem, basefree morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morphemeinflectional affix affix prefixderivational affix suffix【Chapter 4】Affixation5.non-smokerincapableimpracticaldisobeyinsecurityirrelevantimmatureinability/disabilityunofficiallyunwillingnessillegaldisagreementillogicaldisloyalinconvenientnon-athletic6.hardenhorrifymodernizememorizefalsifyapologizedeepenglorifysterilizelengthenintensifybeautifyfattensympathizea.apologizedb.beautifyc.lengtheningd.sympathizede.fattenf.falsifyg.memorizingh.Sterilize7.a.employeeb.politicianc.participantd.waitresse.conductorf.teacherg.pianisth.examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer Compoundingheartbeat S + Vbrainwashing V + Omovie-goer place + Vbaking powder V +advfar- reaching V + Advdog-tired adv + alion-hearted adv + alove-sick adv + aboyfriend S + complementpeace-loving V +Osnap decision V + Oeasy chair a + non-coming V +advtax-free adv +alight-blue a + agoings-on V +adv4.well-bred/well-behavedculture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homeworkpraiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswomannation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-mindedmilitary-style/newstyleself-control/self-respectbudget-related/politics-relatedwater-proof/fire-proofonce-fashionable/once-powerfulnews-film/news-lettermock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-lawhome-baked/home-producedhalf-way/half-doneever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-consciouscampus-based/market-basedConversion7.a.stomach n vb.room n vc.wolf n e/go v ne.familiar a nf.innocent a ng.flat a nh. ah/ ouch int vi.warm a nj.has-been/might-have-been finite v nk.Hamlet proper n vl.buy v nm.smooth a vBlendingmotel (motor + hotel)humint (human + intelligence)advertisetics (advertisement + statistics)psywarrior(psychological warrior)hoverport (hovercraft + port)chunnel (channel + tunnel) hi-fi (high + fidelity) cinemactress (cinema + actress)Clippingcopter (helicopter)dorm (dormitory)lab (laboratory)prefab (prefabricated house)gas (gasoline) prof (professor) scope (telescope)champ (champion)sarge (sergeant)mike (microphone)ad (advertisement)tec (detective)Acronymy2.kg = kilogramft = footcf = confercm = centimeter$ = dollaribid = ibidemetc. = et ceteraVIP = very important personOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language3.a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2.lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tantalizeTantalus b. Argus-eyedArgus c. narcissismNarcissus d. sabotagesabotse. martinetMartinetf. yahooYahoo g. ShylockShylock h. hooveringHooveri. utopiaUtopia j. Uncle TommismUncle Tom 【Chapter 5】6.apesb birdsa cattlem cricketn dovescfoxesj geeseksheepf wolvesgmonkeysepigslhyenashturkeysdswansi9.a.A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc. b.A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror, etc.c.To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc. 10.talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive) gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative) rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive) mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)11.NoAppreciativeNeutralPejorative1particularfastidious/fussy2criticalfault-finding/picky3style/voguefad4artfulcunning/sly5unstablefickle/capricious6developingunderdeveloped/backward7encourage/ promoteinstigate8groupclique/gang14.bull-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+BOVINEcow-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT+BOVINEcalf-HUMAN+MALE-ADULT+BOVINErooster-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+GALLINEhen-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT+GALLINEchicken-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+GALLINE-HUMANbullcowcalf+BOVINEroosterhenchicken+GALLINE+MALE-MALE+ADULT【Chapter 6】Polysemy4.Homonymy4.1)Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for ones needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the ladys question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Dont complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2)Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3.avaricious:greedycourteously:politelyemancipate:set freecustomary:usualwidth:breadthadversary:opponentgullible:deceivedremainder:residueinnocent:sinlessobstacle:obstructionvexation:annoyance5.a. identifiableb. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestigeh. perspirei. accomplishmentj. silentk. impressivel. evaporate6.run move spinturnwhirlroll7.a. steadb. gee-geec. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficient g. fatigued, childrenh. tired, kidsi. declined j. refusedk. rancidl. addledm. Penaltiesn. fineso. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5.a. similar/same b. safe c. sharp/ smart d. send e. stingy/ selfish h. simple f. significant/sensible i. sure g. skeptical/ suspicious l. smooth j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber m. subjective n. sob/ scowl6.a. old-fashioned b. completely c. moisture d. special e. essential f. similarityg. innocenth. rigid i. loosen j. clarity k. desertedl. fruitful m. peremptoryn. depressed o. indifferent 7.a. feedstarve, cold-fever b. wisdomfollies c. hasteleisure d. pennypound, wisefoolishe. speechsilence f. absencepresence g. admonishpraise i. wise menfools h. youngold privatepublic saintdevil j. mindbody k. foulfair l. dangersecurity m. deliberate-prompt n. childrenparents o. bullycoward p. headtail 8. rightwrong singlereturn drysweet hardeasy strongfaint roughcalm lightdark coldwarm highlow/deep Hyponymy3.furniture: desk, chair, table, bed matter: liquid, gas, solid meat: pork, beef, mutton go: run, fly, fessionworkplace surgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber:house, building lawyer: office, law courts mechanic:garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factorycombmirrorhairbrush5.sleepersrugdressing tableBEDROOMcarpetdressing gownbedmattresswardrobeclothessheetspillowspyjamasblankets6.In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3.Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4.1)extension2)extension3)narrowing4)degradation5)elevation6)narrowing7)extension8)extension9)narrowing10)elevation11)narrowing12)degradation13)degradation14)degradation5.a. associated transfer b. abstract to concrete c. abstract to concrete d. abstract to concrete e. abstract to concrete f. abstract of concreteg. associated transfer h. associated transfer i. synesthesia j. synesthesia 6.a. objective b. subjective, objective c. objective d. subjective e. subjective f. subjective g. subjective h. subjective, objective 7.a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee.strikef. Policemang.stupid pupilh. poor peoplei.toiletj. fat personk.unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2.a. to repairb.measurement and determination of ones positionc.predicamentd. injectiona. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b.the theatre or acting as a professionc.a particular point or period in a process of developmentd.to plan, arrange and carry erchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding or harmonyb.conversationc.a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3.a. synonymb. explanation/ definitionc. antonymd. examplee. relevant detailsf. relevant detailsg. relevant details4.a.stop people drinking stop drinking by themselvesb.a stone house which is big a house built of big stonesc.a picture possessed by Betty a photograph of Bettyd.aunts who are visiting paying a visit to auntse.take Jane as his wife preside over Janes weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it hits the thing it aims at an object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6.a2)b9)c3)d6)e1)f8)g5)h4)i7)j10)7.a.stand out againstb.approve ofc.get over withd.looking e up ply withg.cashed in onh.go withouti.to profit by / fromj.dut down to8.a cool cat = a really calm personblow ones stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhats more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessary n Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone elses turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his lifes goal. 9.a. “Well, its the old story of the stitch in time,” he said. A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleurs head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks, better let me.” Too many cooks spoil the broth. c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger. have a finger in the pied. Im thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hear themselves think. Speech is silver, silence is golden.e.They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel. wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence, bec