英语四级读美文【10】.docx

Unit 10 Attitudes Toward Life 生活态度Text 1 Attention to DetailAttention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. “Its amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves.” He says. “Resumes arrive with stains. Some candidates dont bother to spell the companys name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate,” Crossley concludes, “if they cannot take off these details, why should we trust them with a job?” Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees”, says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details were working on fit into the larger picture. If they dont, we should drop them and move to something else.”Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo moon launch was slightly off course 90 percent of the time,” says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary.” Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.Too often we believe what accounts for others success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.A accounts B associate C bother D coordinates E drop F eliminate G especially H grasp I launch J mysteriousK Resumes L undertake注重细节 注意细节是每个人都能做到并且应该做到的事情，尤其在竞争激烈的就业市场中更应该这样。人力资源专家鲍勃克罗斯里从每天递交到他桌上的求职函中注意到了这一点。“令人吃惊的是有许多人自己淘汰了自己。”他说，“送来的简历竟有污迹。一些应聘者都懒得把公司的名称拼写正确。一旦看到错误，我就将这个应聘者除名，”他总结说：“如果他们连这些细节错误都不能避免，我们凭什么相信他们能做好一份工作呢?” 我们注意细节会过火吗?绝对会。完美主义者为一些小事而纠缠不休，其代价是牺牲了一些更重要的事情，而这些事情正是他们工作的目标。“为了避免只见树木不见森林 ,”加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的副教授查尔斯加菲尔德说：“我们必须经常问自己我们所着手的细节如何符合一个更大的蓝图。如果他们不符合，我们应该放下他们转而做别的事情。”加菲尔德将这个过程与他作为 NASA(美国国家航空航天局)的一名计算机科学家的工作进行了比较“。阿波罗二号登月发射在百分之九十的时间都会略微地偏离轨道”。加菲尔德说：“但仍然可能成功着陆，因为我们知道目的地的准确坐标。这就使我们能够做必要的调整。”知道我们想去哪里可以帮助我们判断所承担的每项任务的重要性。我们常常会认为其他人成功的原因是某些特别的奥秘或幸运的机会。但成功并不是这样神秘。只要我们一次次地做好我们力所能及的小事，就会得到大的回报。难 句 解 析1. Bob Crossley, a human resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day.【分析】复合句。其中 a human resources expert 作 Bob Crossley 的同位语，in the job.every day 作状语，在状语中 that 引导定语从句修饰 the job applications。2. We must constantly ask ourselves how the details were working on fit into the larger picture.【分析】复合句。ourselves 为 ask 的直接宾语，后边的句子为 ask 的间接宾语，在从句中 were working on是省去引导词的 定语从句，用来修饰 the details。3. Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.【分析】复合句。Knowing.to go为现在分词短语作主语，置于句首，谓语动词用第三人称单数。其中where 引导的句子作knowing 的宾语，help后接双宾语，句末的 we undertake 为后置定语修饰 task。下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09高频词汇especially /I9speS5lI,e9s-/ ad. 特别；格外；尤其；主要【词根】来自especial ( a. 特别的，特殊的) ly (副词后缀) 【阅读例句】Large companies, especially, like a background of formal education coupled with work experience. 特别是大公司，他们非常青睐接受过正规教育并且有工作经验的人。03.9eliminate* /I9lImIneIt/ vt. 排除，消除；淘汰【联想】e(出) limin(看作 limit 界限) ate(做)画出界限之外淘汰【搭配】eliminate mistakes 消除错误；eliminate waste matter from the body 从体内排出废物【活用例句】The former champion was eliminated in the semifinal this time. 上届冠军在这次的半决赛中被淘汰了。resume /rI9z(j)u:m/ n. 简历 v. 再继续，重新开始【词根】re(再) sume(拿，取)再度取得继续【活用例句】His persistence was rewarded when they finally agreed to resume discussions.他们终于同意继续谈判，这是他坚持不懈的结果。bother /9b(e7)D5(r)/ v. 打扰，麻烦 n. 麻烦，不便【联想】哥哥(brother)丢了儿(r 的谐音)很烦恼(bother)【搭配】dont bother to say 不必说；bother oneself (ones head) about sth 为某事物焦虑或操心【活用例句】He didnt even bother to say thank you. 他甚至连说一声谢谢都不肯。associate* /59s5USIeIt,-sI-/ a. 副的 vt. 把联系一起 n. 伙伴；同事【联想】as(表加强) soci(看作 social 社会的) ate 在社会上要学会交往【搭配】associate professor 副教授；associate him with horror films 把他和恐怖电影联系在一起【引申】同根association n. 联系，伙伴关系；协会【活用例句】One is not always able to choose ones associates. We have to associate with different kinds of people. 一个人并非总能够选择自己的同事。我们不得不和各种各样的人交往。drop* /dr(e7)p/ v. 放弃；(使)降低；落下 n. 下降(或下落)的距离；滴剂【联想】一滴(drop)水滴(drip)下来【短语】drop by / in顺便(或偶然)访问；drop off 睡着，入睡；(让)下车；下降，减少；drop out 退出，退学【引申】同根dropout n. 退学学生【活用例句】They have planned to go abroad, but I think they dropped the idea now. 他们计划出国，但我想他们如今已经放弃了这个主意。launch* /lO:ntS/ vt. 发起(运动)；使开始从事；发射；推出(产品) n. 发射；(船)下水；(新产品)投产【联想】吃完午饭(lunch)去发射(launch)飞船【搭配】launch into 投入，进入；launch an attack on the Princess 对王妃发起攻击；launch the spacecraft 发射宇宙飞船【活用例句】Through the project, many people have received training and decided to launch their own enterprise. 通过此项目，许多人都接受了培训，并决定自己创业。coordinate* /k5U9O:dInIt/ vt. 调节，协调 n. 坐标【词根】co(共同) ordin(顺序) ate(使)使有顺序协调【搭配】coordinate with a wide range of colours 可与很多颜色搭配；coordinate water policy 协调水资源政策【活用例句】We must coordinate our efforts to help the flood victims. 我们应该齐心协力以援助遭水灾的难民。undertake* /8(f6)nd59teIk/ vt. 承担，着手做；同意，答应；保证【词根】under(在下) take(取得)从下取得身受承担【搭配】undertake responsibility 承担责任【引申】同义take on 承担agree vi. 同意promise vt. 允诺，答应【活用例句】He undertook to finish the job by Friday. 他答应星期五之前完成这一工作。account /59kaUnt/ n. 描述；账户；说明 vi. (for) 做出解释； (在数量，比例方面) 占【联想】ac(加强) count(计算)账目需要一数再数账【短语】account for 说明的原因，是的原因；(在数量、比例方面)占；take. into account (=take account of) 考虑到，顾及；体谅【活用例句】It is reported that driversspinning of the radio dial accounted for a large percentage of accidents. 据报道，司机在驾驶时转动收音机的旋钮导致了很大比例的交通事故。mysterious* /mI9stI5rI5s/ a. 神秘的，难以理解的，诡秘的【搭配】a mysterious event 神秘事件；a mysterious look 神秘的眼神【引申】同根mystery n. 秘密【听力例句】But learning to speak languages seems to be a very mysterious process. 但是学习语言似乎是一个非常神秘的过程。08.12 同根mystery* /9mIstFrI/ n. 神秘(性)；神秘的人(或事物)【联想】my(我的) stery(看作 story 故事)我的故事很神秘【搭配】uncover mystery 揭露神秘性【活用例句】The cause of dinosaurs becoming extinct remains a mystery. 恐龙灭绝的原因仍然是个谜。grasp* /grA:sp/ vt. & n. 抓紧，抓住；理解，领会【联想】他见到她宛如抓住(grasp)一根救命稻草(grass)【搭配】grasp my hands抓住我的手；grasp the importance of his words理解他的话的重要性【阅读例句】They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects.欢迎外国留学生具有两个最为明显的积极效应，他们并不明白这一点。07.12下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09常用词汇detail* /9di:teIl/ n. 细节，琐事 vt. 详述，详细说明【联想】de(去掉) tail(尾巴)去掉尾巴细枝末节的改动【短语】go into details 详述，逐一说明；in detail 详细地【活用例句】The book details all the hotels in the area and their facilities. 这本书详细介绍了当地所有的旅馆及其设施。派生detailed /9di:teIld/ a. 详细的，逐条的【搭配】a detailed account 详细的叙述【阅读例句】Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more detailed message to their audience than they can through television.在报纸上刊登广告，费用没有电视那么高，而且，与电视相比，广告商可以通过报纸给读者提供更长、更详细的商品或服务信息。08.6amazing /59meIzI(ce)/ a. 令人吃惊的【词根】来自amaze，是其形容词形式【活用例句】The amazing landscape in Tibet attracts countless tourists every year.西藏那令人惊叹的美景每年都吸引了无数的游客。同义astonishing /59st(e7)nISI(ce)/ a. 惊人的，令人惊讶的【引申】同根astonishment n. 惊讶astonish vt. 使惊讶同义amazing a. 令人惊异的surprising a. 令人惊讶的marvelous a. 奇迹般的，惊人的，了不起的【完形例句】Language is the most astonishing behavior in the animal kingdom. 语言是动物世界最为奇异的行为。06.12同 义 巧 辨 surprising, astonishing, amazingsurprising 是通用词，它的含义是“使人一愣”。这种吃惊可能包含着高兴也可能包含害怕或忧虑；astonishing 在现代英语中通常表示某事使人震惊得难以置信；amazing 所表示的吃惊中包含着使人迷惑不解、困窘或惊疑不定之意。三词的“惊讶”程度是：surprisingastonishingamazing。candidate /9kndIdIt/ n. 候选人；投考者【联想】can(能) did(做) ate 能做实事的人才能当候选人【搭配】one of the leading candidates for the presidency 总统职位的主要候选人之一【阅读例句】Why do you think you are the right candidate for this position? 为什么你觉得你是这个职位的正确人选呢?06.6stain* /steIn/ vt. 玷污，染污；染色 n. 污点，污迹【联想】一下雨(rain)，到处都是污点(stain)【搭配】stain the family honor玷污了家庭荣誉；stubborn stains 顽固的污渍【引申】同根stainless a. 无瑕疵的，不锈的【活用例句】Please be careful when you are drinking coffee in case you stain the new carpet.喝咖啡时请当心些，不要弄脏了新地毯。同义blur /bl(ae):(r)/ v. 弄脏，玷污；(使)变模糊 n. 模糊，模糊的东西【联想】海天碧蓝(blue)一色，界线模糊(blur)不清【搭配】blurred photos / writing 模糊不清的照片 / 字迹【活用例句】The island was a faint blur through misty rain. 烟雨中小岛隐隐约约一片模糊。fit* /fIt/ vt. 使适合，安装 vi. 合身 a. 适合的；健康的 n. 突发，一阵发作【搭配】fit in with (my friends / the surroundings)适合(我的朋友)，适应(周围的环境)；fit into(the companys overall marketing strategy)适合(公司的整体市场策略)；a fit of coughing 一阵咳嗽【阅读例句】And key theft is responsible for 40% of the thefts of vehicles fitted with a tracking system. 在安装了追踪系统的车辆中，有40%的汽车失窃案都与车钥匙被盗有关。06.6slightly /9slaItlI/ ad. 略微，稍微【搭配】a slightly different version 略有不同的说法；know her slightly对她略知一二【活用例句】In spite of the gloomy economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly. 尽管经济前景黯淡，但制造业的产量仍有少量的增长。task /tA:sk/ n. 任务，工作，作业【联想】黄昏(dusk)她趴在书桌(desk)上做作业(task)【搭配】perform a task 执行任务；a thankless task 吃力不讨好的工作【活用例句】He is quite sure that its absolutely impossible for him to fulfill the task within two days.他十分肯定，让他在两天内完成任务是绝对不可能的。同义assignment /59saInm5nt/ n. (分派的) 任务，(指定的) 作业；分配，指派【搭配】finish his assignment 完成他的作业；check every assignment 检查每一项作业【阅读例句】Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three months of travel through Europe.多年前，我接到一项写作任务，而要完成这项任务，就得去欧洲旅行三个月。08.6 同根assign /59saIn/ vt. 指派，选派；指定(时间、地点等)；分配，布置(作业) 【词根】as(表方向) sign(签名，做记号)标出指定，选出【搭配】assign duties 分配任务；assign a day for the meeting指定开会日期【引申】同义allocate vt. 分配，分派appoint vt. 任命，委派distribute vt. 分送，分配delegate v. 委派为代表install vt. 安装；任命 【活用例句】I dont think it advisable that Tim be assigned to the job since he has no experience. 蒂姆没有经验，分配他做这项工作是不合适的。follow /9f(e7)l5U/ v. 跟随；沿行；遵循；听得懂【搭配】follow the fox 追赶狐狸；follow sbs counsel 牢记某人忠告【听力例句】He wanted to follow the tradition of his country.他想尊重他们国家的传统。05.6 近形hollow* /9hAl5U/ a. 中空的，凹陷的；(声音)沉闷的；虚伪的，空虚的【联想】不理解(follow)他的空(hollow)头承诺【引申】同义vacant a. 空的，空白的empty a. 空的，空洞的【活用例句】The greatest distinction between human and apes is the hollow space humans have under their chins. 人与类人猿之间身体上最大的差别是人的下巴下方有凹陷的空间。Text 2 The Significance of Punctuality A punctual person is in the habit of doing a thing at the proper time and is never late keeping an appointment.The unpunctual man, on the other hand, never does what he has to do at the proper time. He is always in a hurry and in the end loses both time and his good name. There is a proverb(格言) which says, “Time flies never to be recalled.” This is very true. A lost thing may be found again, but lost time can never be regained. Time is more valuable than material things. In fact time is life itself, and the unpunctual man is forever wasting and mismanaging(管理不当) his most valuable wealth as well as others. The unpunctual man is always complaining that he finds no time to answer letters, or return calls or keep appointments promptly. But the man who really has a great deal to do is very careful of his time and seldom complains of want of it. He knows that he can not keep every appointment promptly and deal with every piece of work when it has to be attended to. Failure to be punctual in keeping ones appointments is a sign of discourtesy(失礼) towards others. If a person is invited to a dinner and arrives later than the appointed time, he keeps all the other guests waiting for him. This is a great discourtesy both towards the host and the other guests.Friends sometimes grow cold towards each other, or even become enemies, because one of them has been remiss in answering letters or keeping appointments. Unpunctuality, moreover, is very harmful when it comes to doing ones duty, whether public or private. Imagine how it would be if those who are given important tasks failed to be at their proper place at the appointed time. A man who is known to be habitually unpunctual is never trusted by his friends or fellow men. And the unpunctual man is a source of annoyance both to others and to himself.A appointed B annoyance C sign D recalled E punctual F promptly G valuable H habitually I appointment J complaining 守时的重要性一个守时的人习惯于在恰当的时间做一件事，约会时从来不会迟到。相反，一个不守时的人从来不在合适的时间做他应该做的事。他总是急急忙忙，最后既错过了时间又丧失了好名声。如同那句谚语所说“时光一去不复还。”确实如此。一件丢失的东西可能再找回，但错过的时间却永远不会再回来。时间比物质的东西更宝贵。事实上，时间就是生命，一个不守时的人永远都在浪费，对自己和别人最宝贵的财富总是处置不当。不守时的人总在抱怨他没有时间回信、回电或及时赴约。但是真正有很多事情要做的人很珍惜自己的时间，也很少抱怨他没有时间。他知道自己不能准时赴所有的约会，所以只在每一件事必须处理的时候才去处理。不能准时赴约是对别人失礼的一种表现。如果一个人被邀去赴宴，却比约定时间晚到，而让其他所有的客人都等他。这无论是对主人还是其他的客人都是很不礼貌的。因为其中一人疏于回信或者是疏于守约，好朋友有时也会变得冷淡，甚至会变成敌人。再者，当提到尽职的时候，不管是公众的还是私人的，不守时都是非常有害的。想象如果那些被委以重任的人在指定的时间未能出现在恰当的位置，情况会怎么样。一个从不守时的人永远都不会令朋友或同事信服。不守时的人是令别人和自己烦恼的源泉。难 句 解 析1. He knows that he can not keep every appointment promptly and deal with every piece of work when it has to be attended to.【分析】多重复合句。that引导的从句作knows的宾语，其中keep与deal with并列，when引导时间状语从句，attend to为固定短语，为“处理，对付”的意思。2. Unpunctuality, moreover, is very harmful when it comes to doing ones duty, whether public or private.【分析】复合句。句中when引导的为时间状语从句，whether引导的为条件状语。come to 为“谈到，涉及”的意思。3. Imagine how it would be if those who are given important tasks failed to be at their proper place at the appointed time.【分析】多重复合句。本句为祈使句，if 引导条件状语从句，其中who引导的定语从句修饰 those, 将从句主谓语分开，句末的两个at短语分别作地点和时间状语。下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09高频词汇punctual* /9p(f6)(ce)ktjU5l/ a. 守时的，准时的【词根】punct(刺) ual(的)像针刺那么准确的准时的【搭配】a punctual start at 9 oclock 九点准时开始；a punctual person 守时的人【引申】同义on time 准时反义unpunctual a. 不准时的【听力例句】The ideal person is punctual and is considerate of other peoples time.完美的人是守时的并能体谅别人的时间。06.6appointment /59p(e7)Intm5nt/ n. 约会，约定；任命，委派；委任的职位【词根】来自appoint(约定) ment(名词后缀)【搭配】make / fix / have an appointment预约某人见面；keep an appointment守约去会见某人；break an appointment失约；cancel an appointment取消预约【听力例句】I told you yesterday to make an appointment. 我昨天告诉你让你约见医生的。04.1recall* /rI9kO:l/ vt. 回忆，回想；召回，收回【词根】re(重新) call(叫) 回忆起【搭配】recall what happened 回想所发生的事情；recall all the faulty cars 召回有问题的汽车【活用例句】She can recall the names of most characters in the novel.她能说出小说中大多数角色的名字。valuable* /9vljU5bl/ a. 宝贵的，贵重的；有价值的【引申】同缀共享 -able available a. 可用到的，可利用的changeable a. 可改变的desirable a. 值得要的，合意的irritable a. 易怒的，急躁的noticeable a. 显而易见的，值得注意的reasonable a. 合理的，有道理的【活用例句】Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued. 没有比时间更贵重的东西，但也没有比它更受轻视的东西。同义precious* /9preS5s/ a. 珍贵的，贵重的【词根】preci(价值) ous(的)有价值的珍贵的【搭配】the precious present 珍贵的礼物；precious stones 宝石；be precious to sb 对某人非常珍贵【活用例句】The most precious of all possessions is a wise and loyal friend.明智忠实的朋友是最为宝贵的财富。同根appreciate* /59pri:SIeIt/ vt. 赏识，鉴赏；感激【词根】ap(表加强) preci(价值) ate(动词后缀) 肯定价值赏识【搭配】appreciate literature欣赏文学；appreciate all your help感谢你的一切帮助【引申】同根appreciative a. 欣赏的，有欣赏力的，表示感激的appreciable a. 可感知的，可评估的 同义admire* /5d9maI5(r)/ vt. 钦佩，赞赏，称赞【词根】ad(加强) mire(惊奇)让人很惊奇赞赏【搭配】admire his persistence 佩服他坚韧的精神【活用例句】I admire him for his success in business. 我佩服他事业有成。complain* /k5m9pleIn/ vi. 抱怨，诉苦，埋怨【联想】com plain(平常的)不要抱怨生活的平淡抱怨【搭配】complain of waking up tired 抱怨醒来太累；complain about her job 抱怨她的工作【引申】派生complaint n. 诉苦，抱怨同义moan n. & vi. 抱怨，呻吟，牢骚【活用例句】She complained that she never saw me and that I had no time for family life. 她抱怨说她从来看不到我而且我也没有时间陪家里人。promptly /9pr(e7)mptlI/ ad. 迅速地，敏捷地；即时地，马上地【引申】同根prompt a. 敏捷的，迅速的prompting n. 促进，激励同义immediately ad. 立即，马上instantly ad. 立即quickly ad. 很快地swiftly ad. 很快地，即刻【活用例句】Paying bills promptly is good financial practice. 及时对账是理财的好习惯。sign* /saIn/ n. 迹象；标记，符号【引申】同根signal n. 信号同义indication n. 迹象音似sigh n. 叹息【活用例句】There are signs that restaurants are becoming more popular with families. 有迹象表明饭馆越来越受到家庭的欢迎。派生signature /9sIgnItS5(r)/ n. 签名，署名，签字【词根】sign(标记) ature(表行为、状态)在文件上标记签名【引申】同根signal n. 信号，暗号 v. 发出信号【活用例句】He added his signature to the petition.他在请愿书上签上了自己的名字。appoint* /59p(e7)Int/ vt. 任命，委派；约定，指定(时间、地点)【词根】ap(加强) point(指向，指出)指定某人做任命，委任【搭配】appoint sb (as). 任命某人为；the appointed time预定 (约定) 的时间 【活用例句】During the Gulf War, Tang Shizeng went to Iraq as a correspondent especially appointed by the Xin Hua News Agency. 海湾战争期间，唐师曾以新华社特派记者的身份前往伊拉克。habitually /h59bItjU5lI,-tSU-/ ad. 习惯地；惯常地【词根】来自 habit(习惯) ual ly (地)【引申】同根habit n. 习惯，习性habitual a. 习惯的，惯常的【活用例句】Drivers who habitually cut in are bound to cause accidents sooner or later. 习惯于超车的驾驶员迟早要出车祸。annoyance /59n(e7)I5ns/ n. 烦恼；烦恼的事情，讨厌的东西【搭配】put sb to annoyance 使某人烦恼；to ones annoyance 使人为难的是，使人烦恼的是【引申】同根annoy vt. 使苦恼annoying a. 恼人的，讨厌的同缀共享 -ance 名词后缀 appearance n. 出现，露面；外貌，外观disappearance n. 不见，消失attendance n. 出席，出席的人数同义agony n. 痛苦，创痛【活用例句】He gave a mild answer, in spite of his annoyance.他尽管已恼火, 但回答得还是很和蔼.下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09常用词汇proper* /9pr(e7)p5(r)/ a. 正当的；适当的【搭配】at a proper time 在适当的时候；proper behavior 合适的行为【引申】同义right a. 正当的，正确的plausible a. 似乎正确的，似有道理的accurate a. 正确的，精确的correct a. 正确的，恰当的【阅读例句】Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals.狗是社会性动物，如果不经适当的训练它们的行为就会像野生动物一样。01.1invite* /In9vaIt/ v. 邀请【搭配】invite sb to dinner 请某人吃饭【引申】同根invitation n. 邀请，吸引【听力例句】Only men are invited to the bachelor party.这个单身聚会只有男士参加。05.6host* /h5Ust/ n. 主人，旅馆招待 v. 当作主人招待【搭配】play host to 招待 , 接待【引申】同义master n. 主人【活用例句】We all hoped that China could eliminate the rivals to host the 2008 Olympic Game. 我们都曾希望中国能淘汰其他对手，主办2008年的奥运会。harmful* /9hA:mf(U)l/ a. 有害的；能造成损害的【搭配】be harmful to sb 对某人有害 (=do sb harm)【引申】同根harm vt. & n. 伤害，损害harmfully ad. 伤害地，有害地harmfulness n. 伤害，有害harmless a. 无害的；injury n. 损害，伤害反义intact a. 完整无缺的，未受损伤的【写作例句】Smoking is extremely harmful to peoples health. It can lead to lung cancer.吸烟对人体健康特别有害，可能会导致肺癌。duty* /9dju:tI/ n. 责任，义务；职责